Assess the Depression and Quality of Life among Women Suffering from Selected Gynaecological Cancers Attending Oncology Units of Selected Hospitals

Backgrounds: Gynecological cancers are significant and probable life-threatening diseases that harm patients' physical and psychological health. The leading cause of death in female抯 psychological problems like depression endure and can cause an extra burden during their treatment. Therefore, this study helps evaluate depression and well-being among gynaecological malignancies. Methods: Women's depression was evaluated by a standardized CES-D Scale and QOL by WHOQOL Bref scale, a sample of 100 women with cancers admitted at HSK and Kerudi cancer hospital, Bagalkot was selected using a purposive sampling technique, descriptive survey design was adopted. Statistical data were tested and scrutinized using descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: 100% of women had moderate depression. The mean percentage of depression score was 61.45% with mean and SD (37�9). Of the women, 71 % had moderate, 21%had poor, and 8% had good QOL. The mean percentage of QOL of women was 48.1% with mean and SD (62.5�.1). A Strong relation was found between depression scores with your family members known to you (?=4.52, p<0.05), Area of residence (?=3.88, p<0.05), and whether you have undergone previously any surgery for the treatment of cancer (?=8.93, p<0.05). No association was found between QOL scores with study variables. A Negative correlation (r=-0.27, p<.05) was found between depression and Total QOL scores. Conclusion: Most patients have moderate depression and moderate QOL. This study is effective in identifying depression and QOL

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Early Identification and Prevention of Thyroid Disorders among Women

Background: One of the utmost prominent illnesses in India is thyroid disease, and it has a significant impact on women of childbearing age. Various metabolic processes are regulated by the thyroid gland. Therefore, any abnormalities in this organ may cause those physiological functions to become dysfunctional. The postpartum period and pregnancy both frequently include thyroid problems. Method: Total 50 women are included as the sample. A convenient sampling method was used. A structured knowledge questionnaire was used to gather information, and Chi-square analysis was used to uncover the relationship between knowledge about thyroid disorders with socio-demographic factors. Result: The post-test results show that 50% of women were having good knowledge and 42% of women were having average knowledge. According to the pre-test, (68%) of women had inadequate knowledge and (32%) average knowledge. The computed knowledge 憈�-value (14.05) for the degree of freedom 49 and 0.05% level of significance was considerably greater than the table value (1.96). As a result, the planned teaching method worked. Conclusion: After evaluation of knowledge on the subject of thyroid disorders, it was found that most women had average knowledge regarding thyroid disorders. As a result, research has shown that STP was quite helpful in raising women's awareness of thyroid issues.

Digital Competence Among Research Scholars In Relation To Their Academic Achievement And Selected Demographic Variables

In the present study digital competence and academic achievement of 100 research scholars of various streams of Punjabi University, Patiala were studied. Teachers' Digital Competence Scale by Ramkrishna (2017) was used to collect the data pertaining to the digital competence of research scholars and one demographic data sheet developed by the investigators was used to collect information about gender, stream of study, experience of research work and academic achievement. Gathered data were analyzed by using the statistical techniques. The results show that the level of digital competence of research scholars has various levels and no research scholar possess high level of digital competence. Academic achievement of research scholars has also various levels. There is no significant difference in digital competence of research scholars with regard to gender and research experience. There is significant difference in digital competence of research scholars with regard to stream of study. Research scholars from the stream of education and languages are less competent in digitalization as compared to the research scholars from the stream of engineering, management & science. Moreover, the high academic achievers are more digitally competent as compared to low academic achievers. Further, there is significant and positive relationship between digital competence and academic achievement. So we conclude that the high digital competence enhance the academic achievement.

Narcissism Of School Students In Relation To Their Meta-Cognition And Demographic Variables

The study was conducted to explore the relationship of narcissism with meta-cognition and demographic variable. The study was conducted on 200 government school students. The Narcissism scale was developed by the researchers and Meta-Cognition scale by Mubarak Singh and Ana Bali (2017) were used to collect the data. A separate sheet was given to the students to fill their demographic information. The results revealed a significant locale and category wise difference in narcissism of school students. But there was no significant difference in narcissism scores among school students in relation to their parental education and parental income. It was also found that there is a significant positive relationship between narcissism and meta-cognition.

A cross-sectional study on determinants of burnout among medical students in Cebu Institute of Medicine

Background@#The highly demanding nature of medical education may lead to development of burnout in medical students which may persist beyond medical school. Burnout can be a predictor of psychological impairments and incorrect patient care@*Objective@#This study aimed to determine the prevalence of burnout and its relationship to socio-demographic variables and associated stressors among 1st to 4th year medical students of Cebu Institute of Medicine for school year 2018-2019@*Methods@#This is cross-sectional study using a self-administered three-part questionnaire composed of socio-demographic data, stressors, and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Descriptive statistics were taken for all variables. T-test analysis was used for dichotomous independent variables while Analysis of Variance was utilized for independent samples with multiple variables. Multiple regression analysis was done to determine significant relationship between identified stressors and the determinant score on the CBI@*Results@#Participants had high degree of burnout with average CBI score of 71.53. Majority of the respondents (94.88%) showed at least moderate burnout. Only Year Level (p=0.027) was significantly associated with burnout. Stressors associated with burnout were: lack of belief in what you do (p=0.000), insufficient rewards (p=0.007), poor communication (p=0.002), poor leadership (p=0.009), sense of never ending competition (p=0.009) and scoring lower than hoped (p=0.003).@*Conclusion@#Students are at risk for burnout as they temporally progress through medical school peaking at 3rd year level. Stressors encompass personal, study, colleague, and teacher related factors. It is important to address these stressors due to their progressive negative effect both on self and others.

Study of immunization status of under: five children in relation to various demographic variables of their mothers

Background: Immunization remains an important public health intervention. On one side morbidity and mortality caused by vaccine-preventable diseases are still high in developing countries, on the other side immunization coverage is still low. Present study aims to assess immunization status of under-five children in relation to various demographic variables of their mothers.Methods: A total of 530 mothers with children under 5 years attending OPD, immunization clinic or admitted in paediatric ward were included in the study. Maternal demographic variables like age, religion, education, socio economic status, residence, parity and occupation were compared with immunization status of their children.Results: Most of mothers were housewives (73.77%), primary educated (33.58%), belonged to Hindu religion (47.54%), were of 21-30 years age group (52.64%), residing in urban areas (62.07%) and belonged to middle socio economic status (45.84%). Out of total 530 children 161 (30.37%) were completely immunized as compared to 21.32% who were unimmunized. Boys were marginally more unimmunized (37.32%) than girls (23.04%). Mothers' education, occupation, parity, religion, residence and socio-economic status significantly influenced immunization status of their children (p<0.05).Conclusions: Therefore, it is recommended that any strategy formulated to improve vaccination coverage in children of our country should focus to strengthen above mentioned weak links.

Práticas parentais: conjugalidade, depressão materna, comportamento das crianças e variáveis demográficas / Parental practices: conjugality, maternal depression, children´s behavior and demographic variables / Prácticas parentales: conjugalidad, depresión materna, comportamiento de los niños y variables demográficas

As interfaces das práticas educativas maternas e problemas de comportamento são reconhecidas, contudo, carecem de estudos que abordem variáveis contextuais e pessoais específicas que podem interferir no uso de práticas positivas e negativas. Objetiva-se comparar as práticas parentais relatadas pelas mães de crianças pré-escolares e escolares considerando variáveis: demográficas, práticas educativas, relacionamento conjugal, depressão materna, problemas de comportamento e habilidades sociais. Foram participantes 151 mães biológicas e suas crianças. Estas informaram sobre práticas parentais, comportamentos dos filhos, depressão materna e variáveis demográficas. Com significância estatística identificou-se que: as habilidades sociais infantis, problemas de comportamento, relacionamento conjugal, escolaridade e renda familiar diferenciaram os grupos no que refere ao uso de práticas educativas; práticas positivas foram associadas às habilidades sociais infantis, e as negativas, aos problemas de comportamento; o uso das práticas positivas foi influenciado, para os escolares, pela depressão, renda familiar e escolaridade materna e, para os pré-escolares, pela escolaridade materna. (AU)

Interfaces between maternal educational practices and behavior problems are recognized. However, there are few studies that approach context variables and specific people that can interfere using both positive and negative practices. The objective of this study was to compare parental practices reported by mothers of pre-school and elementary school children, considering variables such as demographic data, educational practices, marital relationship, maternal depression, behavior problems and social skills. Participants included a total of 151 biological mothers and their children, who reported on parental practices, children behavior, maternal depression and demographic variables. With statistical significance, it was identified that: children's social skills, behavior problems, marital relationship, education level and familiar income distinguished the groups in relation to the use of educational practices; positive practices were associated to children's social skills, whereas negative practices were linked to behavior problems; For elementary school children, the use of positive practices was influenced by depression, familiar income and maternal schooling, and for pre-school children, maternal schooling was the influencing factor. (AU)

Las interfaces de las prácticas educativas maternas y los problemas de comportamiento, son reconocidos, sin embargo, carecen de estudios que aborden variables contextuales y personales específicas que puedan interferir en el uso de prácticas positivas y negativas. Se pretende comparar las prácticas parentales relatadas por las madres de niños preescolares y escolares considerando las siguientes variables: demográficas, prácticas educativas, relaciones conyugales, depresión materna, problemas de comportamiento y habilidades sociales. Participaron 151 madres biológicas y los hijos. Estas informaron sobre prácticas parentales, comportamientos de sus hijos, depresión materna y variables demográficas. Con alto significado estadístico se identificó que: las habilidades sociales infantiles, problemas de comportamiento, relacionamiento conyugal, escolaridad y renta familiar diferenciaron a los grupos en lo que se refiere al uso de prácticas educativas; las prácticas positivas se asociaron a las habilidades sociales infantiles y las negativas, a los problemas de comportamiento; el uso de las prácticas positivas fue influenciado en los escolares, por la depresión, renta familiar y escolaridad materna; y en los preescolares, por la escolaridad materna. (AU)

Relación entre variables demográficas y prácticas de autocuidado del adulto mayor con diabetes mellitus / Relationship between demographic variables and self-caring practices of the elderly adult with diabetes mellitus

Resumen Objectivo: Determinar la relación entre las variables demográficas y las prácticas de autocuidado del adulto mayor con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, correlacional realizado en consultorios del Hospital Tomás La Fora Guadalupe (La Libertad, Perú), con 100 adultos mayores de 60 años y más, quienes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y aceptaron voluntariamente participar en el estudio. Se midieron las variables demográficas y se utilizó la encuesta de prácticas de autocuidado del adulto mayor con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Recolectada la información, se hizo un análisis bivariado para determinar la relación entre las variables demográficas y el nivel de prácticas de autocuidado, utilizando como herramienta estadística la prueba chi cuadrado. Resultados: El mayor porcentaje de población se ubicó entre 66-70 años de edad (37 %), mujeres el 55 %; el mayor grado de instrucción fue primaria con 71 %; el mayor tiempo de enfermedad fue de 5 años y más y el 55 % tuvo un nivel de autocuidado bueno. Existe relación significativa entre el grado de instrucción (X2 = 29.118 Valor p= 0.000) y tiempo de enfermedad (X2 =21.596 Valor p= 0.000) con el nivel de prácticas de autocuidado y no hay significancia entre edad y sexo. Conclusiones: Los adultos mayores presentaron buena práctica de autocuidado, pero no lo suficiente para garantizar un buen manejo de su enfermedad, de ahí que para enfermería se convierte en un reto potenciar las capacidades para empoderarlos y ser agentes de su propio cuidado, considerando sobre todo el grado de instrucción y el tiempo de enfermedad.

Abstract Objective: To determine the relationship between demographic variables and self-care practices of the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: quantitative, descriptive, correlational study carried out in the offices of Tomas La Fora Guadalupe Hospital (La Libertad, Peru), with 100 adults older than 60 years and older, who met the inclusion criteria and voluntarily accepted to participate in the study. The demographic variables were measured and the survey of self-care practices of the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus was used. Once the information was collected, a bivariate analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between the demographic variables and the level of self-care practices; using the chi square test as a statistical tool. Results: The highest percentage of the population was between 66-70 years of age (37 %), women 55 %, the highest level of education was primary with 71 %, the longest time of illness was 5 years and more and 55 % had a good level of self-care. There is a significant relationship between the level of instruction (X2 = 29.118 Value p = 0.000) and time of illness (X2 = 21.596 Value p = 0.000) with the level of self-care practices and there is no significance between age and sex. Conclusions: Older adults presented a good practice of self-care, but not enough to guarantee good management of their disease. Therefore, for nursing it becomes a challenge to strengthen the capacities to empower them and be agents of their own care considering above all the degree of instruction and sick time.

Relación del apoyo social, las estrategias de atontamiento y los factores clínicos y sociodemográficos en pacientes oncológicos / Relationship Between Social Support, Coping Strategies, Clinical and Socio Demographic Factors in Cancer Patients / Relação do apoio social, estratégias de afrontamento, fatores clínicos e sócio-demográficos em pacientes oncológicos

Objetivo. Describir las relaciones entre las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, el apoyo social percibido y las estrategias de afrontamiento en una muestra de pacientes con cáncer. Método. Investigación transversal de enfoque cuantitativo, en la que se evaluaron 82 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer, seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico, a conveniencia. Como instrumentos se utilizaron la Escala de Estrategias de Coping Modificada (EEC-M) y el Cuestionario MOS para Apoyo Social. Los datos médicos y sociodemográficos fueron recolectados por medio de un cuestionario diseñado para el estudio. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de correspondencias múltiples. Resultados. Se halló que las variables médicas y sociodemográficas están fuertemente relacionadas con los puntajes de los cuestionarios. En la muestra se observó, como tendencia particular, que los datos se agruparon con algunas características sociodemográficas y clínicas. Conclusión. Las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas están relacionadas con la percepción del apoyo social y las estrategias de afrontamiento en pacientes con cáncer; esta información resulta relevante para el diseño de programas de intervención psicológica en pacientes oncológicos.

Objective. To describe the relationship between socio demographic and clinical variables and perceived social support and coping strategies in a sample of patients with cancer. Method. A transversal research quantitative approach was applied, in which 82 patients were evaluated; subjects were selected by non-probability sampling, as the Scale Strategies Modified Coping and the MOS Questionnaire for Social Support were used, medical and socio demographic data were collected through a questionnaire designed for the study. It conducted an analysis of multiple correspondences. Results. It was found that medical and socio demographic variables are strongly correlated with the scores on the questionnaires, and the same trends were found in the sample evaluated, the data was grouped according to certain socio demographic and clinical characteristics. Conclusion. Clinical and socio demographic variables are correlated with the perception of social support and coping strategies in patients with cancer. The importance of taking into account the socio demographic and clinical variables in their relationship with social support and coping strategies for designing psychological intervention programs in cancer patients is discussed.

Escopo. Descrever as relações entre as variáveis sócio-demográficas e clínicas, o apoio social percebido e as estratégias de afrontamento numa amostra de pacientes com câncer. Metodologia. Pesquisa transversal de enfoque quantitativo, na que foram avaliados 82 pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer, selecionados por amostragem não probabilística, a conveniência. Como instrumentos foram utilizados a Escada de Estratégia de Coping Modificada (EEC-M) e o Questionário M05 para Apoio Social. Os dados médicos e sócio-demográficos foram recoltados com um questionário desenhado para o estudo. Foi feita uma análise de correspondências múltiplas. Resultados. Foram encontrado que as variáveis médicas e sócio-demográficas estão fortemente relacionadas com as pontuações dos questionários. Uma tendência particular na amostra foi que os dados foram agrupados em algumas características sócio-demográficas e clínicas. Conclusão. As variáveis sócio-demográficas e clínicas estão relacionadas com a percepção do apoio social e as estratégias de afrontamento em pacientes com câncer, sendo crítica esta informação para o desenho de programas de intervenção psicológica em pacientes oncológicos.

Diferencias entre la sensibilidad paterna según variables sociodemográficas / Differences in Fatherhood Sensitivity According to Socio-demographic Variables

Resumen Durante décadas, diversas investigaciones sostuvieron que la función del padre era la de proveedor económico. No obstante, con los cambios históricos que fueron sucediendo en las últimas décadas, muchos psicólogos se interesaron en conocer cuáles eran las funciones del padre y qué le ocurría durante la gestación de su hijo. Igualmente, se ha comprobado que las características socioculturales y sociodemográficas del padre influyen en el ejercicio y la transición hacia la paternidad. Por ello, esta investigación se centró en analizar si existen diferencias entre los sentimientos, las emociones y las reacciones de los padres durante la gestación y el nacimiento de su hijo con las variables sociodemográficas: edad paterna, niveles de estudio, estado civil, situación laboral, cantidad de hijos, edad de su hijo y sexo de su hijo. La muestra de este estudio estuvo compuesta por 170 padres con hijos menores de dos años de edad. El diseño de estudio fue no experimental, de tipo descriptivo. Los instrumentos que se utilizaron fueron: cuestionario de sensibilidad paterna y una encuesta sociodemográfica diseñada para dicha investigación. Los resultados demuestran que existen diferencias entre la sensibilidad del padre con respecto a la edad del padre, la edad del hijo y el nivel de estudios paternos, y no se encontraron diferencias entre esta y el estado civil, situación laboral, cantidad de hijos y sexo de los hijos. A modo de conclusión, la construcción y el desarrollo de la paternidad dependen de diversas variables tales como el contexto social y cultural, su situación actual, entre otros y la conjunción de todas determinan la manera en que el padre se vincule con su hijo.

Abstract For decades, various researchers were in agreement that the role of the father was only as an economic provider. Nevertheless, with the historical changes during the last decades, many psychologists became interested in discovering what are the father´s roles and what happens to the father during a child´s gestation. It has been shown that a father´s sociocultural and socio-demographic characteristics influence his role and transition to paternity. Thus, this study aims to analyze the differences between the dimensions of the Fatherhood Sensitivity Questionnaire and socio-demographic variables such as: father´s age, academic level, civil status, work status, number of children, children´s ages and gender. A sample of 170 fathers with children below 2 years of age was tested, using a descriptive design. The instruments used were the Fatherhood Sensitivity Questionnaire and an ad hoc socio-demographic questionnaire. Results show that there are differences between fatherhood sensitivity and father´s age, the child´s age and the parental education level, however no differences were found between sensitivity and marital status, employment situation, quantity of children and their sex. In conclusion, fatherhood building and development depends on several variables such as: social and cultural context, current situation, among others, and their mix will decide the way that the father will bond with his child

Psicologia da era virtual: estrutura das atitudes frente ao Facebook / Psychology of virtual era: attitudes toward Facebook / Psicología de la era virtual: la estructura de las actitudes hacia Facebook

O site de relacionamento social com maior número de usuários em todo o mundo é o Facebook. Nesse site se relacionam milhares de pessoas. Estudar as atitudes frente ao Facebook pode ser muito importante para melhor entender o comportamento dos seus usuários a partir da psicologia social. Portanto, decidiu-se propor uma Escala de Atitudes frente ao Facebook, assim como verificar as relações dessas atitudes com variáveis sociodemográficas. Contou-se com uma amostra de 300 participantes que faziam parte do site de relacionamento social. Os principais resultados atestam para uma medida válida, breve e precisa para mensurar atitudes frente ao Facebook. Verificaram-se também relações com variáveis sociodemográficas, como mais atitudes favoráveis frente ao site por parte dos homens. Conclui-se que novas pesquisas devem ser realizadas para trazer novas evidências de validade e precisão para a medida proposta assim como para se aprofundar nas relações com variáveis sociodemográficas.

The social network website with the largest number of users worldwide is Facebook. On this website, thousands of people develop relationships. Studying attitudes towards Facebook can be very important to understand the behavior of its users in a better way, from a social psychology perspective. Therefore, it was decided to propose the Attitudes Towards Facebook Scale, as well as examine the relationships of these attitudes with socio demographic variables. We relied on a sample of 300 participants who were part of this social network website. The main results point out to a valid, brief and reliable scale to measure attitudes towards Facebook. There were also relationships with socio demographic variables, such as more favorable attitudes towards this website by men. It is concluded that further research should be undertaken to provide new evidence of the validity and reliability for the measure proposed, as well as to deepen the relationship with socio demographic variables.

El sitio de relacionamiento social con más usuarios en todo el mundo es Facebook. Este sitio relaciona a miles de personas. Estudiar las actitudes frente a Facebook puede ser muy importante para entender mejor el comportamiento de sus usuarios desde la psicología social. Por lo tanto se decidió proponer una Escala de Actitud frente a Facebook, como también verificar la relación de estas actitudes con las variables socio-demográficas. Se contó con una muestra de 300 participantes que hacen parte de esta red social. Los principales resultados anuncian una medida válida, breve y precisa para determinar las actitudes en torno a Facebook. Examinan también las relaciones con las variables sociodemográficas, como las actitudes más favorables frente a Facebook por parte de los hombres. Se concluye que nuevas investigaciones deben llevarse a cabo para entregar nuevas pruebas de validez y fiabilidad de la medida propuesta, así como para profundizar las relaciones con variables sociodemográficas.

Análisis de las creencias epistemológicas de estudiantes colombianos según variables sociodemográficas y educativas / Epistemological beliefs of Colombian students according to educational and socio-demographic variables / Análise das crenças epistemológicas de estudantes colombianos segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e educativas

El objetivo principal del presente estudio es analizar y caracterizar la influencia de las variables educativas y sociodemográficas sobre el grado de desarrollo de las creencias epistemológicas (CE) en estudiantes universitarios y de último año de bachillerato. Para conseguir este objetivo se administró un instrumento llamado EQEBI, que mide las CE a una muestra de 1.387 alumnos en Bogotá (Colombia). La metodología utilizada fue cuantitativa y no experimental. Para comparar las CE de acuerdo con los grupos conformados según las variables analizadas, se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas no paramétricas de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis. Los resultados indican diferencias significativas en las CE por sexo, nivel socioeconómico y nivel educativo de los estudiantes y de sus padres. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias según el entorno de procedencia (rural o urbano), ni por la repetición de curso. Este estudio tiene implicaciones para el diseño de programas educativos específicos, según las características de los alumnos, que favorezcan el desarrollo de las CE.

The main goal of the present study is to analyze and characterize the influence of educational and socio-demographic variables on the Epistemological Beliefs (EB) of senior year and university students. With this aim, an instrument that measures EB, called EQEBI, was applied to a sample of 1387 students in Bogota-Colombia. The methodology used was quantitative, non experimental, and the nonparametric statistics tests of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis were used to compare the EB according to the groups formed by the variables analyzed. Results indicate significant differences in EB by sex, socioeconomic status and educational level of students and his parents, but no differences according to the environmental background (rural or urban) and grade repetition. This study has implications for the design of specific educational programs, according to the characteristics of students, to encourage the development of EB.

O objetivo principal do presente estudo é analisar e caracterizar a influência de variáveis educativas e sociodemográficas sobre o grau de desenvolvimento das crenças epistemológicas (CE) em estudantes universitários e do último ano do ensino médio. Para atingir esse objetivo, administrou-se um instrumento chamado EQEBI, que mede as CE a uma amostra de 1.387 alunos em Bogotá (Colômbia). A metodologia utilizada foi quantitativa e não experimental. Para comparar as CE de acordo com os grupos formados segundo as variáveis analisadas, utilizaram-se as provas estatísticas não paramétricas de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Os resultados indicam diferenças significativas nas CE por sexo, nível socioeconômico e nível educativo dos estudantes e de seus pais. Contudo, não se encontraram diferenças segundo o ambiente de procedência (rural ou urbano) nem pela repetição de curso. Este estudo tem implicações para o desenho de programas educativos específicos, conforme as características dos alunos, que favoreçam o desenvolvimento das CE.

Síndrome por quemarse en el trabajo y variables familiares y laborales de los médicos generales de Bogotá. Una estrategia de calidad laboral / Burnout Syndrome, Family and Work Related Variables on General Practitioners in Bogota. A Strategy of Work Quality

Introducción: El síndrome por quemarse en el trabajo (SQT) es un conjunto de síntomas relacionados con desgaste laboral y agotamiento en respuesta al estrés emocional en el trabajo y sus respectivas consecuencias. El objetivo del estudio es medir la frecuencia del SQT entre los médicos generales de tres instituciones privadas de Bogotá y determinar los factores asociados según las variables consideradas. Métodos: Es un estudio de corte transversal descriptivo, para el que se utilizó el cuestionario para la evaluación del síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo (CESQT). Constituyeron la población 106 médicos generales. Resultados: Se encontró que el 6,6% de la población presenta un nivel crítico. Las variables muestran que tener pareja estable e hijos es un factor protector y, por lo contrario, trabajar en urgencias es un factor de riesgo.

Background: The burnout syndrome is a set of work-related symptoms related to weariness and exhaustion, in response to the emotional stress at work and its consequences. The aim of the study was to measure the frequency of burnout in General Practitioners (GPs) from 3 private institutions in Bogotá, Colombia and to determine the associated factors according to the variables taken into account. Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was used to analyse the Questionnaire for Burnout Syndrome (CESQT). The population was 106 GPs. Results: The level of burnout was at a critical level in 6.6% of the GP population. The variables showed that having a stable partner and children are a protective factor. By contrast, work in emergency rooms is a risk factor.

Análise das variáveis idade e sexo no desempenho do teste de inteligência (TI) / Analysis of age and sexual variables performance of intelligence test (TI) / Análisis de las variables edad y sexo en el desempenho del test de inteligencia (TI)

O objetivo do estudo foi a busca de evidências de validade para o teste de inteligência (TI) baseada na relação com as variáveis idade e sexo. Participaram do estudo 560 pessoas entre 18 e 67 anos (M = 26,26, DP = 8,62), sendo 358 homens (63,9%). Os resultados não apresentaram diferenças significativas no desempenho de homens e mulheres, ou seja, o desempenho no TI de homens e mulheres pôde ser considerado equivalente. Quanto à idade, foi encontrada uma correlação moderada e negativa, formando-se quatro faixas etárias pela Anova e sendo observado que ao aumento da idade correspondeu uma diminuição no desempenho no TI. Com base nessas informações, concluiu-se que os objetivos do estudo foram alcançados, ou seja, obtiveram-se evidências de validade para o TI baseada na relação com outras variáveis.

The aim of the study was to search for evidence of validity for the test of intelligence (TI) based on relation to variables of age and sex. The study included 560 people from 18 to 67 years old (M = 26.26, SD = 8.62), in which 358 were men (63.9%). The results showed no significant differences in performance between men and women, namely, the TI performance of men and women could be considered equivalent. As for age, it was found a moderate and negative correlation, forming four age groups by Anova and it was observed that the increase of age corresponded to a decrease in performance in TI. Based on this information, it was concluded that the study aims were achieved, in other words, we obtained evidence of validity to the TI based on relation to other variables.

El objetivo del estúdio fue buscar evidencias de validez para el test de inteligencia (TI) con base en la relación con las variables edad y sexo. Participaron del estudio 560 personas entre 18 y 67 años (M = 26,26, DT = 8,62), siendo 358 hombres (63,9%). Los resultados no presentaron diferencias significativas en el desempeño de hombres y mujeres, o sea, el desempeño en el TI entre los dos sexos puede ser considerado equivalente. Con la edad fue verificada una correlación moderada y negativa, formando cuatro grupos de edades por el Anova, siendo observado que al aumento de la edad hubo una disminución en el desempeño el TI. A partir de esas informaciones se concluye que los objetivos del estudio fueron alcanzados, o sea, se obtuvieron evidencias de validade para el TI con base en la relación con otras variables.

Study of hanging cases in Ahmedabad Region.

In spite of advancement in medical facilities, the natural end of life is inevitable. But for some persons, the death is destined earlier in an un-natural way. A few choose to make their own way by committing suicide. The major reasons are personnel problems, stress of life, family problems and financial problems. There are many methods for committing suicide like poisoning, hanging, self-immolation, drowning etc. Hanging provides painless death so it is one of the commonly adopted methods for suicide. However, in a few instances false allegations are made claiming that the ligature mark over neck is of strangulation rather than hanging. Vice versa cases are also likely. In such cases, the post-mortem findings are very helpful to differentiate between the two. Present prospective study was carried out at the mortuary of Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad over 2 years period ranging from December 2008 to November 2010 with a view to study to incidence, ligature materials, and post-mortem findings in hanging cases. The place of hanging, manner of death and reason for death were also studied in the study.

Prevalencia y factores demográficos y laborales asociados al burnout de psiquiatras en Colombia / Prevalence and both Demographic and Work Factors Associated with Burnout of Psychiatrists in Colombia

La presencia de burnout puede afectar el bienestar de los médicos y la calidad del cuidado que brindan. El propósito de este estudio fue medir la prevalencia de burnout en los psiquiatras en Colombia, y determinar si su presencia está asociada con condiciones demográficas y otras variables laborales. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, encontrando que 9.9 % de los participantes presentaban altos niveles de burnout. La edad, el trabajo como empleado y la dedicación exclusiva al área clínica fueron los principales factores asociados a la presencia del síndrome en esta población. Debe destacarse el uso por primera vez en Colombia del instrumento del CESQT, el cual mostró propiedades psicométricas adecuadas, lo que indica que puede usarse para evaluar el síndrome de burnout.

Burnout can affect not only wellbeing of medical professionals but also the quality of care they can provide to their patients. Aims of the study were to assess prevalence of burnout in Colombian psychiatrist and determine the associations of experiencing burnout with other demographic and working conditions. Transversal descriptive study showed that 9.9% of the participants were experiencing high levels of burnout. Age, being employed and working exclusively with patients were the principal predictors of burnout in this population. This study showed the good psychometric properties of the CEQST that invite to use it to assess the syndrome in this country.

The Effects of Sociodemographic Factors on Psychiatric Diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have reported that ethnic differences influence psychiatric diagnoses. Some previous studies reported that African Americans and Hispanics are diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders more frequently than Caucasians, and that Caucasians are more likely to be diagnosed with affective disorders than other ethnic groups. We sought to identify associations between sociodemographic factors and psychiatric diagnosis. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the medical records of all psychiatric inpatients (ages over 18 years) treated at Kern county mental hospital (n=2,051) between July 2003 and March 2007 for demographic, clinical information, and discharge diagnoses. RESULTS: African American and Hispanic males were more frequently diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders than Caucasians, whereas Caucasian females were more frequently diagnosed with affective disorders than females in the other ethnic groups, suggesting that patient ethnicity and gender may influence clinical diagnoses. Demographic variables, that is, a lower education, failure of marriage, homelessness, and low quality insurance, were found to be significantly associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders after adjusting for clinical variables. And, the presence of a family psychiatric history, failure of marriage, not-homelessness, and quality insurance were found to be associated with a diagnosis of affective disorders. CONCLUSION: Our results show that these demographic factors, including ethnicity, have effects on diagnoses in psychiatric inpatients. Furthermore, these variables may help prediction of psychiatric diagnoses.

Associação do sobrepeso com variáveis sócio-demográficas e estilo de vida em universitários / Association of overweight with socio-demographic variables and lifestyle among Brazilian university students

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação do sobrepeso com variáveis sociodemográficas e estilo de vida de calouros de uma universidade pública brasileira. PARTICIPANTES: 685 calouros avaliados em Abril de 2008. MÉTODOS: O sobrepeso foi verificado pelo índice de massa corporal. O estilo de vida e as variáveis sociodemográficas foram estabelecidos através de um questionário auto administrado. RESULTADOS: apresentaram sobrepeso 16 por cento dos calouros e 5,1 por cento estilo de vida inadequado. Universitários do sexo masculino (OR=2,69; 95 por centoIC: 1,64-4,42), com idade > 20 anos (OR=2,01; 95 por centoIC: 1,25-3,25), casados (OR=2,44; 95 por centoIC: 1,11-5,40), que reportaram estar mais de 2 kg acima do peso saudável (OR=17,05; 95 por centoIC: 7,73-37,63) e que reportaram ingerir bebidas com cafeína mais de duas vezes por dia (OR=1,66; 95 por centoIC: 1,00-2,75), tiveram mais chance de sobrepeso. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo evidencia a necessidade de orientação do universitário para um estilo de vida saudável e da oferta de programas de atividades físicas no campus que vise à redução do excesso de peso, com atenção especial aos universitários do sexo masculino, mais velhos e casados.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of overweight with socio-demographic variables and lifestyle among freshmen of a Brazilian public university. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 685 students were evaluated in April 2008. METHODS: Overweight was determined based on body mass index. Lifestyle and socio-demographic variables were established using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Overweight was observed in 16 percent of the students and lifestyle was inadequate in 5.1 percent. The incidence of overweight was higher among male students (OR=2.69; 95 percentCI: 1.64-4.42), students aged > 20 years (OR=2.01; 95 percentCI: 1.25-3.25), married students (OR=2.44; 95 percentCI: 1.11-5.40), and students who reported being more than 2 kg above healthy weight (OR=17.05; 95 percentCI: 7.73-37.63) and ingesting caffeine-containing beverages more than twice a day (OR= 1.66; 95 percentCI: 1.00-2.75). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the need for guidance of university students regarding a healthy lifestyle and for physical activity programs on the campus aimed at reducing excess weight, with special attention to male, older and married students.

Normative data and construct validity of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in a Brazilian elderly population

The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is an episodic memory test that is influenced by demographic variables, such as age, education, and gender. Classic word list learning has also been well documented to be an experimental cognitive paradigm that is very useful for the detection of Alzheimer's disease. The present study analyzed the performance of healthy elderly subjects on the RAVLT, describing the effects of age, education, and gender. To verify its construct validity, the RAVLT was compared with delayed recall and recognition scores on the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (DR-BCSB). The sample comprised 183 cognitively healthy elderly subjects from outpatient care units of two university reference centers in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil. All participants were subjected to physical and neurological evaluation and neuropsychological assessment. Pearson's correlation and Student's t-test were used to investigate the influence of demographic variables on RAVLT performance. To verify convergent-type construct validity, a correlation between RAVLT and DR-BCSB scores was calculated. Significant correlations were found between age and ΣA1-A5 (r = -.383, p < .01), A5-A1 (r = -.054, p < .01), A7 (r = -.361, p < .01), and REC A (r = -.288, p < .01). Educational level correlated with ΣA1-A5 (r = .405, p < .01), A5-A1 (r = .184, p < .01), A7 (r = .334, p < .01), and REC A (r = .329, p < .01). No correlation was found between gender and RAVLT performance. A significant correlation was also found between RAVLT and DR-BCSB performance (r = .5, p < .01). These results revealed some normative data and convergent-type construct validity of the RAVLT for a Brazilian elderly population.

Epidemiology of primary angle-closure glaucoma in a rural population in Shaanxi Province of China / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

· AIM: To assess the prevalence and related risk factors for primary angle-closure glaucoma in a rural population for 40 years of age or older in Shaanxi Province.· METHODS: By using a stratified, cluster-based, random sampling technique, 8 500 persons of all ages were selected randomly, including 3 500 those aged 40 years or more, from the North, the South and the Middle of Shaanxi Province in Western China from July to December in 2003. All participants had an interview with a standard questionnaire and those questions related to glaucoma of previous diagnosis and treatment, family history and outbreak history. Then a detailed and relative eye examination was performed, including logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity, external eye examination with slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fundus examination. The intraocular pressure was measured with Perkins applanation tonometry to those persons aged 50 years old or more and those with suspected increased IOP. A further examination was performed to those persons with suspicious glaucoma, including repeated tonometric examination, gonioscopy, dark room test, automated visual field testing, et al.·RESULTS: 6 815 of the eligible 8 500 persons of all ages were interviewed and examined from July to December in 2003, a response rate of 80.18%, including 2835 of the eligible 3 500 persons of 40 years old or more with a response rate of 81.00%. According to Van Herick method, the percentage of shallow peripheral anterior chamber was 13.6%, of which 10.4% was in grade 2, 3.0% in grade 1, and 0.2% in grade 0. In this rural population for 40 years of age or older 31 participants were found to have primary angle-closure glaucoma, with the prevalence of 1.09%. With multiple logistic analyses, the prevalence increased significantly with age (P=0.008), whereas no significant difference (Pgender=0.180, Peducation=0.199) was found in the rate with gender and education, although women and illiteracy seemed to be at increased risk of the disease (OR: 1.77, 95%CI,0.77-4.10; OR: 1.71, 95%CT, 0.76-3.87). Of 31 participants, 21 persons (67.74%) had not been previously diagnosed and treated. Of 10 participants previously diagnosed, 6 (60%) had been received peripheral iridectomy; nevertheless, no any other treatments were performed. 48.39% participants suffered from visual impairment in various degrees, of which the percentage of blindness in either eye accounted for 29.03%. Of those with primary angle-closure glaucoma, 22 persons (70.97%) were classified as having chronic from of the disease.· CONCLUSION: In this rural population in Shaanxi Province of China, the rate of occludable angles is 13.6%, more common than that reported previously in other Chinese populations. The prevalence of primary angle-closure glaucoma is close to that from other Asian populations, increasing with age. A majority of glaucoma was undiagnosed and untreated previously.