Comparison of food and nutrient intake between weekday and weekend for elementary and middle school students by gender in Busan and some parts of Kyungsangnamdo / 한국영양학회지

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of elementary and middle school students by gender with an emphasis on comparison of nutritional intake between weekday and weekend. Survey construct included one 24-hour diet recall and two diet records, short food frequency questionnaire, and anthropometry. Eating behaviors and nutritional intake were largely different for four groups divided by age and gender: ME, FE, MM, and FM. Frequency of consumption of healthful foods was significantly higher in the ME and FE groups. The highest and lowest scores for frequency of eating with parents were observed in the FE and FM groups, respectively. The amount of consumption of food groups was lower on weekends than on weekdays and this trend was more prominent in elementary schoolers compared with middle schoolers. In terms of food group consumption as well as energy and nutrient intake, the ME group showed the greatest differences between weekday and weekend, followed by FE, MM, and FM, in descending order. A significantly higher amount of potassium, phosphorus, and calcium was consumed on weekdays than on the weekend in the ME and FE groups. The amount of energy and nutrient intake was smallest in the FM group; however, the difference between weekday and weekend was minimal as well. In comparison of the subjects' energy and nutrient intake with their Korean Dietary Reference Intakes values (%KDRI), the MM group showed the most undesirable results for energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin B6, calcium, and zinc. Overall, findings indicated that nutritional intake status may differ between weekday and weekend for elementary and middle schoolers by gender, suggesting that youth may benefit from nutritional education programs that stress the impact of gender and weekend effect on their dietary intake.

Reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire to estimate calcium intake in Puerto Ricans

The objective of the study was to assess the reproducibility and validity of a short semiquantitative calcium specific FFQ in a convenience Puerto Rican sample.Reproducibility was tested by the difference between calcium intakes from the FFQ completed twice, with a one month difference; validity was assessed against 6-day diet records (DR) in a sample of students, employees and faculty of the Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico. The statistical analyses performed were Pearson correlations, paired t-test, Bland-Altman plots, cross-classification analysis, Willett’s surrogate categories, specificity, sensitivity and predictive value. A total of 93 subjects were included in the study (mean age 28.8±10.1 years, BMI 25.7±6.1 kg/m2). Mean estimated calcium intakes were 846.4±356.9 mg/day for the first FFQ, 801.1±423.7 mg/day for the repeated FFQ and 845.4±377.5 mg/day for 6-day DR. No statistical difference was observed between the means by paired t-test (p>0.05), with significant correlations between means (p<0.05). The FFQ was found to have a specificity of 65.2%, a sensitivity of 73.5%, a positive predictive value of 86.2% and a negative predictive value of 45.5%. In conclusion, the short FFQ is a valid tool that could be used in the future to assess calcium intake in epidemiological surveys in this group.

Reproducibilidad y validez de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos para estimar la ingesta de calcio en puertorriqueños. El objetivo del presente estudio fue medir la reproducibilidad y validez de un cuestionario semi-cuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos (CFC) corto para estimar la ingesta de calcio en una muestra puertorriqueña de conveniencia. La reproducibilidad fue medida por la diferencia entre la ingesta de calcio del CFC completada dos veces, con un mes de diferencia; la validez fue medida usando un registro dietario de 6 días como referencia, en una muestra de estudiantes, empleados y profesores del Recinto de Ciencias Medicas de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizó la correlación Pearson, la prueba T pareada, los gráficos de Bland-Altman, el análisis de clasificación cruzada, las categoríassustitutas de Willett, y los valores de especificidad, sensibilidad y de predicción. Un total de 93 sujetos fueron incluidos en el estudio (edad promedio 28.8±10.1 años, IMC 25.7±6.1 kg/m2). La ingesta promedio estimada de calcio fue de 846.4±356.9 mg/día en el primer CFC, 801.1±423.7 mg/día en la repetición del CFC y 845.4±377.5 mg/día en el registro de 6 días. No hubo diferencias estadísticas entre los promedios con la prueba T pareada (p>0.05) y se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas entre los promedios (p<0.05). El CFC tuvo una especificidad de 65.2%, una sensibilidad de 73.5%, un valor de predicción positivo de 86.2% y un valor de predicción negativo de 45.5%. Enconclusión, el CFC es una herramienta válida que puede ser usada en el futuro para estimar el consumo de calcio en estudios epidemiológicos en este grupo.

Preenchimento de registro alimentar por escolares de 7 a 10 anos / Diet record completed by 7 to 10-year-old schoolchildren

A Diet Record (DR) allows the assessment of current food and beverage intakes. There is controversy in the literature regarding the quality of this instrument when completed by children, who can have diffi culty to identify, describe and quantify foods due to their cognitive development. The objective of this study was to discuss the experience of using a DR completedby 7 to 10-year-old schoolchildren, as well as present the DR and its Instructions of Use. Thirty-three schoolchildren enrolled at Escola de Aplicação of the University of São Paulo, Brazil, participated in this study (15 boys and 18 girls). Both the DR and the Instructions of Use were improved during a training session which comprised aspects related to food and drink identification, detailing and quantification. In the present study we present the proportion of adequately registered foods regardingeach aspect through descriptive statistical analysis, comparing results before and after training. We observed that completion improved from 82% to 98.6%, from 9% to 41.8% and from 7.8% to 65% in the aspects "type of food", "detailing" and "quantification", respectively. Data showed that there is diffi culty in detailing foods such as juices, beef and seasonings. Given the compliance with the project, we conclude that the schoolchildren collaborated to complete the DR. In addition, they reported the details and quantities of most foods and beverages correctly. This shows it is possible to use a DR and gather good quality data after training schoolchildren.

Un registro del consumo de alimentos (RCA) permite evaluar el consumo actual de alimentos y bebidas. En la literatura se discute acerca dela calidad de este registro efectuado por niños debido a que aspectos cognitivos pueden dificultar la identificación, descripción y cuantificación de los alimentos. En este trabajo objetivamos discutir una experiencia de utilización de un RCA por escolares de 7 a 10 años, así como presentar el modelo de RCA utilizado y el Manual de Instrucciones para rellenarlo. Participaron del estudio 33 escolares de la Escuela de Aplicación de la Universidad de São Paulo, Brasil (15 niños y 18 niñas). Tanto el modelo de RCA como el Manual de Instrucciones fueron perfeccionados durante un entrenamiento en el que se abordaron los aspectos relativos a la identificación del alimento o bebida consumidos, detalles y cantidad consumida. Para este estudio se buscó presentar la proporciónde alimentos registrados de modo adecuado sobre cada aspecto mediante análisis estadístico descriptivo, comparándose los resultados antes y después del entrenamiento. El rellenado mejoró de 82% para 98,6%; de 9% para 41,8% y de 7,8% para 65% en relación a los aspectos "tipo de alimento", "detalle" y "cantidad", respectivamente. Los datos indicaron que hubo dificultad para relacionar algunos alimentos como jugos, carne bovina y condimentos. Por su adhesión al proyecto, concluimos que los niños colaboraron para rellenar el RCA. Además, informaron correctamente detalles y cantidades para una gran cantidad de alimentos. Esto indica que con un entrenamiento adecuadoes posible hacer uso de un RCA y obtener datos de calidad.

Um Registro Alimentar (RA) permite avaliar o consumo atual de alimentos e bebidas. Há na literatura discussão sobre a qualidade de preenchimento deste instrumento por crianças que, por aspectos cognitivos, podem apresentar dificuldades na identificação, descrição e quantificação dos alimentos consumidos.Objetivou-se discutir uma experiência de utilização de um RA preenchido por escolares de 7 a 10 anos, bem como apresentar o modelo de RA utilizado e seu Manual de Instruções de preenchimento. Participaram do estudo 33 escolares da Escola de Aplicação da USP (15 meninos e 18 meninas). Tanto o modelo de RA como o Manual de Instruções foram aperfeiçoados durante um treinamento, no qual foram abordados os aspectos relativos à identificação do alimento ou bebida consumidos; detalhamento e quantidade consumida. Para o presente estudo buscou-se apresentar a proporção de alimentos registrados de modo adequado para cada aspecto por meio de análise estatística descritiva, comparando-se os resultados antes e após o treinamento. Observou-se melhora no preenchimento após o treinamento de 82% para 98,6%, de 9% para 41,8% e de 7,8% para 65% para os aspectos "tipo do alimento", "detalhamento" e "quantificação", respectivamente. Os dados indicaram existência de dificuldade no detalhamento de alguns alimentos, a saber: sucos, carne bovina e condimentos. Devido àadesão ao projeto conclui-se que crianças colaboram com o preenchimento do RA. Ademais, informaram corretamente, para grande parte dos alimentos, seu detalhamento e quantificação, indicando que com um treinamento adequado é possível utilizar um RA e obter dados de qualidade.

Validation and Calibration of Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire: With Participants of the Korean Health and Genome Study / 대한지역사회영양학회지

We carried out a validation-calibration study of the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that we had previously developed for a community-based cohort of the Korean Genome and Health Study of the Korea National Genome Research Institute. We have collected a total of 254 3-day diet records (DRs) from 400 subjects, 200 each randomly selected from the two study cohorts of Ansung and Ansan. FFQ was administered at the time of cohort recruitment in 2001, and DRs were collected during a two month period from January through February of 2002. The mean age was 52.2 years. Farming for men and housewife for women were the most common occupations. The majority of the subjects had undergone 6~12 years of education. The general characteristics including demographic and other data were not different from the total cohort subjects. Absolute levels of consumed nutrients including total energy (energy), protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, retinol, carotene, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C were compared. The average of energy intake was not significantly different between the data collected by the 2 methods. However, consumptions of protein and fat were higher in data of DRs, whereas that of carbohydrate was higher in FFQ data. Significant correlation of each nutrient consumption between the data sets was observed (p <0.05) except in the case of iron, while the average correlation coefficient between them was 0.22 ranging from 0.33 for energy to 0.11 for iron. The results of cross classification by quantile for exact classification ranged from 25.2% (carotene) to 35.0% (phosphorus), and from 64.6% (vitamin A) to 76.4% (retinol) for adjacent classification. The proportion of completely opposite classification was 8.1% in average. Calibration slope was estimated by regression and calibration parameters ranged from 0.025 for carotene to 0.423 for niacin. We conclude that the FFQ we have developed is an appropriate tool for assessing the nutrient intakes as ranking exposures in epidemiology studies in view that amounts of consumed nutrients obtained by FFQ were similar to those collected by DRs, that correlations between consumed nutrients collected by these methods were significant, and that classification results were relatively fair. The correlation coefficients, however, were lower than expected, which may be mainly due to the survey season. In fact, any short-term dietary survey cannot accurately reflect the overall dietary intakes that change heavily depending on seasons. Further studies including the analysis of chemical indices would be helpful for the studies of causal relationship between the diet and disease.