Factors influencing difference in location of cricothyroid membrane between surface palpation and ultrasonic biplane / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To analyze the factors influencing the difference in location of cricothyroid membrane between traditional surface palpation and ultrasonic biplane.Methods:One hundred and seven subjects of both sexes, aged 18 yr, underwent neck ultrasound examination in our hospital from August 2021 to December 2021, were selected.The structure of cervical airway was observed by ultrasound.The subjects in whom the structure of cricothyroid membrane was clearly shown were selected.The middle point of cricothyroid membrane was located by otorhinolaryngologist using surface palpation method and by ultrasonic doctor using ultrasonic biplane method.The distance between two positioning points was measured by a ruler.The subjects were divided into accurate group (distance between two points≤3 mm) and difference group (distance between two points>3 mm). The distance between cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage (spacing of cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage) and distance between the midpoint of cricothyroid membrane and skin (spacing of cricothyroid membrane and skin) were measured by ultrasound.The neck length and the maximum submaxillary distance in head up were measured by a ruler.The factors influencing the difference in location between the two methods were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression.Results:One hundred and four subjects with clear cricoid cartilage and cricothyroid membrane under ultrasound were selected.There were significant differences in the ratio of gender, body mass index (BMI), cricothyroid membrane-skin distance, neck length, and maximum submandibular distance between the two groups ( P<0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that female ( OR=9.091, P<0.001), BMI ( OR=11.214, P=0.001) and increased cricothyroid membrane-skin distance ( OR=5.649, P=0.015) were the factors influencing the difference in location between the two cricothyroid membrane localization methods. Conclusions:Female, obesity (BMI>28.0 kg/m 2) and increased distance between cricothyroid membrane and skin are the factors affecting the difference in location of cricothyroid membrane between ultrasonic biplane method and surface palpation method, and bedside ultrasound is recommended for location in those with the factors mentioned above.

Efficacy of left parapharyngeal pressure combined with cricoid pressure in preventing gastric insufflation during positive pressure ventilation by facemask / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To compare the efficacy of left parapharyngeal pressure (PLP) combined with cricoid pressure in preventing gastric insufflation during positive pressure ventilation by facemask.Methods:Two hundred and forty patients of both sexes, aged 18-75 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, undergoing surgery under general anesthesia requiring endotracheal intubation, were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups ( n=60 each) using a random number table method: cricoid pressure group (group CP), left PLP group (group LP), cricoid pressure combined with left PLP7 group (group CP+ LP), and control group (group C). The gastric antrum cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured by ultrasound in all the patients before induction of anesthesia, and facemask ventilation in pressure-controlled mode with suction pressure of 25 cmH 2O was applied, the patients in 4 groups were treated with different manipulations, and 3 min later the CSA of gastric antrum was measured again.The gastric antrum CSA before and after ventilation and the difference were recorded.The occurrence of gastric insufflation was examined by ultrasound after ventilation. Results:Compared with the baseline before ventilation, the CSA of gastric antrum was increased after ventilation in C, CP and LP groups ( P<0.01), and no significant change was found in the CSA after ventilation in CP+ LP group ( P>0.05). The difference of gastric antrum CSA was decreased in turn in C, CP, LP and CP+ LP groups ( P<0.05 or 0.01). The incidence of gastric insufflation were 53%, 30%, 12% and 0 in C, CP, LP and CP+ LP groups, respectively.Compared with group C, the incidence of gastric insufflation was significantly decreased in LP and CP+ LP groups ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in group CP ( P>0.05). Compared with group CP, the incidence of gastric insufflation was significantly decreased in group CP+ LP ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in group LP ( P>0.05). Conclusion:The combination of left PLP and cricoid pressure can effectively prevent gastric insufflation during positive pressure ventilation by facemask.

Damage control of laryngotracheal trauma: the golden day / Control de daños del trauma laringotraqueal: todo en 24 horas

Abstract Laryngotracheal trauma is rare but potentially life-threatening as it implies a high risk of compromising airway patency. A consensus on damage control management for laryngotracheal trauma is presented in this article. Tracheal injuries require a primary repair. In the setting of massive destruction, the airway patency must be assured, local hemostasis and control measures should be performed, and definitive management must be deferred. On the other hand, management of laryngeal trauma should be conservative, primary repair should be chosen only if minimal disruption, otherwise, management should be delayed. Definitive management must be carried out, if possible, in the first 24 hours by a multidisciplinary team conformed by trauma and emergency surgery, head and neck surgery, otorhinolaryngology, and chest surgery. Conservative management is proposed as the damage control strategy in laryngotracheal trauma.

Resumen El trauma laringotraqueal es poco frecuente, pero con alto riesgo de comprometer la permeabilidad la vía aérea. El presente artículo presenta el consenso de manejo de control de daños del trauma laringotraqueal. En el manejo de las lesiones de tráquea se debe realizar un reparo primario; y en los casos con una destrucción masiva se debe asegurar la vía aérea, realizar hemostasia local, medidas de control y diferir el manejo definitivo. El manejo del trauma laríngeo debe ser conservador y diferir su manejo, a menos que la lesión sea mínima y se puede optar por un reparo primario. El manejo definitivo se debe realizar durante las primeras 24 hora por un equipo multidisciplinario de los servicios de cirugía de trauma y emergencias, cirugía de cabeza y cuello, otorrinolaringología, y cirugía de tórax. Se propone optar por la estrategia de control de daños en el trauma laringotraqueal.

Surgical cricothyroidostomy. Analysis and comparison between teaching and validation models of simulator models / Cricotireoidostomia cirúrgica. Análise e comparação entre modelos de ensino e validação de simuladores

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the acquisition and retention of knowledge about surgical cricothyroidostomy by the rapid four-step technique (RFST), when taught by expository lecture, low fidelity and high-fidelity simulation models. Methods: ninety medical students at UFPR in the first years of training were randomized assigned into 3 groups, submitted to different teaching methods: 1) expository lectures, 2) low-fidelity simulator model, developed by the research team or 3) high-fidelity simulator model (commercial). The procedure chosen was surgical cricothyroidostomy using the RFST. Soon after lectures, the groups were submitted to a multiple-choice test with 20 questions (P1). Four months later, they underwent another test (P2) with similar content. Analysis of Variance was used to compare the grades of each group in P1 with their grades in P2, and the grades of the 3 groups 2 by 2 in P1 and P2. A multiple comparisons test (post-hoc) was used to check differences within each factor (test and group). Statistical significance was considered when p<0.05. Statistical analysis was performed in the statistical software R version 3.6.1. Results: each group was composed of 30 medical students, without demographic differences between them. The mean scores of the groups of the expositive lecture, of the simulator of low fidelity model and of high-fidelity simulator model in P1 were, respectively, 75.00, 76.09, and 68.79, (p<0.05). In P2 the grades were 69.84, 75.32, 69.46, respectively, (p>0.05). Conclusions: the simulation of low fidelity model was more effective in learning and knowledge retention, being feasible for RFST cricothyroidostomy training in inexperienced students.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar a aquisição e retenção de conhecimento, sobre cricotireoidostomia cirúrgica pela técnica rápida de quatro tempos (TRQT), quando ensinada por aula expositiva, simulação de baixa fidelidade e de alta fidelidade. Métodos: noventa alunos de medicina da UFPR dos primeiros anos foram randomizados em 3 grupos: 1) aula expositiva, 2) simulador de baixa fidelidade, ou 3) simulador de alta fidelidade (comercial). O tema exposto foi a cricotireoidostomia cirúrgica pela técnica rápida de quatro tempos (TRQT). Logo após as aulas, os grupos foram submetidos a uma prova de múltipla escolha com 20 questões (P1). Quatro meses após, realizaram uma outra prova (P2), com conteúdo similar. Análise de Variância foi usada para comparar as notas de cada grupo na P1 com suas notas na P2, e as notas dos 3 grupos de 2 a 2 na P1 e na P2. Utilizou-se um teste de comparações múltiplas (post-hoc) para verificar diferenças dentro de cada fator (prova e grupo). Considerou-se significância estatística quando p<0,05. A análise estatística foi feita no software estatístico R versão 3.6.1. Resultados: cada grupo foi composto de 30 estudantes de medicina, sem diferenças demográficas entre os grupos. As notas médias dos grupos da aula expositiva, do modelo de baixa fidelidade e de alta fidelidade na P1 foram, respectivamente, 75,00, 76,09, e 68,79, (p<0,05). Na P2 as notas foram respectivamente 69,84, 75,32, 69,46, (p>0,05). Conclusão: a simulação de baixa fidelidade foi mais eficaz no aprendizado e na retenção de conhecimento, sendo viável para o treinamento de cricotireoidostomia TRQT em alunos inexperientes.

Identifying the ideal tracheostomy site based on patient characteristics during percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy without bronchoscopy / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) can be safely performed 2 cm below the cricothyroid membrane without the aid of a bronchoscope. Although our simplified method is convenient and does not require sophisticated equipment, the precise location for tracheostomy cannot be confirmed. Because it is recommended that tracheostomy be performed at the second tracheal ring, we assessed whether patient characteristics could predict the distance between the cricothyroid membrane and the second tracheal ring. METHODS: Data from 490 patients who underwent three-dimensional neck computed tomography from January 2012 to December 2015 were analyzed, and the linear distance from the upper part of the cricoid cartilage (CC) to the lower part of the second tracheal ring (2TR) was measured in the sagittal plane. RESULTS: The mean CC-to-2TR distance was 25.26 mm (95% CI 25.02–25.48 mm). Linear regression analysis showed that the predicted CC-to-2TR distance could be calculated as −5.73 + 0.2 × height (cm) + 1.22 × sex (male: 1, female: 0) + 0.01 × age (yr) −0.03 × weight (kg) (adj. R² = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that height and sex should be considered when performing PDT without bronchoscope guidance.

Clinical analysis of arytenoid cartilage reposition with snake mouth forceps for the arytenoid cartilage dislocation / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the clinical effect of the arytenoid cartilage reposition using snake mouth reduction forceps under general anesthesia.@*METHODS@#Data of twenty-six cases accepted arytenoid cartilage reposition under intravenous general anesthesia were analyzed, nineteen cases accepted laryngeal CT scan and cricoarytenoid joint reconstruction, all patients underwent endolaryngeal muscle electromyography examination. According to the position of cartilage dislocation prompted by laryngoscope and CT, the arytenoid cartilage was repositoned under the visual laryngoscope using special snake mouth reduction forceps. If bilateral arytenoid cartilage were still asymmetrically at the end of the surgery, patients needed repeated reposition 1 to 2 times 1 week after operation. The efficacy was evaluated 4 weeks later.@*RESULTS@#All patients had a hoarse and breathing voice preoperative. Under laryngoscope, there were different degrees of vocal cord movement disorders accompanied by incomplete glottis closure, 22 cases happened in left side and 4 in right side. The arytenoid cartilage was dislocated anteromedially in 25 cases and posterolaterally in 1 case. CT showed that 15 cases of arytenoid cartilage were tilted anteromedially; the interval of the cricoarytenoid joint was widened. In axial CT images, there were no direct signs of the arytenoid cartilage dislocation in the 4 cases, but the abnormal position was seen in the reconstruction images. The laryngeal electromyography indicated that 7 cases were abnormal, duration of motor unit potential were visible and the raising potential were mixed. There were 4 patients with normal voice in the first day after surgery, and 19 cases underwent twice and 3 cases underwent three times surgery. Vioce became normal in 4 weeks. Swallowing pain and bucking were all disappeared. Vocal cords movement were recovered to normal level in 25 cases. In 1 case with neck strangulation, the vocal cord movement was slightly worse than health side, but significantly better than that before operation.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The arytenoid cartilage reposition using snake mouth reduction forceps under general anesthesia was an effective method for the treatment of the cricoary-tenoid joint dislocation.

Long-term efficacy of supracricoid partial laryngectomy for 298 patients with laryngeal carcinoma / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the oncologic and functional outcomes of supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) in the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma.@*Methods@#A total of 298 laryngeal carcinoma patients who underwent SCPL treatment from January 2005 to December 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical data of demographic and clinical characteristics, postoperative complications, rehabilitation information, recurrence and metastasis were analysed. Survival and local control were used to evaluate the clinical outcome.Data were analyzed by SPSS 23.0 software.@*Results@#Thirty-one patients with supraglottic carcinoma underwent cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP)and 267 with glottic carcinoma underwent cricohyoidopexy (CHP) were enrolled in this study. The mean duration of followed up was 74 months, ranging from 12 to 146 months. Fifty-four cases died at last follow-up. With respect to 31 patients with supraglottic carcinoma, 5- and 10-year overall survival rates and disease specific survival rates all were 78.1%; 5- and 10-year disease free survival rates were 72.1% and 63.7% respectively; and 5- and 10-year local control rates were both 84.2%. In 267 patients with glottic carcinoma, 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 85.8% and 77.1% respectively; 5- and 10-year disease specific survival rates were 86.6% and 78.4% respectively; 5- and 10-year disease free survival rates were 80.6% and 74.2% respectively; and 5- and 10-year local control rates were 90.0% and 89.4% respectively. The survival rate of patients with glottic carcinoma at stage T1 was higher than that at stage T2 or T3, and the disease free survival rate of patients with early stage was superior than that of patients with advance stage. Cox regression analysis showed that tumor stage T2, and T3, tumor recurrence, and tumor metastasis were independent risk factors for survival. Furthermore, nasogastric feeding tube removal rate was 100% and the decannulation rates of SCPL were 96% in the patients with SCPL.@*Conclusions@#SCPL is a safe procedure with tumor resection for laryngeal carcinoma, with preserving of swallowing, respiration, and phonation functions, and has excellent survival and local control rates. This procedure could be considered as a standard function-sparing treatment for selected patients with laryngeal carcinoma of stages T1b-T3.

Minimally Invasive Horizontal Intercartilaginous Incision during Tracheostomy – A Cadaveric Study / 체질인류학회지

The paper describes a minimally invasive tracheostomy technique that uses an intercartilaginous incision without resection of the tracheal cartilage and discusses its feasibility. A total of 20 adult cadavers (13 males and 7 females) were included in this study. The distance from the arch of the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid isthmus, maximal displacement of the thyroid isthmus, number of tracheal rings underneath the thyroid isthmus, and maximally opened distance resulting from an intercartilaginous incision were measured. The mean distance from the arch of the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid isthmus was 21.4±5.0 mm. The thyroid isthmus mainly overlaid the 3rd and 4th tracheal rings. The mean maximal displacement of the thyroid isthmus was 9.0±2.8 mm. Minimally invasive tracheostomy via an intercartilaginous incision is a feasible technique. A skin incision 2 cm below the cricoid cartilage enables exposure of the thyroid isthmus and anular ligament between the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings. The intercartilaginous incision allows sufficient space for the tracheostomy tube. An intercartilaginous incision without resection of a tracheal ring can be a good alternative tracheostomy technique, especially for patients who require transient tracheostomy.

Morphometric Study of Cricoid Cartilage in Korean / 체질인류학회지

This study is aimed to measure the morphology of Korean cricoid cartilages. A total of 48 - 33 males and 15 females - cadavers were used in this study. When it comes to their average age, males were 70 years old (50 to 91 years old), and females were 74 years old (47 to 92 years old). For this study, anteroposterior diameter and transverse diameter of superior side, anteroposterior diameter of inferior side, height of arch and lamina, anterior and posterior thickness of cricoid cartilages were measured. Anteroposterior diameters of superior and inferior cricoid cartilage were 28.5, 18.78 mm in male, and 23.85, 15.97 mm in female, respectively. And transverse diameters of superior side were 17.19 mm in male and 13.36 mm in female. Heights of arch and lamina were 7.10, 22.33 mm in male and 5.72, 20.10 mm in female, respectively. Thickness of anterior arch and posterior lamina were 2.57, 2.83 mm in male and 2.22, 2.42 mm in female, respectively. As a result, most Korean male measurements were significantly longer than female measurements except the anterior and posterior thickness of cricoid cartilages. Moreover the majority of measurements were shorter than Nigerians or Europeans. However, they were very similar to American Indians' measurements. In conclusion this study stated above can be a valuable foundation for the research of Korean cricoid cartilages' anatomic structures and morphology.

Accuracy of ultrasonographic measurement of transverse diameter of cricoid cartilage in selecting cuffed endotracheal tube size for pediatric patients / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonographic measurement of the transverse diameter of the cricoid cartilage in selecting the cuffed endotracheal tube (ETT) size for pediatric patients.Methods A total of 120 pediatric patients of both sexes,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,aged 1 month-6 yr,with body mass index of 10.9-31.2 kg/m2,undergoing endotracheal intubation and general anesthesia,were divided into group A and group B,with 60 pediatric patients in each group.The pediatric patients were intubated with a cuffed ETT in two groups.The ETT size was selected based on the transverse diameter of the cricoid cartilage measured by ultrasonography in group A.The ETT size was selected according to the age-based formula in group B.A tracheal leak was detected after intubation to determine whether or not the ETT size selected was appropriate.ETTs were replaced when the actually selected ones were not appropriate,and the number of replacement was recorded.The development of intubation-related complications was also recorded.Results The accurate rate of cuffed ETT size selected at the first time was 95％ in group A,and it was significantly higher than that in group B (60％) (P＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of intubation-related complications between the two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion Uhrasonographic measurement of the transverse diameter of the cricoid cartilage produces higher accuracy in selecting the cuffed ETT size for pediatric patients and is worthy of clinical application.

The radiologic anatomy of thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage: implications for anterior cervical spine surgery / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To measure anatomic data related to the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage and to analyze their implications for anterior spine surgery.Methods From January 2015 to February 2017,Cervical spine CT image data of 309 normal adults (195 males,114 females) in our department were retrospectively analyzed.The transverse diameters of the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage was measured at three different levels as follows:the superior border of the thyroid cartilage(SBTC),the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage(IBTC),and the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage(IBCC).At those levels,the corresponding level and transverse diameter of the cervical vertebra or intervertebral disc were also determined.Differences of anatomic parameters for each gender and level,and the relationship between the transverse diameter and height and weight were analyzed.Results The transverse diameters of the thyroid cartilage or cricoid cartilage and the corresponding cervical vertebra or intervertebral disc were associated significantly with height and weight.The transverse diameters of the thyroid cartilage or cricoid cartilage gradually decreased from the level of SBTC (44.30±4.97 mm) to the level of IBTC (41.39±4.62 mm),and the latter to the level of IBCC (26.36±3.79 mm),but increased from the level of SBTC (27.47±2.66 mm) to the level of IBTC (29.00±3.15 mm),and the latter to the level of IBCC (31.48±3.49 mm) for the cervical vertebra or intervertebral disc.Differences of the transverse diameters of the thyroid cartilage or cricoid cartilage and the cervical vertebra or intervertebral disc on three levels had statistical significance.The transverse diameters of each level had individual differences,while men were greater than those for women.The thyroid cartilage was routinely located above the C5 (56.9％ for male,86.0％ for female).Differences of the frequency between men and women on three levels had statistical significance.Conclusion The Individual and sex differences in the location of the thyroid cartilage and the size of the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage provided anatomical basis for predicting the difficulty of intraoperative exposure,incidence of esophageal injuries and early postoperative dysphagia.

Emergency cricothyrotomy: temporary measure or definitive airway? A systematic review / Cricotireoidostomia de emergência: medida contemporizadora ou via aérea definitiva? Uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Being a fast and safe method in the hands of well trained professionals in both prehospital and intrahospital care, Cricothyrotomy has been broadly recommended as the initial surgical airway in the scenario "can't intubate, can't ventilate", and is particularly useful when the obstruction level is above or at the glottis. Its prolonged permanence, however, is an endless source of controversy. In this review we evaluate the complications of cricothyrotomy and the need of its routine conversion to tracheotomy through a search on PubMed, LILACS and SciELO electronic databases with no restriction to the year or language of the publication. In total, we identified 791 references, retrieved 20 full text articles, and included nine studies in our review. The incidence of short-term complications ranged from zero to 31.6%, and the long-term complications, from zero to 7.86%. Subglotic stenosis was the main long-term reported complication, even though it was quite infrequent, occurring only in 2.9 to 5%. The frequency of conversion to tracheostomy varied from zero to 100%. Although a small frequency of long-term complications was found for emergency cricothyrotomy, the studies' low level of evidence does not allow the recommendation of routine use of cricothyrotomy as a secure definitive airway.

RESUMO A cricotireoidostomia, por ser um método rápido e, em geral, realizado com sucesso em ambientes pré e intra-hospitalares por profissionais treinados, tem sido amplamente preconizada como a via aérea cirúrgica inicial diante da situação "impossível intubar, impossível ventilar" e é especificamente útil quando a obstrução das vias aéreas ocorre na glote ou em nível supraglótico. Seu uso prolongado é, contudo, controverso. Nesta revisão procuramos avaliar as complicações da cricotireoidostomia de emergência, bem como, a necessidade rotineira de sua posterior conversão para traqueostomia através de pesquisa de estudos publicados sobre cricotireoidostomia de emergência nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, sem restrição quanto ao ano de publicação. Assim foram identificados 791 estudos, dos quais 20 foram selecionados para leitura do texto integral, e, destes, nove foram incluídos nesta revisão. A taxa de complicações em curto prazo variou de zero a 31,6%, e a de complicações em longo prazo variou de zero a 7,86%. A estenose subglótica foi a principal complicação em longo prazo, relatada em 2,9 a 5% dos procedimentos. A taxa de conversão para traqueostomia variou de zero a 100%. Apesar da incidência reduzida de complicações em longo prazo o baixo nível de evidência dos estudos revisados não permite recomendar a cricotireoidostomia como uma via aérea definitiva segura.

A porcine model for teaching surgical cricothyridootomy / Modelo porcino no ensino da cricotiroidotomia cirúrgica

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the acceptability of an educational project using A porcine model of airway for teaching surgical cricothyroidotomy to medical students and medical residents at a university hospital in southern Brazil. METHODS: We developed a teaching project using a porcine model for training in surgical cricothyroidotomy. Medical students and residents received lectures about this surgical technique and then held practical training with the model. After the procedure, all participants filled out a form about the importance of training in airway handling and the model used. RESULTS: There were 63 participants. The overall quality of the porcine model was estimated at 8.8, while the anatomical correlation between the model and the human anatomy received a mean score of 8.5. The model was unanimously approved and considered useful in teaching the procedure. CONCLUSION: The training of surgical cricothyroidotomy with a porcine model showed good acceptance among medical students and residents of this institution.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a aceitabilidade de um projeto de ensino utilizando modelo porcino de vias aéreas no ensino da cricotiroidotomia cirúrgica para estudantes de Medicina e médicos residentes em um hospital universitário no sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi desenvolvido um projeto de ensino usando modelo porcino para treinamento em cricotiroidotomia cirúrgica. Estudantes de Medicina e residentes receberam aula teórica sobre esta técnica cirúrgica e, em seguida, realizaram no modelo o treinamento prático. Após o procedimento, todos os participantes preencheram um formulário acerca da importância do treinamento em manuseio de vias aéreas e do modelo utilizado. RESULTADOS: Houve 63 participantes. A qualidade geral do modelo porcino foi estimada em 8,8, enquanto a correlação anatômica entre o modelo e a anatomia humana recebeu o escore médio de 8,5 entre os treinandos. O modelo foi unanimemente aprovado e considerado útil no ensino do procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: O treinamento de cricotiroidotomia cirúrgica em modelo porcino apresentou boa aceitação entre os estudantes de Medicina e os residentes desta Instituição.

Morphology and Morphometry of Adult Human Cricoid Cartilage: A Cadaveric Study in North Indian Population.

Introduction: Out of different cartilages of larynx, cricoid is the strongest cartilage. It is the only cartilage which extends completely around the air passage. It is smaller but stronger and thicker than the thyroid cartilage. Though a lot of work has been done on thyroid cartilage it is not so for cricoid cartilage. This give us a impetus to design this study. Material and method: The material for present study comprised of 30 adult (M:F::25:5) apparently normal cadaveric larynges, obtained from the Anatomy Department of Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. Different morphometric diameters of the cricoid cartilage were measured with help of vernier caliper with least count 0.01mmand thesewere noted on a predesigned proforma. All the data thus obtained was tabulated, analysed, scrutinized and compared with the earlier studies available in the literature. An attempt has been done to provide a base line data for this region. Result and Conclusion: Cricoid cartilage was oval in shape in all the specimens. Outer and inner transverse diameters and outer and inner anteroposterior diameters of cricoid cartilagewere larger in males as compared to females. As we compare both diameters in males and females, outer transverse diameter was found to be larger than outer anteroposterior diameter, while inner anteroposterior diameter was larger than inner transverse diameter. Height and thickness of cricoid arch and lamina were observed to be larger in males as compared to females.

Fuerza aplicada por el personal de salud sobre un simulador del cartílago cricoides durante la realización de la maniobra de Sellick en la intubación de secuencia rápida / Pressure applied by the healthcare staff on a cricoid cartilage simulator during Sellick’s maneuver in rapid sequence intubation

Antecedentes: La maniobra de Sellick o fuerza cricoidea es una estrategia utilizada para prevenir broncoaspiración durante la secuencia rápida de intubación. Algunos estudios han descrito que la fuerza necesaria para que la maniobra sea adecuada es de 2,5 a 3,5 kg. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar cuál es la fuerza ejercida (en kilogramos) sobre un simulador del cartílago cricoides por profesionales de la salud. Metodología: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Los participantes fueron personal de salud del Hospital Universitario San José de Popayán y asistentes al Congreso Nacional de Anestesiología S.C.A.R.E. 2011, los cuales fueron seleccionados a conveniencia. Cada participante ejecutó 3 intentos de realización de la maniobra sobre el simulador. Resultados:Se recolectaron datos de 156 participantes. La fuerza global media ejercida en el primer, segundo y tercer intento de realización fue de 2,70, 2,71 y 2,73 kg, respectivamente. Tras el ajuste multivariante, el género masculino presentó influencia en la mayor aplicación de fuerza en el primer intento de realización de la maniobra. No se encontró asociación con otras variables como la experiencia de trabajo o el grado de entrenamiento. Conclusiones:La fuerza ejercida por los participantes en el estudio durante el primer intento fue de 2,7 kg. La mayoría de los sujetos en estudio realizaron la maniobra de Sellick con una fuerza inadecuada en el primer intento. Únicamente el género masculino afecta la fuerza realizada por los profesionales en el primer intento de realización de la maniobra.

Bacfeground:Sellick's maneuver or cricoid pressure is a strategy used to prevent bronchoas-piration during the rapid intubation sequence. Several studies have described that the forcerequired for an adequate maneuver is of 2.5-3.5 kg. The purpose of this paper was to determine the force applied (in kilograms) on a cricoid cartilage simulator by the health care professionals. Methodology:Observational cross-section trial. The participants were the healthcare professionals at the San José University Hospital in Popayán and participants at the National Congress of Anesthesiology - S.C.A.R.E. 2011, who were conveniently selected. Every participant made three attempts to apply the maneuver on the simulator. Results: Data from 156 participants were collected. The mean global pressures applied in the first, second and third attempts were 2.70, 2.71 and 2.73 kg, respectively. Following a multivariate adjustment, males exhibited a higher force at the first attempt to do the maneuver. No association was found to other variables, such as labor experience or the training level. Conclusions:The pressure applied by the participants in the trial during the first attempt was 2.7 kg. Most of the subjects in the trial did Sellick's maneuver applying an inadequate pressure in their first attempt. Only males exerted an overpressure in their first attempt todo the maneuver.

Estimation of Stellate Ganglion Block Injection Point Using the Cricoid Cartilage as Landmark Through X-ray Review

BACKGROUND: Stellate ganglion block is usually performed at the transverse process of C6, because the vertebral artery is located anterior to the transverse process of C7. The purpose of this study is to estimate the location of the transverse process of C6 using the cricoid cartilage in the performance of stellate ganglion block. METHODS: We reviewed cervical lateral neutral-flexion-extension views of 48 patients who visited our pain clinic between January and June of 2010. We drew a horizontal line at the surface of the cricoid cartilage in the neutral and extension views of cervical lateral x-rays. We then measured the change in the shortest distance from this horizontal line to the lowest point of the transverse process of C6 between the neutral and extension views. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the shortest distance from the horizontal line at the surface of the cricoid cartilage to the lowest point of transverse process of C6 between neutral position and neck extension position in both males and females, and between males and females in both neutral position and neck extension position. The cricoid cartilage level was 4.8 mm lower in males and 14.4 mm higher in females than the lowest point of transverse process of C6 in neck extension position. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners should recognize that the cricoid cartilage has cephalad movement in neck extension. In this way, the cricoid cartilage can be still useful as a landmark for stellate ganglion block.

Controversias sobre la presión cricoidea o maniobra de Sellick / Controversial issue of cricoid pressure or Sellick maneuver

Introducción. La maniobra de Sellick o presión cricoidea es un procedimiento que se realiza de rutina en la profilaxis de la aspiración pulmonar como parte de la inducción/intubación de secuencia rápida. Ha sido objeto de múltiples controversias especialmente sobre su utilidad como práctica estándar de seguridad en el manejo de la vía aérea en urgencias. Se ha considerado la maniobra como una presión, sin embargo se designa la medida en Newton (N), sin tener en cuentael área del cartílago cricoides, de este modo es preciso referirse a la maniobra no en términos de presión cricoidea sino de fuerza cricoidea. Objetivo. Destacar la importancia de revisar las controversias que ha tenido una maniobra que se acerca a los 50 años de vigencia en el manejo de la vía aérea y la prevención de la broncoaspiración; incluso resaltar que ha habido errores en su descripción utilizando medidas de fuerza y no de presión Método. Mediante la revisión de la literatura se realiza este artículo de reflexión sobre las controversias de una maniobra usual en la práctica de urgencias del anestesiólogo, la Maniobra de Sellick. Conclusión. Desde 1961 cuando el doctor Brian Arthur Sellick describió la presión cricoidea como una maniobra útil para prevenir la regurgitación del contenido gástrico hacia la faringe, hasta la actualidad cuando se utiliza como medida importante en la técnica de inducción/intubación de secuencia rápida, se han venido encontrando una serie de controversias en cuanto a la seguridad que puede brindar en el manejo de la vía aérea, dignas de revisar y de discutir, y además, de recomendar una aclaración en cuanto a la designación de los términos presión y fuerza, que se han venido utilizando de manera indistinta para referirse a esta maniobra sin tener en cuenta el área del cartílago cricoides, que de hecho es diferente entre los individuos.

Introduction. The Sellick maneuver or cricoid pressure is a procedure that is routinely performed in the prophylaxis for pulmonary aspiration as part of a rapid sequence intubation. It has been considered very controversial specifically on its usefulness as a standard safety practice in the emergent airway management. Itusually has been considered a pressure maneuver, however it usually has seen assessed measuring Newtons (N) without considering the area of the cricoid cartilage. For this reason, it mustbe understood in terms of cricoid force instead of cricoid pressure. Objetive. To highlight the controversial issues this maneuver has had over the 50 years of its use in airway management and pulmonary aspiration prevention. To explain the common error of describing it in terms of force and not pressure. Methods. Literature review about the controversial aspects of the Sellick maneuver in emergent scenarios in anesthesia. Conclusion. Since the initial description by Dr. Brian Arthur Sellick in 1961 of the maneuver, using cricoid pressure to prevent them regurgitationof gastric contents to the pharynx used as part of the rapid sequence induction/ intubation, there have been multiple criticisms worthwhile to review, regarding the safety it provides in protecting the airway. We recommend that the terms pressure and force be differentiated and be used more appropriately when describing the maneuver, as the area of the cartilage should be considered in these measurements.

A Case of Primary Chondrosarcoma of the Cricoid Cartilage / 대한이비인후과학회지

Laryngeal chondrosarcoma is a cartilaginous malignant tumor which is rarely encountered in the head and neck. They occur most often in the paranasal sinus, mandibule, and larynx. The cricoid cartilage is the most common site of the laryngeal chondrosarcoma. Complete surgical resection and postoperative radiotherapy are generally recommended. Almost all cases of the laryngeal chondrosarcoma are detected early because of the rapid development of symptoms such as dyspnea, dysphagia and hoarseness, which are caused by the anatomic location. Authors experienced a case of laryngeal chondrosarcoma that originated from the cricoid cartilage in a 67 year-old male without any symptoms. The mass was found on a routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy examination. Hemicricoidectomy with complete excision of tumor was performed via laryngofissure approach. The patient did not undergo radiotherapy, since all margins of the resected mass were tumor-free. There was no evidence of recurrence or metastasis 12 months after surgery.

Estenoses laringotraqueais em crianças: evolução do tratamento cirúrgico / Laaryngotracheal stenosis in children: surgical treatment evolution

Introdução: O tratamento cirúrgico atual das estenoses laringotraqueais pediátricas inclui uma ampla variedade de procedimentos cirúrgicos, desde abordagem endoscópica até procedimentos mais extensos, como a reconstrução laringotraqueal e a ressecção cricotraqueal. Objetivo: Discutir as indicações e comparar as diferentes abordagens das estenoses laringotraqueais. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo demonstrando a experiência deste serviço no período de 1980 a 2008, no qual 49 casos foram tratados de acordo com grau e a localização da estenose. Trinta e dois casos foram submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica, 12 casos submetidos à reconstrução laringotraqueal, três casos de ressecção cricotraqueal e dois casos de rotary door flap. Resultados: Casos de estenose grau I e II apresentam bons resultados após cirurgia endoscópica enquanto casos grau III e IV necessitam de procedimentos externos. Na maioria dos casos foi necessária combinação de duas ou mais técnicas para obtenção dos resultados esperados.

Introduction: Nowadays, the surgical treatment of pediatric stenosis includes a variety of surgical procedures, from endoscopic approaches to more extensive procedures, such as laryngotracheal reconstruction and cricotracheal resection. Objective: To discuss the surgical indications and to compare the different approaches of laryngotracheal stenosis. Methods: A retrospective study was performed to demonstrate the experience of this institution from 1980 to 2008, in which 49 patients were treated according to the grade and site of the stenosis. Thirty-two patients underwent endoscopic surgery, 12 laryngotracheal reconstructions, 3 cricotracheal resections and 2 rotary door flaps. Results: Grade I and mild grade II stenosis had good results with endoscopic surgery, whereas more severe stenosis - grade II, grade III and IV - required more extensive procedures. In most patients, more than 2 procedures within the several types above related were necessary to reach the expected success.

Condroma de cartilagem cricóide / Chondroma of the cricoid cartilage

Introdução: Os tumores cartilaginosos da laringe são raros, compreendendo 1% de todos os tumores cartilaginosos. O condroma é tumor benigno mais comum acometendo a cartilagem cricóide da laringe (75%), manifestando-se comumente no gênero masculino, com disfonia, dispnéia progressiva e disfagia em alguns casos. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo relatar um caso de condroma de cartilagem cricóide, em paciente com sintoma de lesão nodular em região cervical anterior, de crescimento lento e progressivo. Relato do Caso: O tratamento foi a laringectomia parcial modificada, com ressecção do hemisegmento inferior da cartilagem tireóide, hemicartilagem cricóide e primeiro anel traqueal com margens livres e reconstrução com de retalho de pericôndrio e muscular pré-tireoideano. O exame anátomo-patológico demonstrou condroma de 1,1 cm, de baixa celularidade e baixas figuras de mitose atipicamente na região anterior da cartilagem cricóide. Conclusão: Neste relato concordamos com a literatura para o tratamento primariamente cirúrgico, de extensão dependendo da localização e do tamanho do condroma de cricóide, porém outras modalidades de tratamento podem ser adotadas nos casos onde a extensão tumoral indique a laringectomia total ou quando esta não é passível de realização, visando à preservação da laringe. Para o tratamento adequado de condromas de cricóide e entendimento da evolução natural da doença mais relatos de casos ainda são necessários.

Introduction: The larynx cartilaginous tumors are uncommon and comprise 1% of all cartilaginous tumors. The chondroma is the most common benign tumor affecting the larynx cricoid cartilage (75%), and manifests normally in the male gender with dysphonia, progressive dyspnea and dysphagy in some cases. Objective: The objective of this study is to report a case of cricoid cartilage chondroma, in a patient with the symptom of a nodular lesion in the frontal cervical region of slow and progressive growth. Case Report: The treatment was the modified partial laryngectomy with resection of the lower hemisegment of the thyroid cartilage, cricoid hemicartilage and the first tracheal ring with free margins and reconstruction with a pericondrium and muscular prethyroidean piece. The anatomopathological exam showed a chondroma of 1.1 cm, of atypical low cellularity and low figures of mitosis in the frontal region of the cricoid cartilage. Conclusion: In this report we agreed with the literature for the primarily extensive surgical treatment depending on the location and the size of the cricoid chondroma; however, other modalities of treatment may be adopted in cases where the tumor extension appoints a total laryngectomy or when this is not possible to carry out, aiming at the preservation of the larynx. For the suitable treatment of cricoid chondromas, the understanding of the disease natural evolution and more case reports are still necessary.