Validação de guia prático para profissionais da saúde: adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose / Validation of a practical guide for healthcare professionals: adherence to tuberculosis treatment

Validar um guia prático para os profissionais da APS que oriente a abordagem e contribua no processo de adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose. Trata-se de um estudo metodológico, que buscou validar uma tecnologia educacional por especialistas na temática. Utilizou-se um instrumento para avaliação do material que contou com uma escala tipo Likert. Para análise dos dados, foram calculados os Índices de Validação de Conteúdo (IVC), cuja taxa mínima de concordância adotada foi 0,80. O material foi considerado validado, onde obteve IVC global satisfatório de 0,86. O estudo demonstrou que o material tem potencial para contribuir no manejo de pacientes com tuberculose, uma vez que reúne informações da perspectiva de pessoas que tiveram a doença e alcançaram a cura.

To validate a practical guide for PHC professionals to guide the approach and contribute to the process of adherence to the treatment of tuberculosis. This was a methodological study, which sought to validate an educational technology by specialists in the subject. An instrument was applied to evaluate the material, which used a Likert scale. For data analysis, the Content Validity Index (CVI) was calculated, whose minimum agreement rate adopted was 0.80. The material was considered validated, with a satisfactory global CVI of 0.86. The study demonstrated that the material has the potential to contribute to the management of patients with tuberculosis since it gathers information from the perspective of people who had the disease and were cured.

Colaboración científica de Colombia con países de América Latina y del Caribe sobre la COVID-19 durante 2020 y 2021

Introducción: La necesidad de información por desconocimiento del Sars-CoV-2 llevó a los investigadores a generar una gran cantidad de información. Colombia es el segundo país latinoamericano con mayor producción científica sobre el Sars- CoV-2. Objetivo: caracterizar la tendencia de colaboración científica de Colombia con países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe sobre la COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: estudio bibliométrico, los registros se obtuvieron de Scopus (2020 - 2021) con los términos COVID-19, 2019-nCoV, new coronavirus, coronavirus disease 2019 y Sars-CoV-2. Se analizaron indicadores de producción, colaboración y visibilidad. Resultados: se recuperaron 77 registros. La tasa de crecimiento de la producción fue del 65,51 %. El índice de transitoriedad alcanzó el 86,69 %. El autor más productivo fue A.J. Rodríguez Morales de la Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas y Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira de Colombia (14,28 %). El 96,10 % de las investigaciones procedieron de universidades. La tasa de colaboración inter-latinoamericana alcanzó el 11,66 % con un índice de colaboración de 3,71 ± 3,09. La densidad de la red fue de 0,51. La mayor colaboración se dio con autores de México (n= 27), Perú (n= 26), Chile (n= 25) y Argentina (n= 23). Argentina presentó un mayor outdegree (176) y número de citas (55,03) y Chile un eigenvector superior (0,35). La correlación entre el número de citas y el grado de centralidad fue de 0,9. Conclusión: Colombia tiende a participar en proyectos internacionales y con países de Latinoamérica y el Caribecon mayor capacidad para desarrollar investigaciones.

Introduction: The need for information due to ignorance of Sars-CoV-2 led researchers to write and publish a large amount of information. Colombia is the second within Latin American countries with the highest scientific production on Sars- CoV-2. Objective: to characterize the trend of scientific collaboration between Colombia and Latin American and Caribbean countries on COVID-19. Materials and methods: bibliometric study, the records were acquired from Scopus (2020 - 2021) with the terms COVID-19, 2019-nCoV, new coronavirus, coronavirus disease 2019 and Sars-CoV-2. Indicators of production, collaboration and visibility were analyzed. Results: 77 records were recovered. The production growth rate was 65.51%. The transience index reached 86.69%. The most productive author was A.J. Rodríguez Morales of the Autonomous University Foundation of the Americas and the Technological University of Pereira of Colombia (14.28%). 96.10% of the investigations came from universities. The inter-Latin American collaboration rate reached 11.66% with a collaboration index of 3.71 ± 3.09. The density of the network was 0.51. The greatest collaboration occurred with authors from Mexico (n= 27), Peru (n= 26), Chile (n= 25) and Argentina (n= 23). Argentina presented a higher degree of improvement (176) and number of citations (55.03) and Chile a higher eigenvector (0.35). The connection between the number of citations and the degree of centrality was 0.9. Conclusion: Colombia tends to participate in international projects and with Latin America and the Caribbeancountries with greater capacity to develop research.

Cooperación Internacional: Un desafío en la Educación Superior Pública y Regional

R E S U M E N El artículo tiene por objetivo el analizar la cooperación internacional, desde el convenio entre la Universidad de Atacama UDA-Chile y la Universidad de Nariño UDENAR-Colombia, las dos instituciones son de educación superior públicas y regionales. El estudio fue cualitativo - descriptivo, los participantes fueron I3 entre docentes, administrativos y estudiantes pertenecientes a las dos universidades. Sus edades fluctúan entre los 21 y 59 años, hombres y mujeres, nacidos en Chile o Colombia. Se utilizó como técnicas de recolección de información el análisis documental y un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas. Los resultados muestran una valoración positiva del convenio puesto que se ha manejado desde las tres funciones sustantivas universitarias: docencia, investigación e interacción social; en este mismo sentido se hace fuerte los aprendizajes adquiridos por cada participante y la necesidad de profundizar en investigación. Se concluye que la internacionalización tiene muchos beneficios desde el intercambio cultural, el prestigio internacional y los aprendizajes, así como la transdisiciplinariedad del convenio, que a través del pensamiento crítico construyendo espacios de diálogo de saberes no fragmentado en disciplinas, sino unido por un interés genuino por el conocimiento.

The article aims to analyze international cooperation, from the agreement between the University of Atacama UDA-Chile and the University of Nariño UDENAR-Colombia, the two institutions are public and regional higher education. The study was qualitative - descriptive, the participants were I3 among teachers, administrators and students belonging to the two universities. Their ages fluctuate between 21 and 59 years, men and women, born in Chile or Colombia. Documentary analysis and a questionnaire with open questions were adapted as data collection techniques. The results show a positive assessment of the agreement since it has been managed from the three substantive university functions: teaching, research and social interaction; In it, the learning acquired by each participant and the need to deepen the investigation become strong. It is concluded that internationalization has many benefits from cultural exchange, international prestige and learning, as well as the transdisciplinarity of the agreement, which through critical thinking, building spaces for dialogue of knowledge not fragmented into disciplines, but united by genuine interest for knowledge.

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a cooperação internacional, a partir do convênio entre a Universidade de Atacama UDA-Chile e a Universidade de Nariño UDENAR-Colômbia, as duas instituições são públicas e de ensino superior regional. O estudo foi qualitativo - descritivo, os participantes foram I3 entre professores, administradores e alunos pertencentes às duas universidades. Suas idades oscilam entre 2I e 59 anos, homens e mulheres, nascidos no Chile ou na Colômbia. A análise documental e um questionário com questões abertas foram utilizados como técnicas de coleta de dados. Os resultados mostram uma avaliação positiva do convênio, uma vez que tem sido gerido a partir das três funções substantivas da universidade: ensino, pesquisa e interação social; Nesse mesmo sentido, torna-se forte o aprendizado adquirido por cada participante e a necessidade de aprofundar a pesquisa. Conclui-se que a internacionalização traz muitos benefícios pelo intercâmbio cultural, prestígio internacional e aprendizado, bem como a transdisciplinaridade do convênio, que por meio do pensamento crítico, constrói espaços de diálogo de saberes não fragmentados em disciplinas, mas unidos pelo interesse genuíno.

Política externa e saúde no Brasil (1995-2010): uma análise da diplomacia de saúde brasileira - da Aids ao 'Fome Zero' / Brazil's foreign policy and health (1995-2010): A policy analysis of the Brazilian health diplomacy - from AIDS to 'Zero Hunger'

RESUMO Este artigo analisa como a saúde entrou na política externa brasileira entre 1995 e 2010 e apoiou a posição internacional do País, utilizando o enfoque de análise de políticas. Essa questão raramente é examinada na literatura brasileira sobre diplomacia da saúde. A partir de revisão de literatura, análise documental e entrevistas com atores-chave, examinamos as políticas impulsionadas por complexos processos históricos de mudança no Brasil. Há importantes inter-relações entre política externa e política social, incluindo saúde. Durante os governos Lula (2003-2010), a internacionalização das políticas domésticas brasileiras, vinculadas à cooperação Sul-Sul, teve papel central. A saúde na agenda da política externa foi um importante suporte à crescente presença internacional do Brasil. Esses desenvolvimentos foram possibilitados pelo ativismo e comprometimento de diversos atores estatais e não estatais, que atuaram em dois níveis: advocacia nacional e transnacional e atividades coordenadas entre representantes do governo, incluindo diplomatas, e atores da sociedade civil. O principal argumento deste estudo é que as políticas nacionais e internacionais são interrelacionadas nesse processo, e a dinâmica doméstica e o engajamento societal são essenciais, mas não suficientes: escolhas governamentais são também determinantes. Os arranjos institucionais e políticos mudaram em diferentes conjunturas e são constantemente propensos a conflitos e mudanças.

ABSTRACT This article analyses, from a policy analysis approach, how health entered Brazilian foreign policy between 1995 and 2010 and supported the country's international position, which is rarely explored in the literature on Brazilian health diplomacy. By drawing on literature review, document analysis and key-actor interviews, we examined policies triggered by far-reaching and complex historical change processes in Brazil. We find significant interrelationships between foreign policy and social policy, including health. The internationalization of Brazilian domestic policies, and South-South cooperation, played a central role during Lula governments (2003-2010). Health found its way into the foreign policy agenda to support Brazil's growing international presence. These developments were made possible by the activism and engagement of several of State and non-State actors working on two levels: national and transnational advocacy, and coordinated activities of government representatives, including Brazilian diplomats, and civil society activists. The main argument of this study is that national and international policies are intertwined in this process and that domestic dynamics and societal engagement are essential but more is needed: governmental choices are also determinant. Institutional arrangements and policies shift in different conjunctures and are constantly prone to conflicts and change.

Disposición hacia la colaboración médica internacional en estudiantes de Estomatología de ocho universidades cubanas / Willingness towards international medical collaboration in dental students from eight Cuban universities

Introducción: Cuba se ha caracterizado por enviar a diversos países delegaciones de salud, llamadas "misiones médicas". Sin embargo, el interés de los futuros profesionales de formar parte de esas delegaciones no se ha investigado. Objetivos: Caracterizar la disposición hacia la colaboración médica internacional e identificar los factores asociados en estudiantes cubanos de Estomatología. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación transversal, analítica de datos secundarios, en estudiantes de todos los años del curso académico 2018-2019, pertenecientes a ocho universidades. La variable dependiente fue el reporte de la disposición de ir a misiones médicas. Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia e intervalos de confianza al 95 por ciento. Resultados: Participaron 1174 estudiantes, de los cuales 830 (71 por ciento) estuvieron dispuestos a cumplir misiones médicas. Existió una mayor disposición hacia la colaboración médica conforme aumentaba la edad (RPa: 1,02; IC 95 por ciento: 1,00-1,04; p = 0,044); así como, en los estudiantes que reportaron presión familiar para estudiar la carrera (RPa: 1,17; IC 95 por ciento: 1,09-1,26; p < 0,001). Aquellos que reportaron buenas notas antes de ingresar a la universidad (RPa: 0,83; IC 95 por ciento: 0,77-0,91; p < 0,001), los de solvencia económica (RPa: 0,90; IC 95 por ciento: 0,90-0,98; p = 0,019) y los que estaban cursando el tercer y cuarto años académicos (RPa: 0,93; IC 95 por ciento: 0,88-0,97; p = 0,003) fueron los de menor disposición para colaborar; ajustado por el sexo y la universidad. Conclusión: Existe una elevada disposición hacia la colaboración médica internacional y está asociada a múltiples aspectos sociales y educativos(AU)

Introduction: Cuba has been characterized by sending health delegations to various countries, called "medical missions". However, the interest of future professionals in joining those delegations has not been investigated. Objectives: Characterize the disposition towards international medical collaboration and identify the associated factors in Cuban students of Stomatology. Methods: A cross-sectional research and secondary data analytics was carried out in students of all years of the academic year 2018-2019, belonging to eight universities. The dependent variable was the report of the willingness to go on medical missions. Prevalence ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated. Results: 1174 students participated, of which 830 (71 percent) were willing to fulfill medical missions. There was a greater willingness towards medical collaboration as age increased (RPa: 1.02; 95 percent CI 1.00-1.04; p = 0.044); as well as, in students who reported family pressure to study the career (RPa: 1.17; 95 percent CI 1.09-1.26; p < 0.001). Those who reported good grades before entering college (RPa: 0.83; 95 percent CI 0.77-0.91; p < 0.001), those of economic solvency (RPa: 0.90; 95 percent CI 0.90-0.98; p = 0.019) and those who were in the third and fourth academic years (RPa: 0.93; 95 percent CI 0.88-0.97; p = 0.003) were those with the least willingness to collaborate; adjusted by sex and college. Conclusion: There is a high disposition towards international medical collaboration and it is associated with multiple social and educational aspects(AU)

Tecnologias para a adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose: um protocolo de scoping review / Technologies for adherence to tuberculosis treatment: a scoping review protocol

OBJETIVO: Identificar e mapear as tecnologias desenvolvidas e/ou validadas para incentivar e auxiliar na adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose na Atenção Primária à Saúde. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma scoping review, seguindo as orientações do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewer's Manual, com a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: "Quais as tecnologias têm sido desenvolvidas e/ou validadas para incentivar e auxiliar na adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose na Atenção Primária à Saúde?" Serão incluídos artigos, teses e dissertações a partir de buscas nas bases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline/PubMed), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS)/Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase) e literatura cinzenta. A busca, avaliação, seleção e extração dos dados serão realizadas de forma cega entre pares; quando houver divergências, um terceiro revisor será consultado. Os resultados serão descritos na íntegra, utilizando-se de narrativa e diagramas, de forma que estejam alinhados com o objetivo e a questão norteadora desta revisão. Protocolo registrado na Open Science Framework (OSF): 10.17605/OSF.IO/PKWTC.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and map technologies developed and/or validated to promote and support adherence to tuberculosis treatment in primary health care settings. METHOD: This is a scoping review, following the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewer's Manual, with the following research question: "What technologies have been developed and/or validated to promote and support adherence to tuberculosis treatment in primary health care?". Articles, theses, and dissertations will be included by searching the following databases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline/PubMed), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS)/Virtual Health Library (VHL), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), and gray literature. The search, assessment, selection, and data extraction will be performed in a blinded manner between peers; in case of disagreement, a third reviewer will be consulted. The results will be fully described using narratives and graphs to align with the objective and guiding question of this review. Protocol registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF): 10.17605/OSF.IO/PKWTC.

Adesão ao autocuidado do paciente com disfunção neurogênica do trato urinário inferior: validação de instrumento / Adherence to self-care in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: instrument validation / Adherencia al autocuidado en pacientes con disfunción neurogénica del tracto urinario inferior: validación de un instrumento

RESUMO Objetivo: construir e validar o conteúdo do instrumento de adesão ao autocuidado de pacientes com Disfunção Neurogênica do Trato Urinário Inferior que realizam o autocateterismo intermitente quanto a aparência e conteúdo. Método: Estudo metodológico de validação de conteúdo de instrumento, composto por três etapas: revisão da literatura, construção do instrumento e validação de instrumento, respectivamente. A análise foi realizada através do modelo de Agree, e pelo cálculo de índice de validação de conteúdo, entre 2020 e 2021. Resultados: O Agree II, apresentou resultado de 85,6% e 84,5% para validação dos domínios escopo e finalidade e partes interessadas. Na validação de conteúdo, o item histórico familiar foi retirado do instrumento com índice de vaidade de conteúdo de 0,77. Conclusão: O instrumento contribuirá para oferecer subsídios para a prática profissional e aos pacientes portadores da disfunção.

ABSTRACT Objective: To build and validate the content of the instrument for adherence to self-care for patients with Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction who perform intermittent self-catheterization as to appearance and content. Method: Methodological study of instrument content validation, composed of three stages: literature review, instrument construction and instrument validation, respectively. The analysis was performed using the Agree model, and by calculating the content validation index, between 2020 and 2021. Results: Agree II, showed a result of 85.6% and 84.5% for validation of the scope and purpose and stakeholder domains. In content validation, the family history item was removed from the instrument with a content vanity index of 0.77. Conclusion: The instrument will contribute to offering subsidies for professional practice and to patients with the dysfunction.

RESUMEN Objetivo: construir y validar el contenido del instrumento de adición al autocuidado de pacientes con disfunción neurogénica del tracto urinario inferior que realizan el autocateterismo intermitente en cuanto a la apariencia y el contenido. Método: Estudio metodológico de validación de contenido de instrumentos, compuesto por tres etapas: revisión bibliográfica, construcción de instrumentos y validación de instrumentos, respectivamente. El análisis se realizó utilizando el modelo de Agree, y mediante el cálculo del índice de validación de contenido, entre 2020 y 2021. Resultados: El Agree II, mostró un resultado de 85,6% y 84,5% para la validación de los dominios de alcance y propósito y partes interesadas. En la validación de contenido, el ítem histórico familiar fue retirado del instrumento con un índice de vanidad de contenido de 0,77. Conclusión: El instrumento contribuirá a ofrecer subsidios para la práctica profesional y a los pacientes con disfunción.

Redes de gobernanza intermunicipal: aplicación de modelos de grafos aleatorios exponenciales en la región de Los Lagos, Chile / Redes de governança intermunicipal: aplicação de modelos de gráficos aleatórios exponenciais em Los Lagos, Chile / Inter-municipal governance networks: application of exponential random graph models in Los Lagos, Chile

Resumen Desde los noventa, la idea de gobernanza ha permeado los debates acerca de la transformación del Estado a escala regional, sin embargo, las dificultades de su operacionalización han limitado nuestro conocimiento. Este artículo busca contribuir con esta brecha, examinando la dimensión interjurisdiccional de la gobernanza regional. Aplicando la perspectiva de análisis de redes, se estudia la formación de las redes intermunicipales que se configuran a partir de diferentes mecanismos de colaboración. Con base en el marco de acción colectiva institucional, el artículo analiza la prevalencia de estructuras de relacionamiento asociadas a diferentes tipos de capital social (bonding - capital social vínculo ‒ y bridging - capital social puente ‒) en tres redes intermunicipales de la región de Los Lagos, en Chile. Por medio de la aplicación de modelos de grafos aleatorios exponenciales (ERGM), se obtiene evidencia para sustentar la consistente prevalencia de bonding en las tres redes estudiadas y su coexistencia con estructuras descentralizadas en las redes de mayor complejidad regional.

Resumo Desde a década de noventa, a ideia de governança permeou os debates sobre a transformação do Estado no âmbito regional, não obstante, as dificuldades de sua operacionalização têm limitado nosso conhecimento. Este artigo busca contribuir para essa lacuna, examinando a dimensão interjurisdicional da governança regional. Aplicando a perspectiva da análise de redes, estuda-se a formação de redes intermunicipais que se configuram a partir de diferentes mecanismos de colaboração. Com base no marco institucional da ação coletiva, o artigo analisa a prevalência de estruturas de relacionamento associadas a diferentes tipos de capital social (bonding/bridging) em três redes intermunicipais da região de Los Lagos, no Chile. Através da aplicação de modelos de gráficos aleatórios exponenciais (ERGM), obtêm-se evidências que suportam a prevalência consistente de bonding nas três redes estudadas e sua coexistência com estruturas descentralizadas em redes de maior complexidade regional.

Abstract The idea of governance has permeated the debates on the state's transformation at the regional level since the 1990s. However, operationalization difficulties have limited our knowledge of the phenomenon. This article contributes to filling this gap by examining the inter-jurisdictional dimension of regional governance. From a network perspective, the article studies the emergence of inter-municipal networks from different local collaborative mechanisms. Based on the institutional collective action framework, the study analyzes the prevalence of network structures associated with different types of social capital (bonding/bridging) in three inter-municipal networks in the Los Lagos Region in Chile. The application of exponential random graph models (ERGM) revealed evidence supporting the consistent prevalence of bonding in the three networks studied. The findings also showed the networks' coexistence with structures decentralized in more complex regional networks.

Comunidades epistêmicas e os desafios na formação de técnicos em saúde na pandemia de covid-19 / Epistemic communities and the challenges of training health technicians during the COVID-19 pandemic / Comunidades epistémicas y retos en cuanto a la educación de los técnicos en salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19

RESUMO Este artigo discute a atuação da comunidade epistêmica ligada à formação de técnicos em saúde a partir da análise das ações desencadeadas pelo Centro Colaborador da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde (OPAS/OMS) para a educação desses técnicos durante a pandemia de covid-19, com o objetivo de cotejar essas ações com os principais elementos que definem a constituição e o funcionamento de comunidades epistêmicas conforme a literatura especializada. Argumenta-se que, a despeito das diferenças na configuração histórica dos sistemas nacionais de saúde e dos sistemas formadores, o surgimento de desafios comuns na formação de técnicos propiciou articulação de demandas, compartilhamento de avaliações diagnósticas e cooperação entre a Rede Internacional de Educação de Técnicos em Saúde, a Rede Ibero-Americana de Educação de Técnicos em Saúde e a Rede de Escolas Técnicas de Saúde da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, promovendo troca de experiências, busca de soluções estratégicas e disseminação de recomendações entre os países. Ao reafirmar o papel central dos técnicos nas ações de vigilância epidemiológica, diagnóstico e assistência, a emergência sanitária exigiu respostas imediatas e consistentes de governos e instituições formadoras, favorecendo o fortalecimento da comunidade epistêmica de formação de técnicos em saúde pela circulação de discursos e da hegemonização de sentidos para a educação de técnicos em saúde. Essa atuação, no entanto, não confere estabilidade ou homogeneidade à comunidade epistêmica de formação de técnicos em saúde, uma vez que suas articulações são provisórias e contingentes, nem assegura capacidade de influência direta sobre as políticas em cada país.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the role of the epistemic community linked to the training of health technicians through analysis of the actions initiated by the Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) Collaborating Center for the education of these technicians during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the aim of comparing these actions with the main elements that define the constitution and functioning of epistemic communities according to the specialized literature. It is argued that, despite the differences in the historical configuration of national healthcare and training systems, the emergence of common challenges in the training of technicians allowed the articulation of demands, the sharing of diagnostic assessments, and the cooperation between the International Network of Health Technicians Education, the Ibero-American Network of Health Technicians Education, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries Network of Health Technician Schools, promoting the exchange of experiences, the search for strategic solutions, and the dissemination of recommendations across countries. By reaffirming the central role of health technicians in epidemiological surveillance, diagnosis and assistance, the COVID health emergency demanded immediate and consistent responses from governments and educational institutions, favoring the strengthening of the health technician epistemic community through the circulation of discourses and the hegemonization of meanings for the education of technicians. These actions, however, do not translate into stability or homogeneity for the epistemic community, since their articulation is always provisional and contingent, nor do they ensure the capacity to directly influence policies in each country.

RESUMEN En este artículo se examina el desempeño de la comunidad epistémica vinculada a la educación de técnicos en salud a partir del análisis de las medidas iniciadas por el centro colaborador de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) para la educación de técnicos en salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19, con el objetivo de comparar estas medidas con los principales elementos que definen la constitución y el funcionamiento de las comunidades epistémicas, de conformidad con la bibliografía especializada. Se argumenta que, a pesar de las diferencias en la configuración histórica de los sistemas nacionales de salud y de educación, el surgimiento de desafíos comunes para la educación de técnicos propició la articulación de demandas, el intercambio de evaluaciones con fines de diagnóstico y la cooperación entre la Red Internacional de Educación de Técnicos en Salud, la Red Iberoamericana de Educación de Técnicos en Salud y la Red de Escuelas Técnicas de Salud de la Comunidad de Países de Lengua Portuguesa, con el fin de promover el intercambio de experiencias, la búsqueda de soluciones estratégicas y la difusión de recomendaciones entre los países. Al reafirmar el papel central de los técnicos en las medidas de vigilancia epidemiológica, diagnóstico y atención, la emergencia de salud exigió respuestas inmediatas y coherentes de los gobiernos y de las instituciones educativas, lo cual favoreció el fortalecimiento de la comunidad epistémica vinculada a la educación de técnicos en salud al hacer circular discursos y ejercer hegemonía con respecto al sentido de la educación de esos profesionales. Sin embargo, esta actuación no confiere estabilidad ni homogeneidad a dicha comunidad epistémica, en vista de que sus afirmaciones son provisionales y contingentes, ni asegura su capacidad de influir directamente en las políticas de cada país.

The Application of Medical Games in Doctor-patient Communication in Pediatric Otolaryngology / 中国医学伦理学

This paper mainly explored the application of medical games in doctor-patient communication in pediatric otorhinolaryngology. Taking the "Little Warrior Break Through" medical game service of Shenzhen Longgang District Otolaryngology Hospital as an example, doctors, nurses and social workers formed a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary team. Focusing on the three major problems in pediatric otorhinolaryngology, namely, the tense doctor-patient relationship, the insufficient doctor-patient communication, and the difficulty of children to cooperate with treatment, the team carried out a series of themed medical games covering the three stages of admission preparation, preoperative counseling, and postoperative rehabilitation for pediatric otolaryngology patients and their families. This paper showed that medical games can effectively help children and their families to ease tension, promote doctor-patient communication, increase the symmetry of doctor-patient information, improve children’s adaptation and acceptance of diseases, and ease the tense doctor-patient relationship. It is hoped that the exploration of the medical game service of "Little Warrior Break Through" will inspire medical social work, and then build micro-operation methods in clinical practice to help construct a harmonious doctor-patient relationship.

Study on the Construction of a Doctor-patient Community from the Perspective of Struggle Spirit / 中国医学伦理学

Maintaining a harmonious doctor-patient relationship is an important foundation for the development of health care, and building a doctor-patient community is a key measure to maintain the harmonious doctor-patient relationship. To accelerate the construction of a doctor-patient community, it is necessary to establish a sense of struggle, grasp the connotation of a doctor-patient community, and understand its predicament, so as to propose targeted strategies for constructing a doctor-patient community. A doctor-patient community is a cooperative community, not a compromise community. The purpose of struggle is to better unite and cooperate. A doctor-patient community established under the guidance of struggle spirit is more united, more cohesive, and more effective. In the context of the new era, building a doctor-patient community faces the challenges of doctors being busy with "treatment" and neglecting emotional communication between doctors and patients, patients looking for "curing" and generating the illusion of omnipotence in medical skills, schools focusing on "medical skill" and weakening the cultivation of students’ humanities, the society lacking "integration" and disrupting the harmonious doctor-patient environment, etc. Building a doctor-patient community should strengthen emotional communication between doctors and patients, correct patients’ cognitive biases, enhance humanistic education, and create a good medical environment, with a view to promoting the healthy development of a doctor-patient community and facilitating the construction of the healthy China strategy.

Reflections on Social Work Helps to Narrative Medicine Practice in China / 中国医学伦理学

Modern medical model advocates holistic medical treatment and holistic care, which transforms the concern about diseases in traditional medicine into the concern about people in modern medicine. Narrative medicine, as a tool for practicing holistic medical treatment and holistic care, runs through the whole process of patients’ entering medical procedures. It not only meets the needs of patients’ disease-related narratives, but also provides a new and more comprehensive way of communication for both doctors and patients, which is helpful to promote the comprehensive recovery of patients and the healthy development of doctor-patient relationship. At present, narrative medicine is facing some difficulties in the process of local practice in China. Social work, as one of the main bodies of multi-disciplinary and inter-professional cooperation in the medical field, can give full play to its professional advantages to help the new exploration of narrative medicine practice in China.

Communication and cooperation within a stroke rehabilitation team: a qualitative research / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the obstacles and causes of communication and cooperation among doctors, nurses and rehabilitation therapists in a stroke rehabilitation team. MethodsFrom July to October, 2022, twelve rehabilitation evaluation meetings were observed using ethnographic research, based on Shared Mental Model theory. Semi-structured interviews were held with five doctors, ten nurses and four rehabilitation therapists. ResultsFour themes and nine sub-themes were presented, namely equipment (poor interoperability of information system, limited knowledge of rehabilitation equipment for doctors and nurses), task (members were under time pressure to attend meeting, imperfect inter-discipline communication system), team interaction (insufficient information sharing, unfamiliar with roles/responsibilities, misunderstanding between specialties) and team member (less participation of nurses, limited multidisciplinary knowledge). ConclusionThe communication and cooperation among stroke rehabilitation team members is limited by many factors, such as equipment, task, team interaction and team members. It is suggested to improve interoperability of information systems, create a supportive environment, know each other's roles/responsibilities, strengthen interdisciplinary crossover, pay attention to and support the cultivation of nurses' ability, to promote efficient communication and cooperation among team members.

Discussion on the establishment of the discipline of "organ donation" / 器官移植

Vivid and abundant social practice constantly creates new understanding, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of new disciplines. Organ donation discipline is involved with multiple disciplines, such as ethics, law, medicine, sociology and psychology, etc. After entering a new stage of high-quality development, whether it is necessary to establish the discipline of "organ donation" is worthy of discussion. According to the basic standards for establishing a new discipline, groundbreaking achievements in organ donation could lay a solid foundation for the establishment of "organ donation" discipline. However, current conditions for the establishment of "organ donation" are not fully mature, and the process of discipline establishment will absolutely encounter resistance. In the future, the scope and orientation of organ donation should be further elucidated, and a series of measures should be taken, such as establishing independent academic organizations, offering organ donation courses, carrying out special research and innovation, and strengthening international cooperation and exchanges, aiming to promote the establishment of organ donation discipline. The cooperation between academic community and governments is the key to promote the establishment of the discipline of organ donation. Governments will make final decisions by comprehensively considering the investment of resources, development needs of the discipline and the relationship among existing disciplines.

Research on international cooperation of academic papers of Peking University First Hospital / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:Based on the academic papers published by Peking University First Hospital in the past 11 years, this paper analyzes the international cooperation in scientific research and aims to provide reference for the formulation of future scientific research programs.Methods:Bibliometric analysis was used to analyze the current status and trend of international cooperation, the journal distribution and preferences, as well as the subject distribution and participation.Results:It is found that the international cooperation has made some progress in recent years, however, the international cooperation rate is basically the same, while the level of cooperation should be improved. The level of international cooperation varies among different disciplines, the more strong disciplines are higher than others. Most research are concentrated in clinical medicine, basic research and other interdisciplinary research need to be strengthened.Conclusions:For the next step, we should improve the top-level design of international cooperation, strengthen the international cooperation in basic research and interdisciplinary research, and promote the development of discipline construction.

Exploration and development of rehabilitation and assistive devices at home and abroad / 上海预防医学

With a rapidly aging population， there is a huge potential demand for rehabilitation and assistive products and services. Especially in the global context where greater attention is given to disadvantaged groups， there is a need to cater to the needs of the elderly in terms of rehabilitation and assistive aid to improve their quality of life. Compared with developed countries， China’s rehabilitation aid industry is still in its early stages of development and needs to move away from traditional equipment manufacturing and integrate with intelligent manufacturing to provide more development possibilities and choices. International cooperation is expected to become one of the future research and development directions for rehabilitation aids. Taking typical cities and countries at home and abroad as examples， this paper explores the development of rehabilitation aids， and calls for the cultivation of more rehabilitation aid professionals to help more people in need.

The mediating effect of interdisciplinary cooperation ability on the level of hospice care practice and the degree of difficulty of medical staff / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the mediating role of interdisciplinary cooperation ability between the level of hospice care practice and difficulty degree of hospice care for medical staff, in order to improve the quality of hospice care services for medical staff, and to provide evidence for relevant managers to formulate effective measures to reduce the implementation of hospice care difficulties.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional survey. Using convenience sampling method, the general data questionnaire, Palliative Care Difficulties Scale (PCDS), Palliative Care Self-Report Practice Scale (PCPS) and Modified Index of Interdisciplinary Collaboration (MIIC) were used to investigate 362 medical staff in all hospice care institutions of Shiyan City from July to August 2022.Results:The total score of PCDS in 362 medical staff was (40.58±13.44) points, (67.47 ± 12.50) points for PCPS and (108.36 ± 21.46) points for MIIC. There was a positive correlation between the total score of MIIC and PCDS ( r=0.500, P<0.01). The total score of PCPS was negatively correlated with the total score of MIIC ( r=-0.337, P<0.01) and the total score of PCDS ( r=-0.189, P<0.01). The interdisciplinary cooperation ability of medical staff in hospice care had a complete mediating effect between the level of practice and the degree of difficulty (Effect value=-0.190, 95% CI-0.274 to -0.126), and the mediating effect accounted for 98.5% of the total effect value. Conclusions:The practice level of hospice care can not directly affect the implementation of the difficulty degree, but by taking active measures to improve the interdisciplinary cooperation ability, so as to enhance the practice level, and then reduce the implementation of hospice care difficulty degree.