Cambios en la composición corporal y ángulo de fase durante la pretemporada en jugadores de fútbol profesional / Changes in body composition and phase angle during pre-season in professional soccer players

RESUMEN: El análisis y el control de la composición corporal son claves en el fútbol por su implicación en el rendimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar, en jugadores de futbol profesional, el ángulo de fase (PhA) de miembros inferiores con los posibles patrones de mejora del componente magro en los mismos medido por DEXA. Al mismo tiempo, se estudió mediante BIA la evolución de parámetros hídricos de los jugadores, sometidos a un entrenamiento intenso y a un control nutricional de su alimentación y suplementación. Se evaluaron a 18 jugadores (26,28 ± 5,1 años; 85,09 ± 9,16 kg; 185,5 ± 4,32 cm) de un equipo de la primera división de fútbol italiana. Se llevó a cabo el estudio durante cuatro semanas, entre el 11 de julio (pre-test) y el 11 de agosto de 2021 (post-test). La intervención se llevó a cabo en su totalidad en pretemporada, con un confinamiento en modalidad de aislamiento o burbuja total por prevención al contagio del COVID-19, dónde se monitorizaba en un alto porcentaje la vida del jugador, incluyendo factores como la alimentación, el entrenamiento y el descanso. La suplementación estuvo basada en antioxidantes, multivitamínicos, minerales y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y dos productos en polvo (uno a base de creatina, glutamina y leucina, y otro, a base de aminoácidos esenciales). Los jugadores presentaron una mejora del PhA y del componente magro en los miembros inferiores, con una moderada correlación (r = 0,6). Con respecto al agua intracelular y extracelular, señalar que, a pesar de la alta intensidad del ejercicio durante cuatro semanas, éstas se han mantenido constantes sin presentar variaciones significativas durante el periodo de estudio, lo que indica que no se ha producido un proceso de deshidratación del jugador.

SUMMARY: The analysis and control of body composition is essential in soccer due to its implication in performance. The aim of this study was to identify, in professional soccer players, the phase angle (PhA) of the lower limbs with possible patterns of improvement of the lean component measured by DEXA. At the same time, the evolution of hydric parameters of the players, subjected to intense training and nutritional control of their diet and supplementation, was studied by means of BIA. Eighteen players (26.28 ± 5.1 years; 85.09 ± 9.16 kg; 185.5 ± 4.32 cm) from an Italian first division football team were evaluated. The study was conducted for four weeks, between 11th July (pre- test) and 11th August of 2021 (post-test). The intervention was carried out entirely in pre-season, with confinement in isolation or total bubble mode for prevention of COVID-19 infection, where a high percentage of the player's life was monitored, including factors such as diet, training and rest. Supplementation was based on antioxidants, multivitamins, minerals and polyunsaturated fatty acids and two powdered products (one based on creatine, glutamine and leucine, and the other one, on essential amino acids). The players showed an improvement in PhA and in the lean component in the lower limbs, with a moderate correlation (r = 0.6). With regard to intracellular and extracellular water, it should be noted that, despite the high intensity of exercise during four weeks, these have remained constant without significant variations during the study period, indicating that there has not been a process of dehydration of the player.

Associação da Composição Corporal com Rigidez Arterial em Longevos / Association of Body Composition with Arterial Stiffness in Long-lived People

Resumo Fundamento Pouco se conhece sobre a relação entre sarcopenia e hemodinâmica central em idosos longevos. Objetivo Estudar a relação da rigidez arterial com a composição corporal em idosos longevos. Métodos A composição corporal foi avaliada por meio da absortometria de Raio X de dupla energia (DEXA) e dos parâmetros de circulação central (PCC) obtidos por método oscilométrico não invasivo, com o Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor®. Os parâmetros centrais avaliados foram: velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP), augmentation index (AIx), índice de amplificação da pressão de pulso (iAPP) e pressão de pulso central (PPc). Estes foram correlacionados com massa magra total (MM) e apendicular (MA), percentual de gordura corporal e índice de Baumgartner (IB). Aceitou-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Participaram 124 longevos, com idade média de 87,1 anos (DP±4,3 anos), sendo 74,2% mulheres e 57,3% brancos. Houve correlação inversa do AIx com as variáveis MM (r = - 0,391, p < 0,001), MA (r= -0,378, p< 0,001) e IB (r = -0,258, p 0,004). A PPc apresentou associação inversa com MM (r= -0,268, p =0,003), MA (r=-0,288, p= 0,001) e IB (r= -0,265, p = 0,003). Houve relação direta apenas entre AIx e percentual de gordura corporal (r= 0,197, p= 0,029). Conclusão Em idosos longevos, o percentual de gordura corporal se associa diretamente com a rigidez arterial e tem associação inversa com a quantidade de MM. Esses achados podem estar associados ao maior risco cardiovascular.

Abstract Background Arterial stiffness, obesity and sarcopenia correlate with each other and with cardiac outcomes in younger adults. However, there is little evidence of the association between body composition and markers of central arteries stiffness in long-lived people. Objective To evaluate the relationship between arterial stiffness and body composition in functionally independent long-lived individuals. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of the association between markers of arterial stiffness and body composition among participants in a longitudinal cohort of elderly individuals aged 80 years or older who were functionally independent and lived in the community . Body composition measurements were performed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and central circulation parameters (CCP) obtained by a non-invasive oscillometric method through the Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor® device. The central parameters evaluated were: pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation Index (AIx), pulse pressure amplification index (PPAi) and central pulse pressure (cPP). These were correlated to total lean mass (LM) and appendicular lean mass (aLM), body fat percentage, and Baumgartner's Index (BI). The level of significance was set at 5% for all tests. Results Data from 124 elderly people with a mean age of 87.1 years (SD ± 4.3 years) were analyzed, with 74.2% of women and 57.3% of white. There was a statistically significant inverse correlation of AIx with LM (r = -0.391, p <0.001), aLM (r = -0.378, p <0.001), and BI (r = -0.258, p = 0.004). Also, cPP had an inversely proportional association with LM (r = -0.268, p = 0.003), aLM (r = -0.288, p = 0.001), and BI (r = -0.265, p = 0.003). When assessing the relationship between fat mass and CCP, a statistically significant direct relationship was observed only between AIx and body fat percentage (r = 0.197, p = 0.029). Conclusion In long-lived people, body fat percentage is directly associated with arterial stiffness and inversely associated with the amount of LM. These findings may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

Bone mineral changes during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study

Background: Changes in bone mineral density during pregnancy are not widely studied because of the risk of radiation hazard to the fetus. But newer technology like DEXA has made it possible to measure bone density accurately with low dose radiations which are safe even during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in maternal bone turnover markers and bone mineral content at forearm during pregnancy.Methods: A total of 32 pregnant women with singleton pregnancy of more than thirty five weeks gestational age and thirty non-pregnant, non-lactating women as controls were recruited. Baseline blood investigations, serum calcium, serum alkaline phosphatase and DEXA of the forearm at ultra-distal, mid radius and proximal 1/3rd of radius were done at the time of recruitment into the study.Results: Bone mineral density of forearm of pregnancy group was compared with non-pregnant, non-lactating control group to see the effect of pregnancy. Bone turnover markers like serum calcium and serum ALP were also compared among pregnancy group and controls. The mean bone mineral density of controls at ultra-distal radius was 0.437±0.058g/cm2, while in pregnant women it was 0.431±0.58g/cm2 that was not statistically significant. Bone mineral density at mid radius in control was 0.599±0.051g/cm2 and in pregnant women it was 0.597±0.048 g/cm2 with no significant difference. BMD at proximal 1/3rd radius in controls was 0.670±0.36 g/cm2 as compared to pregnant women where it was 0.660±0.036 g/cm2 without any statistical significance. Total BMD at forearm in control and pregnant women was 0.586±0.035 and 0.582±0.036 respectively and again there was no statistically significant difference.Conclusions: There is no significant impact of pregnancy on bone mineral density of forearm. Although more bone areas need to be investigated for the further confirmation.

Associação do índice de massa corporal com absortometria de Raio-x de Dupla Energia (DEXA) em diabéticos tipo 1 / Asociación del índice de masa corporal con la absorciometría con rayos X de doble energía (DEXA) en diabéticos tipo 1 / Association of body mass index with dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in type 1 diabetics

Introdução: Existem várias técnicas para avaliar a composição corporal, dentre elas o DEXA, porém apresenta alto custo. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) se apresenta como método mais utilizado. Entretanto, o mesmo apresenta limitações. Objetivo: Verificar a aplicabilidade de uma nova equação do IMC e associar com o absortometria de Raio-x de Dupla Energia (DEXA) em adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Métodos: Pesquisa intencional composta por 30 adolescentes (15 meninos e 15 meninas), com idades entre 10 e 15 anos. Foi avaliada a estatura e a massa corporal para a obtenção dos IMC2.5 e oIMC2 . O percentual de gordura foi obtido através do DEXA. A hemoglobina glicada foi verificada por meio do teste imunoturbidimétrico TurbiClin. Para análise dos dados foi realizada a média, desvio padrão e percentual de frequência. A correlação entre as variáveis dos IMC, DEXA e hemoglobina glicada, foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Adotou-se um nível de significância de p < 0,05. Resultados: A nova equação do IMC2.5 apresentou associação com IMC2.5 Escore Z (r=0,68; p=0,001), IMC2 (r=0,99; p=0,001), IMC2 Escore Z (r=0,67; p=0,001) e DEXA (r=0,58; p=0,05). Enquanto, o IMC2.5 Escore Z demonstrou associação positiva com oIMC2 (r=0,70; p=0,001) e IMC2 Escore Z (r=1,0; p=0,001). Conclusão: Para os adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 tanto faz a equação utilizada para estimar o estado nutricional, pois a imprecisão de ambos os IMC continua a mesma para determinar percentual de gordura. O mesmo ocorre quando transformado em IMC2.5 escore Z, o nível de correlação continua semelhante(AU)

Introduction: There are several techniques to evaluate body composition, among them DEXA stands out, but presents a high cost. On the other hand, body mass index (BMI) is the most used method. However, it has limitations. Objective: To verify the applicability of a new BMI equation and to associate it with dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) in adolescents with DM1. Methods: This research of intentional characteristics was composed of 30 adolescents (15 boys and 15 girls), aged between 10 and 15 years. Stature and body mass were evaluated to obtain BMI2.5and BMI2. The percentage of fat (percentBF) was obtained through DXA. The glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was verified by mean soft he TurbiClin immunoturbidimetric test. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and percentage of frequency) were used to analyze the data. The correlation between the variables (BMI, DXA and HbA1c) was evaluated by the Pearson correlation coefficient. We adopted a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The new equation of BMI2.5 was associated with BMI2.5 Z score (r= 0.68, p= 0.001), BMI2 (r= 0.99, p= 0.001), BMI2 Z score (r= 0.67, p= 0.001) and DEXA (r= 0.58, p= 0.05). Meanwhile, BMI2.5 Z score showed a positive association with BMI2 (r= 0.70, p= 0.001) and BMI2 Z score (r= 1.0, p= 0.001). Conclusion: We can highlight that for adolescents with DM1, the equation used to estimate the nutritional status is the same, since the imprecision of both BMI remains the same to determine percent G. The same occurs when transformed into BMI2.5 Z score, the level of correlation continues similar(AU)

Introducción: Existen varias técnicas para evaluar la composición corporal, entre ellas destaca el DEXA, pero presenta alto costo. Por otro lado, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) se presenta como método más utilizado. Sin embargo, el mismo presenta limitaciones. Objetivo: Verificar la aplicabilidad de una nueva ecuación del IMC y asociarse con la absorciometría con rayos X de doble energía DEXA en adolescentes con DM1. Métodos: Esta investigación de característica intencional fue compuesta por 30 adolescentes (15 niños y 15 niñas), con edades entre 10 y 15 años. Se evaluó la estatura y la masa corporal para la obtención de los IMC2.5 y el IMC2. El porcentaje de grasa (por cientoG) se obtuvo a través del DEXA. La hemoglobina glucosa (HbA1c) se verificó mediante la prueba inmunoturbidimétrica TurbiClin. Para el análisis de los datos se realizó la estadística descriptiva (media, desviación estándar y porcentaje de frecuencia). La correlación entre las variables (IMC, DEXA y HbA1c) fue evaluada por el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Se adoptó un nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. Resultados: La nueva ecuación del IMC2.5 presentó asociación con IMC2.5 Escore Z (r= 0,68; p= 0,001), IMC2 (r= 0,99; p= 0,001), IMC2 Escore Z (r = 0,67; p = 0,001) y DEXA (r = 0,58; p = 0,05). Mientras que el IMC2.5 Escore Z demostró asociación positiva con el IMC2 (r = 0,70; p = 0,001) e IMC2 Escore Z (r = 1,0; p = 0,001). Conclusión: Podemos destacar que para los adolescentes con DM1 tanto hace la ecuación utilizada para estimar el estado nutricional, pues la imprecisión de ambos IMC continúa siendo la misma para determinar por cientoG. Lo mismo ocurre cuando se convierte en IMC2.5.

Prevalence and awareness of osteopenia in perimenopausal women in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Background: Osteopenia is considered as precursor of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a major public health problem associated with substantial morbidity and socio-economic burden worldwide. Osteopenia occurs more frequently in most menopausal women. Early detection of the same can be beneficial to control prevalence of osteoporosis and also to reduce the fracture rates.Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study using DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) was conducted on 80 women. A self-structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the level of awareness among the study subjects. The data was analyzed using statistical tests such as Chi-Square test for association. The level of significance was set at 5%.Results: The prevalence of osteopenia in the studied population was 63.75%. The mean age was recorded to be 40.35 years. The mean age of women with menopause in this study is 50.62 years. Out of the 51(63.75%) women diagnosed with osteopenia, 5.9% were underweight, 33.3% were normal and 49% were obese. Of the diseased, 37.3% experienced adequate amount sunlight exposure required while 62.7% did not. Out of the 80 women interviewed 43.75% were aware about osteopenia, its causes and complications; which 56.25% were unaware about the same.Conclusions: Women were screened for osteopenia with the help of DEXA scan according to the (World Health Organization) WHO, T-Score criteria-which may go undiagnosed otherwise and may experience the risk and complications of osteoporosis.

Body composition techniques

Body composition is known to be associated with several diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Body composition measurements are useful in assessing the effectiveness of nutritional interventions and monitoring the changes associated with growth and disease conditions. Changes in body composition occur when there is a mismatch between nutrient intake and requirement. Altered body composition is observed in conditions such as wasting and stunting when the nutritional intake may be inadequate. Overnutrition on the other hand leads to obesity. Many techniques are available for body composition assessment, which range from simple indirect measures to more sophisticated direct volumetric measurements. Some of the methods that are used today include anthropometry, tracer dilution, densitometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance analysis. The methods vary in their precision and accuracy. Imaging techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography have become powerful tools due to their ability of visualizing and quantifying tissues, organs, or constituents such as muscle and adipose tissue. However, these methods are still considered to be research tools due to their cost and complexity of use. This review was aimed to describe the commonly used methods for body composition analysis and provide a brief introduction on the latest techniques available.

Evaluation of the anti-osteoporotic effect of Ginkgo biloba L. in Wistar rats with glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis by bone densitometry using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and mechanical testing

ABSTRACT Evaluate the effect of the extract of Ginkgo biloba in the bone alkaline phosphatase, bone mineral density, in the mechanical properties of the tibia in rats with glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis. After osteoporosis induction, the rats were divided into five groups: Osteoporosis; EGb1 (28 mg/Kg); EGb2 (56 mg/Kg); alendronate (0.2 mg/animal) and control. The animals were treated during 20 and 30 days. The control group was compared with the osteoporosis's (Student's t-test), while the other were analyzed by ANOVA test followed by Tukey/Dunnett'T3 (p<0.05). In the osteoporosis group the bone alkaline phosphatase, bone mineral density, the bone stiffness, the maximum load and the resilience were reduced. The bone alkaline phosphatase values increased in the EGb1 and EGb2 groups (30 days). In addition, in the EGb2 and alendronate groups (20 and 30 days) the bone mineral density increased. The extract of Ginkgo biloba restored bone alkaline phosphatase and bone mineral density using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

Lumbar Scoliosis in Patients With Breast Cancer: Prevalence and Relationship With Breast Cancer Treatment, Age, Bone Mineral Density, and Body Mass Index

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of lumbar scoliosis in breast cancer patients and to investigate the potential risk factors of lumbar scoliosis. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed in breast cancer patients aged more than 40 years who underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning between January 2014 and December 2014. We divided the patients into control and experimental groups in order to investigate the influence of breast cancer treatment. The curvature of the lumbar spine was measured by using the Cobb method on a DEXA scan. Scoliosis was defined by the presence of a curvature 10° or larger. The variables, including age, bone mineral density (BMD), body mass index (BMI), and breast cancer treatments, were also obtained from the medical chart. Prevalence of lumbar scoliosis was evaluated, and it was compared between the two groups. The relationships between lumbar scoliosis and these variables were also investigated. RESULTS: Lumbar scoliosis was present in 16 out of our 652 breast cancer patients. There was no difference in the prevalence of lumbar scoliosis between the control group (7/316) and the experimental group (9/336) (p=0.70). According to the logistic regression analysis, lumbar scoliosis had no significant association with operation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, BMI, and BMD (p>0.05). However, age showed a significant relationship with prevalence of lumbar scoliosis (p<0.001; odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.054–1.170). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of lumbar scoliosis in patients with breast cancer was 2.45%. Lumbar scoliosis had no association with breast cancer treatments, BMD, and BMI. Age was the only factor related to the prevalence of lumbar scoliosis.

Effect of body mass index on bone mineral density.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) is a good indicator for measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) which measures the density of minerals present in the bones using a special scan. BMD can be used to assess the strength of bones. Osteoporosis is a natural phenomenon of wear and tear. Obesity is an independent risk factor for low BMD. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the most accurate way to measure BMD. DEXA is a gold standard technique for diagnosing osteoporosis. Hence the current study was designed to study the effect of BMI on BMD. Methods: The present retrospective study was conducted on the patients who were referred to the Department of Radio diagnosis for DEXA scan were selected. Eighty 50-80 years old men who attended various departments were included. BMI was measured as weight in kilograms by height in meters square. BMD was assessed by DEXA scan. Results: Eighty men in the age group of 50-80 (62.46 ± 7.63) years were included in the study. All men underwent a standard BMD scans of femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4) using a DEXA scan. BMI (28.1 ± 4.93) kg/m2 shows a highly significant positive correlation with BMD (171 ± -1.76 ± 1.71) SD, r = 0.53 p<0.01. Conclusions: The results suggest lower BMI is an important risk factor for the occurrence of low BMD. BMD can be used for screening test for osteoporosis.

A study of factors leading to osteo-penia in the community: BMD camp based approach.

Background: Osteoporosis is an important public health problem in times of increasing life expectancy. A large number of cases are undiagnosed resulting in bone fragility & fractures. Bone mineral density reduces physiological in both sexes, but it is more rampant in women in hypoandrogenic states, i.e. post menopause. Methods: A community based bone mineral density estimation camp was organized in a private health facility catering to the urban community in Jabalpur district of M.P during February 2015. In the camp bone mass density of attendees was assessed using DEXA technique & WHO criteria based on T score were used in the study to assess the bone mineral density. Information about social-demographic condition along with brief medical & surgical history was elicited. The results were presented in terms of percentage & proportions. The tests of significance were used for establishing associations between variables. Results: In total 298 persons attended the camp. There is a statistically significant association between prevalence of decreased BMD with age (p<0.001). In total, 55.74 % female attendees had T-score < -1.0. Hysterectomiesed women had statistically significant lower mineral densities. There is a significant association between regular alcohol intake & decreased BMD as all the Osteoporotic men in the study had BMD < -2.5. Conclusion: A camp based approach helps in identifying subclinical cases of Osteopenia in the community.

Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training in body composition of obese postmenopausal women

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 16-week program of combined aerobic and resistance training on the body composition of postmenopausal women who are obese. The participants were divided into two groups: training group (TG, n = 37) and non-trained control group (CG, n = 18). The trunk fat, fat mass, percentage of fat mass and fat-free mass were estimated using DXA. Three nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted. The training protocol consisted of 50 minutes of resistance training followed by 30 minutes of aerobic training. After the 16-week training program, differences were observed in trunk fat (CG= 0.064 x TG= -0.571 Kg; p-value = .020), fat mass (CG= -0.088 x TG= -1.037 Kg; p-value = .020) and fat-free mass (CG= -0.388 x TG= 1.049 Kg; p = .001). Therefore, a 16-week program of systematic combined aerobic and resistance training in obese postmenopausal women was effective in improving fat-free mass and decreasing both whole and abdominal adiposity.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de 16 semanas de treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinados na composição corporal de mulheres na pós-menopausa. As participantes foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo treinamento (GT, n = 37) e grupo controle (GC, n = 18). A gordura de tronco, massa gorda, percentual de gordura e massa livre de gordura foram estimadas pelo DEXA. O recordatório alimentar de 24 h foi realizado três dias não consecutivos para controle alimentar. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu de 50 minutos de treinamento resistido seguido por 30 minutos de treinamento aeróbio. Após 16 semanas de treinamento diferenças foram observadas na gordura de tronco (GC= 0,064 x GT= -0,571 Kg; p-valor= 0,020), massa gorda (GC= -0,088 x GT= -1,037 Kg; p-valor= 0,020) e massa livre de gordura (GC= -0,388 x GT= 1,049 Kg; p-valor=0,001). Assim, 16 semanas de treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinado em mulheres obesas na pós-menopausa é efetivo em aumentar a massa livre de gordura e reduzir adiposidade total e abdominal.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de 16 semanas de entrenamiento aeróbico y de resistencia combinada en la composición corporal en mujeres posmenopáusicas obesas. Los participantes fueron divididos en dos grupos: grupo de entrenamiento (GE, n = 37) y control (C, n = 18). La grasa del tronco, la masa grasa, porcentaje de masa grasa y masa libre de grasa se ​​ utilizó el DXA. El recordatorio de 24 horas se realizó tres días no consecutivos para el control de los alimentos. El protocolo de entrenamiento consistió en 50 minutos de entrenamiento de resistencia, después 30 minutos de entrenamiento aeróbico. Después de 16 semanas de entrenamiento, no se observaron diferencias en la grasa del tronco (C= 0,064 x GE= -0,571 Kg; p-valor= 0,020), la masa grasa (C= -0,088 x GE= -1,037 Kg; p-valor = 0,020 Kg) y libre de grasa (C= -0,388 x GE= 1,049 Kg; p= 0,001). Así, 16-semana de entrenamiento aeróbico y de resistencia combinada en las mujeres posmenopáusicas con obesidad es eficaz en la mejora de la masa libre de grasa y la disminución de la masa grasa y la adiposidad abdominal.

A 4-compartment model based validation of air displacement plethysmography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, skinfold technique & bio-electrical impedance for measuring body fat in Indian adults.

Background & objectives: Many methods are available for measuring body fat of an individual, each having its own advantages and limitations. The primary objective of the present study was to validate body fat estimates from individual methods using the 4-compartment (4C) model as reference. The second objective was to obtain estimates of hydration of fat free mass (FFM) using the 4C model. Methods: The body fat of 39 adults (19 men and 20 women) aged 20-40 yr was estimated using air displacement plethysmography (ADP), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), 4-skinfold technique and bio-electrical impedance (BIA). Total body water was estimated using isotope dilution method. Results: All the methods underestimated body fat when compared to 4C model, except for DEXA and the mean difference from the reference was lowest for DEXA and ADP. The precision of the fat mass estimated from 4C model using the propagation of error was 0.25 kg, while the mean hydration factor obtained by the 4C model was found to be 0.74 ± 0.02 in the whole group of men and women. Interpretations & conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that DEXA and ADP methods can provide reasonably accurate estimates of body fat, while skinfold and bio-electrical impedance methods require the use of population specific equations.

Regression equation from dual energy X ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for estimating muscle mass segment / Ecuación de regresión de la absorciometría de energía dual de rayos X (DEXA) para la estimación de segmento de masa muscular

Anthropometric methods used to estimate muscle mass (MM) do not specify values for body segments, a critical fact for individuals practicing physical activities or clinical diagnosis. In this study, 60 recreational athletes are anthropometrically evaluated and also undergo dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Linear regression statistics is subsequently used to establish the constants allowing the obtaining of the segment MM. Three equations were obtained, one for the upper members: MMUL = (0.533*FAP) - (0.176*RAP) + (0.42*WP) + (0.282*SRL) - 19,985; a second equation for muscle mass of the lower members: MMLL = (0.186*H) - (0.158*LTTL) - (0.024*LTL) + (0451*LP) ­ 24.535; and the third one for the muscle mass of the trunk TrMM = (0.026*W) + (0.046*H) + (0.154*TTD) + (0.025*NP) ­ (0.025*AP) ­ 5.839. These equations enable getting detailed information on the MM distribution through an easy-to-access and fast technique, such as the anthropometry, from a gold standard method like DEXA.

Métodos antropométricos eran usados para estimar la masa muscular (MM) no especificando valores para segmentos de cuerpo, un hecho crítico para individuos que practican actividades físicas o el diagnóstico clínico. En este estudio, 60 atletas recreacionales son evaluados antropometricalmente y por absorciometría de energía dual de Rayos X. La estadística de regresión lineal posteriormente es usada para establecer el constante el permiso de la obtención del mm de segmento. Tres ecuaciones fueron obtenidas, un para los miembros superiores: MMUL = (0.533*FAP) - (0.176*RAP) + (0.42*WP) + (0.282*SRL) - 19,985; una segunda ecuación para la masa muscular de los miembros superiores: MMLL = (0.186*H) - (0.158*LTTL) - (0.024*LTL) + (0451*LP) ­ 24.535; y una tercera para la masa muscular del tronco: TrMM = (0.026*W) + (0.046*H) + (0.154*TTD) + (0.025*NP) ­ (0.025*AP) ­ 5.839. Estas ecuaciones permiten la adquisición de la información detallada sobre la distribución de MM por una técnica de acceso fácil y rápido, como la antropometría, de un método de gold estándar como DEXA.

Avaliação do risco à osteopenia/osteoporose através do questionário avaliativo e sua associação com a análise morfológica do cortéx inferior da mandíbula realizadas em radiografias panorámicas / Risk assessment of osteopenia/osteoposis through the evaluation questionnaire and its association with the morphological analysis of the mandibular inferior cortex in panoramics radiographs

Objetivo: os autores apresentam uma proposta de questionário e conduta para referenciar pacientes com risco de osteoporose para avaliação médica...

Objective: The authors prepared a questionnaire for referring patients about the risk at osteoporosis...

Impedância bioelétrica bipolar: falta acuracidade para estimar a gordura relativa em homens / Bipolar bioelectrical impedance: lack of accuracy in estimating relative body fat in men

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a acuracidade da IB Bipolar (Omron BF 300) para a estimativa da gordura corporal relativa (G%), comparada com a absortometria de raio X de dupla energia (DXA). A G% foi mensurada em 66 homens (18 33 anos), com massa corporal média de 73,7 ± 8,4 kg; estatura 175,1 ± 6,5 cm; índice de massa corporal 23,9 ± 2,2kg/m2; G% IB 15,1 ± 4,4% e G% DXA 17,7 ± 5,1%. A = acuracidade foi verificada por teste t pareado, correlação, erro padrão de estimativa (EPE) e análise de resíduos. A IB subestimou significativamente (p <0,05) os valores de G% e a correlação entre os métodos foi moderada (r= 0,769). A análise dos resíduos demonstrou que não houve concordância, sendo o erro médio de -2,6% (IC95%: -9,1;3,9). Observou-se que 42% da amostra apresentaram EPE acima do recomendado (>3,5 G%). Nos indivíduos com maior acúmulo de gordura (G% >20) a IB modelo Omron BF produziu maiores vieses na estimativa da G%. este modelo de IB não apresentou concordância com a medida da DXA para estimar a G% em homens adultos, sendo o erro maior em sujeitos com maior acúmulo de gordura.

Bioelectrical impedance (BI) is commonly used to estimate body composition in different populations. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of bipolar BI (Omron BF 300) in estimating relative body fat (%F) by comparing it with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). %F was measured in 66 men (18 to 33 years) with a mean body weight of 73.7 ± 8.4 kg, height of 175.1 ± 6.5 cm, body mass index of 23.9 ± 2.2 kg/m2, %FBI 15.1 ± 4.4%, and %FDEXA 17.7 ± 5.1%. A paired t-test, correlation test, standard error of the estimate (SEE), and residue analysis were used to evaluate the accuracy of the method. BI significantly (p < 0.05) underestimated %F and, the correlation between the two methods was moderate (r = 0.769). Residue analysis showed the lack of agreement between the two methods, with an average error of -2.6 percentage points (95%CI: -9.1; 3.9). The SEE was above the recommended level (>3.5%F) in 42% of the sample. In subjects with higher fat accumulation (%F >20%), the Omron BF BI model produced greater bias in the %F measurement. Therefore, in the case of adult men, the Omron BF 300 BI model does not agree with the DEXA measurement for the estimation of %F in adult men. In addition, the higher the level of fat accumulation, the higher the error in estimated %F.

Correlación entre los índices radiológicos preoperatorios y la pérdida ósea periprotésica determinada por densitometría ósea en artroplastia de cadera no cementada IAHULA 2007-2009 / Correlation between radiologic index and perioprostethic bone loss determined by bone densiometry in cementless total hip arthroplasty IAHULA 2007-2009

Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en 43 caderas intervenidas por artroplastia total no cementada en el Hospital Universitario de Los Andes entre Enero de 2007 y Agosto de 2009, para determinar la correlación existente entre los índices corticodiafisario (ICD), corticometafisario (ICM) y la relación canal-cálcar (CC) preoperatorios con la pérdida ósea periprotésica evaluada mediante densitometría ósea (DEXA) postoperatoria en las zonas de Gruen. Se incluyó igualmente como variable interviniente el uso del ácido zoledrónico en dosis de 5 mg postoperatorios en 24 de los casos para determinar su asociación al aumento de la densidad mineral ósea periprotésica. Se obtuvo correlación entre el índice corticometafisario y la densidad mineral ósea en las zonas 1 y 7 de Gruen, y entre la relación canal-cálcar y la densidad mineral ósea en la zona 2 de Gruen. Por otra parte, el uso del ácido zoledrónico mostró aumento de la densidad mineral ósea en la zona 1 de Gruen.

This is a descriptive observational study of 43 hips which underwent uncemented total arthroplasty at Los Andes University Hospital since January 2007 to August 2009, to determinate correlation among preoperatory corticodiaphysary index (CDI), corticometaphysary index (CMI) and canal to calcar ratio (CCR) with periprosthetic bone loss evaluated through postoperatory bone densitometry (DEXA) in the seven Gruen´s zones. Use of postoperatory 5 mg of zoledronic acid in 24 cases was included as intervening variant to determinate its association with increase in periprosthetic bone mineral density. Correlation was obtained between corticometaphysary index and bone mineral density in Gruen´s zones 1 and 7, and canal to calcar ratio and bone mineral density in Gruen´s zone 2. Besides, it was show increased bone mineral density in Gruen´s zone 1, in patients who received zoledronic acid.

Evaluation of osteopathy in thalassemia by bone mineral densitometry and biochemical indices.

Objective To evaluate osteopathy in thalassemia by bone mineral densitometry (BMD) and biochemical indices. Methods Prospective review analysis with no follow up from 2006 to 2007 of 42 regularly transfused thalassemics aged 10–25 years (27 boys, 15 girls) was done. Anthropometry, pubertal stage and symptomatology were noted. Urinary C–terminal cross–linked telopeptide of type–1 collagen (Crosslaps) by ELISA; serum 25–OH vitamin D and osteocalcin by RIA; parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ferritin by chemiluminescence and IGF–1 by Enzyme immunoassay were evaluated. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) of lumbar spine and femur was done on Lunar prodigy system. Data was entered and analyzed using the SPSS for Windows software. Mean comparisons were done by ANOVA 1 and data was compared using Chi–square test and p value<0.05 was taken as significant. Results Of 42 patients, 81% had osteoporosis by Z–score of DEXA. Urinary crosslaps was high in 55%; 36% had increased osteocalcin; 62% had low vitamin D levels; 38% had high parathyroid levels and IGF–1 was low in 52%. Mean serum ferritin level was 5344±2855 ng/dl. There was statistical significance (p=0.046) between chronological age and BMD. All 42 cases were divided into two groups: Group–1 (Normal DEXA), Group–2 (Abnormal DEXA) and analysis of biochemical indices between two groups showed no significant difference in any of the biochemical parameters. Conclusion This study revealed majority of thalassemics with inadequate chelation have bone resorption with advancing chronological age and BMD should be evaluated regularly for early diagnosis to prevent morbidity.

Avaliação da composição corporal por DEXA em homens com idade superior a 60 anos submetidos a um programa de treinamento com pesos / Avaluation of body composition by DEXA in men aged upper 60 years submitted a weigth training program

A parcela da população mundial considerada idosa vem crescendo rapidamente nas últimas décadas, em decorrência do aumento da expectativa de vida. Assim, novos estudos envolvendo investigações com esta população são necessários e urgentes. Considerando as vantagens da prática de exercícios físicos regulares, como o treinamento com pesos e suas relações com as mudanças na composição corporal e capacidades físicas do idoso, este estudo se propôs a avaliar a composição corporal de homens com idades acima de 60 anos por meio da técnica de absortometria radiológica de dupla energia (DEXA), submetidos por 16 semanas a um programa de treinamento com pesos. Foram selecionados 19 voluntários, sedentários ou moderadamente ativos, sem patologias limitantes ao exercício ou uso de medicações. Eles foram subdivididos em grupo-treinamento (n=11), que foi submetido a um programa orientado de treinamento com pesos, com frequência de três sessões semanais e grupo-controle (n=8) que não realizou atividade física sistemática no período do estudo. Foram estimadas as seguintes variáveis da composição corporal: massa de gordura (MG), gordura relativa (%G), massa isenta de gordura (MIG) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) pré e pós-treinamento. Foram encontradas diminuições estatisticamente significativas para o grupo-treinamento em MG (-4,4%) e %G (-4,7%), enquanto MIG e CMO se mantiveram estáveis. Os resultados indicam que o treinamento com pesos realizado gerou um efeito positivo sobre a composição corporal, contribuindo principalmente para a redução de fatores de risco relacionados a doenças cardiovasculares.

Comparisons of obesity assessments in over-weight elementary students using anthropometry, BIA, CT and DEXA

Obesity was characterized in Korean elementary students using different obesity assessment tests on 103 overweight elementary students from three schools of Jeonbuk Province. The body mass index (BMI) and obesity index (OI) were compared, and the data using DEXA and CT were compared with the data using BIA and a tape measure. The results of this study are as follows: first, 27 students who were classified as obese by OI were classified as overweight by BMI, and 3 students who were classified as standard weight by BMI were classified as overweight by OI. Secondly, by DEXA and BIA measurements, there was 1.51% difference in body fat percentage (boys 1.66%, girls 1.17%) and the difference in body fat mass between boys and girls was 0.77 kg (boys 0.85 kg, girls 0.59 kg), but those differences in body fat percentage and mass were not statistically significant. Thirdly, the average total abdominal fat (TAF) measured by CT scans of obese children was more significantly related with subcutaneous fat (r = 0.983, P < 0.01) than visceral fat (r = 0.640, P < 0.01). Also, TAF were highest significant with waist circumference by a tape measure (r = 0.744, P < 0.01). In summary, as there are some differences of assessment results between two obesity test methods (BMI, OI), we need more definite standards to determine the degree of obesity. The BIA seems to be the most simple and effective way to measure body fat mass, whereas waist/hip ratio (WHR) using a tape measurer is considered to be the most effective method for assessing abdominal fat in elementary students.

Acumulación de masa ósea medida por DEXA periférica en niños mexicanos sanos de entre 6 a 12 años de edad / Bone mass accretion in healthy Mexican 6 to 12 year-olds measured by DEXA

OBJETIVO:Conocer la densidad mineral ósea (DMO), evaluada a través de DEXA periférica, ajustada por sexo, en una muestra de escolares mexicanos sanos de entre 6 a 12 años de edad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal efectuado en 1 965 escolares (982 masculinos), seleccionados de forma aleatoria en la Ciudad de México en 2006 y 2007. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva para variables nominales o categóricas y numéricas. RESULTADOS:La curva de cambio de la DMO en niñas muestra dos etapas: un crecimiento lineal (entre los 6 a 9 años de edad) y uno exponencial (a partir de los 10 años), mientras que en los niños las tasas de crecimiento son menos pronunciadas. CONCLUSIONES:Las intervenciones para mejorar la DMO y el pico máximo de masa ósea deben realizarse entre los 6 a los 12 años de edad.

OBJECTIVE:To describe bone mass density in a group of healthy 6 to 12 year-old Mexican children by a peripheral DEXA, adjusted for gender. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study between 2006 and 2007 conducted in 1 965 children (982 male), without any medical condition, randomized from elementary schools in Mexico City. RESULTS:Changes in bone mineral density in girls show two phases: a lineal accretion (6-9 years) and an exponential curve (10 years and older); in boys these growth rates are less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS:It is considered that optimal interventions to improve bone mass density and peak bone mass should be performed between 6 to 12 years of age.