Derecho a la defensa de funcionarios policiales inmersos en procesos penales por actos de servicio en Venezuela / Right to defence of police officers involved in criminal proceedings for acts of service in Venezuela / Direito à defesa dos policiais envolvidos em processos criminais por atos de serviço na Venezuela

El derecho a la defensa es una garantía que forma parte del debido proceso de conformidad con lo pautado en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Los funcionarios que forman parte de los órganos policiales colaboran con el Ministerio Público en la persecución de hechos delictivos, y en el ejercicio de sus funciones pueden incurrir en conductas que den lugar a la instrucción de procedimientos en su contra, por lo que la investigación analizó el derecho a la defensa de funcionarios policiales en procesos por actos de servicio en la Policía del Estado Mérida. Se realizó un estudio de campo, descriptivo, cualitativo y se aplicó un cuestionario contentivo de diez preguntas con varias alternativas de respuestas a una muestra de 50 personas. Los resultados permitieron inferir que las situaciones de servicio se generan principalmente por aprehensiones en flagrancia y procedimientos de captura, en cuyo cumplimiento los funcionarios pueden incurrir en irregularidades que den lugar a la apertura de investigaciones disciplinarias y penales, razón por la cual se requiere de una defensa pública especializada. Se concluyó que el derecho a la defensa se hará valer en las instancias administrativas y jurisdiccionales, y se recomienda la puesta en funcionamiento de la Defensoría Pública con competencia en materia penal policial.

The right to a defence is a guarantee that forms part of due process in accordance with the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Police officers collaborate with the Public Prosecutor's Office in the prosecution of criminal acts, and in the exercise of their duties may engage in conduct that may lead to proceedings being brought against them. For this reason, the research analysed the right to defence of police officers involved in proceedings for acts of service in the Mérida State Police. A descriptive, qualitative field study was carried out and a questionnaire containing ten questions with several alternative answers was applied to a sample of 50 people. The results allowed us to infer that service situations are mainly generated by apprehensions in flagrante delicto and arrest procedures, in which officials may incur in irregularities that lead to the opening of disciplinary and criminal investigations, which is why specialised public defence is required. It was concluded that the right to defence should be asserted in administrative and jurisdictional instances, and it is recommended that a Public Defence Office with competence in police criminal matters be set up.

O direito à defesa é uma garantia que faz parte do devido processo legal, de acordo com a Constituição da República Bolivariana da Venezuela. Os funcionários que fazem parte dos órgãos policiais colaboram com o Ministério Público a persecução de fatos delituosos e, no exercício de suas funções, podem ter condutas que podem levar à instauração de processos contra eles. Por essa razão, na pesquisa, foi analisado o direito de defesa dos policiais em processos por atos de serviço na Polícia Estadual de Mérida. Foi realizado um estudo de campo descritivo e qualitativo e um questionário com 10 perguntas com várias alternativas de resposta foi aplicado a uma amostra de 50 pessoas. Os resultados permitiram inferir que as situações de serviço são geradas principalmente por apreensões em flagrante delito e procedimentos de prisão, nos quais os agentes podem incorrer em irregularidades que levam à abertura de investigações disciplinares e criminais, razão pela qual é necessária a defesa pública especializada. Concluiu-se que o direito de defesa deve ser afirmado nas instâncias administrativas e jurisdicionais, sendo recomendada a criação da Defensoria Pública com competência em matéria penal policial.

Organizações de Pacientes e seu papel na implementação de direitos nos cuidados em saúde / Patient organizations and their role in the implementation of rights in health care / Las organizaciones de pacientes y su rol en la implementación de los derechos en el cuidado de la salud

Objetivo: analisar o papel das organizações de pacientes (OPs) e seus modos de atuação, quanto à implementação de direitos nos cuidados em saúde. Metodologia: tratou-se de pesquisa teórica e documental, realizada a partir do levantamento de literatura especializada nas bases de dados Google Scholar e SciELO, utilizando os descritores organização de pacientes, patient organizations e organizaciones de pacientes. Enquanto recorte de pesquisa, foram analisados os artigos sobre OPs. Complementarmente, foram utilizados o Relatório da União Europeia sobre os Direitos dos Pacientes e o documento do Fórum Europeu de Pacientes sobre OPs. Resultados: após análise prévia, selecionamos 28 artigos científicos que tratavam direta ou indiretamente da temática do artigo. Os documentos e artigos selecionados possibilitaram analisar o papel e o modo de atuação das OPs quanto à implementação de direitos nos cuidados em saúde. Conclusões: concluiu-se que é preciso ampliar o espectro de participação social das OPs na direção da luta pelos direitos dos pacientes, transformando-a numa prática não setorial e incidente em todos os níveis de cuidado, acarretando melhores resultados na saúde.

Objective: to analyze the role of patient organizations (POs) and their modes of action regarding the implementation of rights in health care. Methodology: it is a theoretical and documentary research, carried out based on the survey of specialized literature in Google Scholar and SciELO databases, using the descriptors organização de pacientes, patient organizations e organizaciones de pacientes. As a research focus, articles on POs were analyzed. In addition, the European Union Report on Patients' Rights and the European Patients' Forum document on POs were used. Results: after prior analysis, we selected 28 scientific articles that dealt directly or indirectly with the subject of the article. The documents and articles selected made it possible to analyze the role and mode of action of POs regarding the implementation of rights in health care. Conclusions: it was concluded that it is necessary to broaden the spectrum of social participation of POs towards the fight for patients' rights, transforming it into a non-sectoral practice that is incident at all levels of care, resulting in better health outcomes.

Objetivo: analizar el papel de las organizaciones de pacientes (OPs) y sus modos de actuación frente a la implementación de los derechos en los cuidados de salud. Metodología: se trata de una investigación teórica y documental, realizada a partir del levantamiento de literatura especializada en las bases de datos Google Scholar y SciELO, utilizando los descriptores organização de pacientes, patient organizations e organizaciones de pacientes. Como recorte de investigación, se analizaron artículos sobre PB. Además, se utilizaron el Informe de la Unión Europea sobre los Derechos de los Pacientes y el documento del Foro Europeo de Pacientes sobre OPs. Resultados: después un análisis previo, se seleccionaron 28 artículos científicos que trataran directa o indirectamente del tema del artículo. Los documentos y artículos seleccionados permitieron analizar el papel y el modo de actuación de las OPs frente a la implementación de los derechos en salud. Conclusiones: se concluyó que es necesario ampliar el espectro de participación social de las OPs hacia la lucha por los derechos de los pacientes, transformándola en una práctica no sectorial e incidente en todos los niveles de atención, redundando en mejores resultados en salud.

Antioxidant defence system as a rational target for Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis chemotherapy

Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., respectively. They are among the most important parasitic diseases, affecting millions of people worldwide, being a considerable global challenge. However, there is no human vaccine available against T. cruzi and Leishmania infections, and their control is based mainly on chemotherapy. Treatments for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis have multiple limitations, mainly due to the high toxicity of the available drugs, long-term treatment protocols, and the occurrence of drug-resistant parasite strains. In the case of Chagas disease, there is still the problem of low cure rates in the chronic stage of the disease. Therefore, new therapeutic agents and novel targets for drug development are urgently needed. Antioxidant defence in Trypanosomatidae is a potential target for chemotherapy because the organisms present a unique mechanism for trypanothione-dependent detoxification of peroxides, which differs from that found in vertebrates. Cellular thiol redox homeostasis is maintained by the biosynthesis and reduction of trypanothione, involving different enzymes that act in concert. This study provides an overview of the antioxidant defence focusing on iron superoxide dismutase A, tryparedoxin peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase and how the enzymes play an important role in the defence against oxidative stress and their involvement in drug resistance mechanisms in T. cruzi and Leishmania spp.

Sufficient informed consent to medical treatment of adults legal and ethical perspectives from Malawi

This special communication discusses the current legal and ethical requirements for informed consent to medical treatment of adults in Malawi. It analyzes the scope of the laws and code of ethics on professional discipline, including criminal privilege for surgeries and clarifies when insufficient disclosures entitle patients to compensation under civil law. Inconsistencies and uncertainties in the law are made apparent. It evaluates to which degree disclosure standards of other Commonwealth jurisdictions (e.g. the case of Montgomery) would be suitable for the health care setting of a country like Malawi that is characterized by shortages of resources, high illiteracy rates and a communitarian cultural context. Doctor-patient communication is not alien to African culture and part of sufficient informed consent. In order to balance the need for efficiency in health care delivery, accountability for quality care, fairness and effective patient-doctor communication the authors suggest to adopt the reasonable patient test only, if a defence of heavy workload on case-to-case basis is introduced at the same time. This does not dispense the need for organisational diligence on part of the institutional health care provider within its capacity

2-Deoxy-D-Glucose: A Ray of Hope in COVID Pandemic

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a respiratory tract infection that has already made a huge negative impact in global health situation. Transmission mainly occurs through droplets, and the virus is highly contagious. Mainly symptomatic treatments are given at present with some drugs for serious patients with unproven efficacy and safety. In this context, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, a research laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organization in collaboration with Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Hyderabad, has introduced a new medicine named 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) (which has been previously tried in cancer) for the treatment of seriously ill COVID patients with a target to reduce the oxygen demand. Clinical trials showed evidence that 2-DG effectively reduces oxygen requirement in seriously ill patients, and real-time polymerase chain reaction conversion is also faster. Recently, 2-DG is approved for the use in critically ill patients by the Drug Controller General of India in May 2021. The introduction of 2-DG brings a new hope in reducing the mortality in COVID patients.

Covid-19 y responsabilidad civil médica: desafíos de una enfermedad desconocida que devino en pandemia / Covid-19 and medical liability: challenges of an unknown disease that became a pandemic / Covid-19 e responsabilidade civil médica: desafios de uma enfermidade desconhecida que se transformou em pandemia

Resumen La emergencia sanitaria provocada por el coronavirus evidencia que los regímenes de responsabilidad deben ser capaces de diferenciar los instrumentos conceptuales disponibles para lidiar con una enfermedad nueva que, además, devino en pandemia. Este trabajo postula que, tratándose de enfermedades nuevas, los principios de la responsabilidad por culpa evitarán que los prestadores médicos sean condenados por hechos o circunstancias que no se hubieran podido prever o evitar según el estado de los conocimientos de la ciencia. Además, en cuanto al problema de salud pública, todo juicio de responsabilidad deberá tomar en cuenta los cambios que se producirán en la lex artis médica, y diferenciar la eventual responsabilidad de los prestadores de salud de aquella que corresponda a la autoridad encargada de controlar los efectos de la pandemia.

Abstract The coronavirus health-emergency shows that liability schemes need to discriminate the conceptual instruments available to address a new disease that, additionally, has become a pandemic. This article argues that, regarding new diseases, a fault-based liability schemes prevents health providers from being held liable for consequences that could not have been foreseen or avoided according to the state of knowledge of science. Besides, regarding the public health problem, any liability judgment must take into account changes to the medical lex artis; distinguishing also the eventual liability of health providers from the one that belongs to the authority in charge of the response to the pandemic.

Resumo A emergência sanitária provocada pelo corona vírus evidencia que os regimes de responsabilidade devem ser capazes de diferenciar os instrumentos conceituais disponíveis para lidar com uma enfermidade nova que, além disto, se transformou em pandemia. Este trabalho postula que, tratando-se de enfermidades novas, os princípios de responsabilidade por culpa evitarão que os prestadores médicos sejam condenados por fatos ou circunstancias que não se podia prever ou evitar segundo o estado dos conhecimentos da ciência. Além disto, quanto ao problema de saúde pública, todo juízo de responsabilidade deverá ter em conta as mudanças que se produzirão na lex artis médica e diferenciar a eventual responsabilidade dos prestadores de saúde da que corresponda à autoridade encarregada de controlar os efeitos da pandemia.

Decerebration induced by surgical transection of cerebral ganglion of crayfish

Background: Since the neural structures of the crayfish brain closely resemble their equivalent in the mammals. This can be suggested by observing the similarity that exists in the brain divided by the surgical transection of the crayfish brain in which the protocerebrum remains attached to the first two cranial nerves, findings also described by Frederic Bremer in 1935 in cats with cerebral transection.Methods: Total 11 Adult male crayfish were trained to respond with defense reflex, the animals were placed in water at 0°C, remained without any movement, and subsequently through a small incision of 3 mm in diameter in the medial antero region and dorsal cephalothorax region, a surgical section of the cerebral ganglion was performed. Immediately after surgery, metal microelectrodes were implanted to collect the activity of the photoreceptors and visual fibers.Results: Once the defense reflex begins to recover in previously decerebrated crayfish, it means that it shows signs of reconnection. The isolated protocerebrum with the deutocerebrum olfactory lobe remain alive for several days and the neuronal connections were reestablished, as measured throughout the bilateral defense activity. The defense reflex was observed in all animals and then recovered after surgery.Conclusions: The crayfish is an excellent model to work the visual activity, all coding of visual information was suppressed in de-cerebrated crayfish. The recovery of the neural disconnection is observed from 40 days, where the defence reflex appears again before visual stimuli.

Investigating Correlations Between Defence Mechanisms and Pathological Personality Characteristics / Investigando las correlaciones entre los mecanismos de defensa y las características de la personalidad patológica

ABSTRACT Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between defence mechanisms and pathological personality traits. Material and methods: We analysed 320 participants aged from 18 to 64 years (70.6% women, 87.5% university students) who completed the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (IDCP) and the Defence Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40). We conducted comparisons and correlations and a regression analysis. Results: The results showed expressive differences (d>1.0) between mature, neurotic and immature defence mechanism groups, and it was observed that pathological personality traits are more typical in people who use less mature defence mechanisms (i.e., neurotic and immature), which comprises marked personality profiles for each group, according to the IDCP. We also found correlations between some of the 40 specific mechanisms of the DSQ-40 and the 12 dimensions of pathological personality traits from the IDCP (r ≥ 0.30 to r ≤ 0.43), partially supported by the literature. In addition, we used regression analysis to verify the potential of the IDCP dimension clusters (related to personality disorders) to predict defence mechanisms, revealing some minimally expressive predictive values (between 20% and 35%). Discussion: The results indicate that those who tend to use immature defence mechanisms are also those most likely to present pathological personality traits. Conclusions: The findings indicate the importance of investigating these correlations as a possible improvement to clinical assessment and intervention.

RESUMEN Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la relación entre los mecanismos de defensa y los rasgos patológicos de la personalidad. Material y métodos: Se analizó a 320 participantes de 18 a 64 años (el 70,6% mujeres y el 87,5% Autoevaluación estudiantes universitarios) que respondieron al Inventario Dimensional Clínico de Personalidad (IDCP) y el Cuestionario de Estilo Defensivo (DSQ-40). Se hicieron comparaciones, correlaciones y análisis de regresión. Resultados: Aparecieron diferencias expresivas (d > 1,0) entre grupos de mecanismos de defensa maduros, neuróticos e inmaduros, y se observó que los rasgos de personalidad patológicos son más típicos de personas que usan mecanismos de defensa menos maduros (es decir, neuróticos e inmaduros), lo cual comprende perfiles de personalidad marcados para estos grupos, según el IDCP. También se hallaron correlaciones entre algunos de los 40 mecanismos específicos del DSQ-40 y las 12 dimensiones de los rasgos patológicos de la personalidad del IDCP (r ≥ 0,30 a r ≤ 0,43), parcialmente respaldados en la literatura. Además, se usó el análisis de regresión para buscar el potencial de los clusters de las dimensiones del IDCP (relacionados con los trastornos de personalidad) para predecir los mecanismos de defensa, lo cual reveló algunos valores predictivos mínimamente expresivos (entre el 20 y el 35%). Discusión: Los resultados indican que quienes tienden a utilizar mecanismos de defensa inmaduros son también los que tienen más probabilidades de presentar rasgos de personalidad patológicos. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos señalan la relevancia de investigar estas relaciones como una posible mejora en la evaluación y la intervención clínica.

A noção de defesa na teoria e na técnica de Sándor Ferenczi / El tema de la defensa en la teoría y la técnica de Sándor Ferenczi / Regarding the notion of defence in the theory and technique of Sándor Ferenczi

Analisamos, mediante revisão bibliográfica, o posicionamento de Sándor Ferenczi acerca da defesa, destacando o recalque, na teoria e na técnica psicanalítica, estabelecendo um contraponto com a obra freudiana. Evidenciamos que há estreita relação entre as tentativas clínicas - destacando a técnica ativa e a neocatarse - de contornar as limitações ao tratamento relativas aos mecanismos defensivos propostas pelo autor e sua forma de compreender o recalcamento. Por fim, formulamos uma crítica considerando as consequências das mudanças técnicas para o processo analítico: uma desvalorização da fala, o excesso de agressividade na relação transferencial e a localização do saber do lado do analista.

Partimos del análisis, mediante revisión bibliográfica, de la defensa en la obra de Ferenczi y sus implicaciones técnicas, estableciendo un contrapunto con la obra freudiana. Hay estrecha relación entre sus propuestas clínicas - con destaque para la técnica activa y la neocatarsis - en el intento de eludir las limitaciones al tratamiento relativas a los mecanismos defensivos y su forma de comprender el recalcamiento. Por último, formulamos una crítica considerando las consecuencias de los cambios técnicos para el proceso analítico: una desvalorización del discurso, el exceso de agresividad en la relación transferencial y la localización del saber del lado del analista.

We made an bibliographic review of Sándor Ferenczi's work to analyse his position about the notion of defence, with emphasis in the repression and its technical implications, establishing a counterpoint with Freud's work. We noticed that there is a strong relation between his clinical proposals - among them the active technique and the neocatarse are the most rewardable - and his understanding of repression. Finally, we reviewed the consequences of the technical changes promoted by Ferenczi: an excess of aggressiveness in the transferential relation, a devaluation of the patient's speech and overvaluation of the analyst's knowledge.

Temporal and Spatial Changes in Host Defense Enzymes in Response to Fusarium Wilt in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh)

Fusarium wilt caused byFusarium udumButler(Fud) is a constant threat to pigeonpea productivity in several parts of the world. Understanding the molecular basis of pigeonpea-Fudinteraction is necessary to improve resistance to Fudand thereby the productivity of pigeonpea. Temporal and spatial changes were studied in defense enzymes namely catalase, peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), ?-1,3-glucanase and chitinase at pre-initiation (S1), disease initiation (S2) and severe diseased (S3) stages in root, stem and leaf tissues of 2 susceptible and 2 resistant cultivars of pigeonpea inoculated with Fud. Comparison of various treatment combinations revealed that all the defence enzymes showed temporal and spatial variation in activity/expression pattern. PO increased in all the tissues of all the varieties from S1 to S2 and declined thereafter in S3 stage, and induction was higher in resistant cultivars. Catalase and PPO were induced highly in resistant cultivars inoculated with Fud, and the pattern was stage-specific and tissue-specific in nature. Catalase induction occurred at S2 in uninoculatedplants whereas it started at S1 in Fudinoculatedplants. PPO level diminished from S2 to S3 stage, and in susceptible varieties, it reached even below the control. PAL, ?-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activity were induced at S1, and S2 and values at S3 decreased progressively. Induction of chitinase was significantly high in leaves whereas ?-1,3-glucanase activity was high in stem tissues. Both control and challenged plants had a higher level of ?-1,3-glucanase activity at later stages of disease development, but the proportionate increase was much higherin resistant cultivars. The activity/expression pattern of these defence enzymes reveals their use as biochemical markers for resistance and provides scope for manipulating their expression and development of wilt-resistant transgenic pigeonpea

Ascorbate peroxidase overexpression protects Leishmania braziliensis against trivalent antimony effects

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a redox enzyme of the trypanothione pathway that converts hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water molecules. In the present study, the APX gene was overexpressed in Leishmania braziliensis to investigate its contribution to the trivalent antimony (SbIII)-resistance phenotype. Western blot results demonstrated that APX-overexpressing parasites had higher APX protein levels in comparison with the wild-type line (LbWTS). APX-overexpressing clones showed an 8-fold increase in the antimony-resistance index over the parental line. In addition, our results indicated that these clones were approximately 1.8-fold more tolerant to H2O2 than the LbWTS line, suggesting that the APX enzyme plays an important role in the defence against oxidative stress. Susceptibility tests revealed that APX-overexpressing L. braziliensis lines were more resistant to isoniazid, an antibacterial agent that interacts with APX. Interestingly, this compound enhanced the anti-leishmanial SbIII effect, indicating that this combination represents a good strategy for leishmaniasis chemotherapy. Our data demonstrate that APX enzyme is involved in the development of L. braziliensis antimony-resistance phenotype and may be an attractive therapeutic target in the design of new strategies for leishmaniasis treatment.

Parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos de novilhas com hipocalcemia subclínica pré-parto suplementadas com dieta aniônica / Anionic diet on clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters of heifers with subclinical hypocalcemia prepartum

A hipótese do presente estudo consiste em que uma dieta aniônica prolongada acarretaria uma mobilização mais rápida do cálcio sanguíneo. O objetivo proposto foi avaliar parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos de novilhas, com hipocalcemia subclínica, submetidas a diferentes períodos de fornecimento de dieta aniônica no pré-parto. Foram utilizadas nove novilhas da raça Holandês induzidas à hipocalcemia subclínica no pré-parto, divididas em três grupos: G0 = sem dieta aniônica antes da indução; G11 = 11 dias de dieta aniônica pré-indução; e G15 = 15 dias de dieta aniônica pré-indução. Foi realizado exame clínico antes e depois da indução, e avaliaram-se cálcio total e ionizado, magnésio e albumina nos dias -2, 0, 1, 2 e 3 (dia 0 = momento da indução) e parâmetros hematológicos nos dias 0, 1, 2 e 3. O G11 apresentou maiores concentrações de cálcio total e ionizado que o G0 e maiores níveis de cálcio total que o G15 (P<0,01). O magnésio teve maiores valores no G15 quando comparado aos outros grupos (P<0,01). O G0 apresentou os maiores valores de monócitos e neutrófilos bastonetes (P<0,01). A dieta aniônica por 11 dias é suficiente para manter a homeostase do cálcio e a resposta leucocitária em novilhas desafiadas a uma diminuição do cálcio sanguíneo.(AU)

This study's hypothesis is that cows receiving anionic diet for a longer period respond more quickly to decreased blood calcium. The aim was to evaluate the heifers' clinical, hematological, and biochemical parameters, with subclinical hypocalcemia, subjected to different periods of anionic diet supply during antepartum. Nine heifers were induced to subclinical hypocalcemia during antepartum, sorted in 3 groups: G0 = no anionic diet before induction; G11= eleven days of anionic diet before induction; and G15 = fifteen days of anionic diet before induction. Examinations were held before and after induction and total and ionized calcium, magnesium and albumin were evaluated from days -2, 0, 1, 2 and 3, day 0 being the moment of induction; hematologic parameters were evaluated at days 0, 1, 2 and 3. G11 presented a higher total and ionized calcium concentration than G0 and higher total calcium concentration than G15 (P < 0.01). Magnesium had its highest values at G15 when compared to the other two groups (P < 0.01). G0 presented its highest values of monocytes and neutrophils rods (P<0.01). The eleven days of anionic diet supply were enough to maintain calcium homeostasis and leukocyte response in heifers challenged to reduction in blood calcium.(AU)

Socio-demographic, psychiatric and legal characterisation of Colombian unimputable patients, 2000-2013, / Caracterización sociodemográfica, psiquiátrica y legal de pacientes inimputables de Colombia, 2000-2013

Abstract Introduction: Mental illness has been associated with violent behaviour. Criminal behaviour in the mentally ill population in Colombia has not been well studied. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive study, from a secondary source. An analysis was made of the sociodemographic, clinical, and legal variables of 127 unfit to plead patients. A descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed by measures of central tendency, and frequencies and percentages were calculated for the qualitative variables. The software SPSS® version 21.0 was used to analyse the data, and the study was approved by the Research Committee of the CES University. Results: The median age was 34 years, interquartile range 19 years, and 92.1% were men. The primary diagnosis was schizophrenia in 63%, 66.9% consumed alcohol, and 58.3% other drugs at the time they committed the crime. Almost one/third (29.1%) had a criminal record, and the most common type of crime was murder in 44.1% of cases. Around half (50.3%) of the victims had some degree of consanguinity with the patient. Discussion: The study subjects had higher illiteracy and lower educational levels than the Colombian prison population. Schizophrenia was the main diagnosis, and homicide the most prevalent crime, which agrees with the literature where non-indictable patients are responsible for 5-20% of murder cases worldwide. Conclusions: To reduce the gap between the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, especially schizophrenia, should be within the specific actions to prevent violence and criminal behaviour associated with mental illness.

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad mental se ha asociado con comportamientos violentos. En Colombia poco se ha estudiado la población de enfermos mentales con comportamiento criminal. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo a partir de fuente secundaria. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y legales de 127 pacientes inimputables. Se realizó análisis descriptivo de las variables cuantitativas a través de medidas de tendencia central, y para las variables cualitativas se obtuvieron frecuencias y porcentajes. La información se analizó con el software SPSS versión 21.0. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Investigación de la Universidad CES. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 34 [intervalo intercuartílico, 19] años; el 92,1% eran varones. El diagnóstico principal fue esquizofrenia en el 63%. En el momento de cometer el crimen, el 66,9% consumía alcohol y el 58,3%, drogas. El 29,1% tenía antecedentes delictivos y el tipo de delito más frecuente (44,1%) fue el homicidio. El 50,3% de las víctimas tenían algún grado de consanguinidad con el paciente. Discusión: En los sujetos del estudio había más analfabetismo y menor nivel educativo que en la población general carcelaria colombiana. La esquizofrenia fue el principal diagnóstico y el homicidio, el delito más prevalente, lo cual coincide con la literatura que refleja que los inimputables son responsables de un 5-20% de los casos de homicidio en el mundo. Conclusiones: Disminuir la brecha para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los trastornos mentales, especialmente la esquizofrenia, estaría entre las acciones concretas para prevenir la violencia y la conducta criminal asociada a enfermedad mental.

Impact of the age of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails on Schistosoma mansoni transmission: modulation of the genetic outcome and the internal defence system of the snail

Of the approximately 34 identified Biomphalariaspecies,Biomphalaria alexandrinarepresents the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoniin Egypt. Using parasitological and SOD1 enzyme assay, this study aimed to elucidate the impact of the age of B. alexandrinasnails on their genetic variability and internal defence against S. mansoniinfection. Susceptible and resistant snails were reared individually for self-reproduction; four subgroups of their progeny were used in experiment. The young susceptible subgroup showed the highest infection rate, the shortest pre-patent period, the highest total cercarial production, the highest mortality rate and the lowest SOD1 activity. Among the young and adult susceptible subgroups, 8% and 26% were found to be resistant, indicating the inheritance of resistance alleles from parents. The adult resistant subgroup, however, contained only resistant snails and showed the highest enzyme activity. The complex interaction between snail age, genetic background and internal defence resulted in great variability in compatibility patterns, with the highest significant difference between young susceptible and adult resistant snails. The results demonstrate that resistance alleles function to a greater degree in adults, with higher SOD1 activity and provide potential implications for Biomphalariacontrol. The identification of the most susceptible snail age enables determination of the best timing for applying molluscicides. Moreover, adult resistant snails could be beneficial in biological snail control.

Método de estudio de los deseos y las defensas en el componente plástico del signo visual (ADL-SV) / Method for the study of wishes and defenses in the plastic components of the visual sign (DLA -VS)

El autor expone los instrumentos para el estudio de los deseos y las defensas en el componente plástico del signo visual. Propone diferentes instrumentos para el estudio de los deseos en cuanto a forma (considerando la distribución y orientación de la imagen, los tamaños relativos de las imágenes, las distancias, la configuración del mundo sensible, los rasgos de las líneas y el trazo de las líneas), color (considerando el componente cromático y la luminosidad de una imagen) y texturas. Luego el autor propone una serie de pasos para el estudio de la defensa y su estado y expone tres instrumentos, que consideran la localización, la orientación y la luminosidad de la imagen. Respecto de los procedimientos, se refiere a la preparación de la muestra, al establecimiento de las unidades de análisis y a la interpretación de los deseos y las defensas en el componente icónico y el plástico.

The author presents the instruments for the study of wishes and defenses in the plastic component of the visual sign. He proposes different instruments for the study of wishes in terms of shape (considering the distribution and orientation of the image, the relative sizes of the images, distances, the configuration of the sensorial world, the traits of lines and the trace of lines), color (considering the chromatic component and the brightness of an image) and textures. Then the author proposes a series of steps for the study of defenses and their state and presents three instruments, which consider the localization, the orientation, and the brightness of the image. As regards the procedures, the author refers to the sample preparation, to the units of analysis demarcation and to the interpretation of wishes and defenses in the iconic and plastic component.

Enseñanza del derecho internacional humanitario a estudiantes en ciencias de la salud / Teaching of International Humanitarian Law to Health Science students

Se recoge la experiencia de varios años del sistema de enseñanza para impartir el Derecho Internacional Humanitario en el marco de la asignatura de Preparación para la Defensa. Este contenido constituye un excelente vehículo para el aprendizaje y la toma de conciencia, por parte de los estudiantes en ciencias de la salud, especialmente los de medicina, de los principios éticos que deben regir los conflictos armados en cualquier parte del mundo y su importancia en el desarrollo de las guerras. Durante las distintas carreras en ciencias de la salud, se van incorporando temáticas necesarias para lograr el dominio de estos principios en la formación de los futuros trabajadores de la salud. Los fundamentos en materia de derecho internacional humanitario preparan a los educandos en su comportamiento profesional durante los conflictos bélicos.

A way of teaching of Humanitarian International Right (HIR) is presented in the context of the teaching “training for defence” as an adequate way for medical students learning about the importance of ethical principles which must ruled the war conflicts along the word. During the last three years of the medical studies different themes are included in order to achieve these ethical principles by the future medical workers. A method for teaching HIR is proposed here. This method is characterized by the students training in their professional behaviour during war conflicts and in the protection of medical personnel.

Vitamin E Supplementation Improves Oxidant-antioxidant Balance in Chronic Renal Failure Patients Treated by Hemodialysis.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on oxidant-antioxidant balance in chronic renal failure patients treated by hemodialysis. Study Design: The study utilized a randomized experimental design. The experimental intervention consisted of vitamin E supplementation Place and Duration of Study: 40 patients on hemodialysis (M/W=22/18; 36±12 years) received nutritional councils based on the NKF K/DOQI (National Kidney Foundation- Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative) guidelines. Patients were randomized into 2 groups:one was used as control and the second group was treated by vitamin E supplementation (100mg/day=146IU/d) during 30 days. Methodology: Pro-oxidant status was assessed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydroperoxides and carbonyls analysis. Antioxidant defence was performed by the analysis of Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione reductase activities and Vitamin E amounts. Results: At 30 days of supplementation, in treated patients compared to controls, levels of triacylglycerols and total cholesterol were unchanged. Hydroperoxides concentrations were decreased (p<0.001) while thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentrations were unchanged. Carbonyls levels were decreased (p<0.001). High concentrations of vitamin E were noted in treated group (p<0.01). Similar superoxide dismutase activity was noted. However, an increase in vitamin E concentrations, catalase and glutathione reductase activities were observed in treated group (p<0.01). Conclusion: In conclusion, in hemodialysis patients, vitamin E supplementation was without effect on lipid profile. However, vitamin E exerts a protective effect on cardiovascular diseases by decreasing radical attack of biological molecules and increasing antioxidant defense.

Análise de jogo no futsal: ações defensivas e o contra-ataque / Game analysis on futsal: counterattack and defensive actions / Análisis del juego de futsal: acciones defensivas y contraataques

Este artigo objetiva descrever e analisar a frequência e a tipologia das ações defensivas que desencadearam contra-ataques (CA) em jogos de futsal. Levantamos ações empregadas pela linha e pelo goleiro diante do ataque posicional e do CA.Foram analisadas 125 (31,75±2,98) ações, retiradas de quatro jogos entre as equipes semifinalistas da VI Copa do Mundo de Futsal. Notou-se que a produção de CA aconteceu, sobretudo, diante do ataque posicional e exigiu da linha interceptar passes, desarmar e bloquear; os goleiros participaram com defesas e rebotes. O presente estudo contribui para a criação de um conjunto de indicadores para o treino defensivo, com o qual os treinadores poderão simular situações contextualizas, afim de gerar certas regularidades táticas compatíveis com as exigências da modalidade.

This study was designed to describe and analyze the frequency and types of defensive actions that triggered counterattacks in futsal games. The indicators have beenraised considering the actions employed by line players and by the goalkeeper beforethe positional attack and counterattack. Used descriptive observational method and has been reviewed 125 (31,75 ± 2,98) actions, taken from four matches between the semifinalists of the Futsal World Cup VI. It was noted that the productionof counterattacks, especially before the happened attack positional and demanded the line players trap, disarm and lock passes; goalkeepers already participated with defenses and rebounds. The study contributes to the creation of a set of indicators for the defensive training with which coaches could simulate contextualized situations in order to generate certain regularities tactics consistent with the requirements of the sport.

Este artículo pretende describir y analizar la frecuencia y tipos de acciones defensivas que desencadenó contraataques (CA) en juegos de fútbol sala. Fueran levantadas las acciones empleadas por jugadores y por lo portero ante el ataque posicional y CA. Fueram examinadas 125 (31.75 ± 2,98) acciones, procedentes de cuatro partidos entre las semifinalistas de la VI Copa del Mundo de Fútbol Sala. Se observó que la producción de CA sucedió, sobre todo, en el ataque posicional yexigió del jugadores que el intercepto de la línea pasa, desarmar y cerradura; los porteros participaron con defensa y rebotes. El estudio contribuye a la creación deun conjunto de indicadores para la formación defensiva con la que los entrenadores pueden simular situaciones de contextualizas para generar ciertas tácticas de regularidades consistentes con los requisitos del deporte.