Resource components and utilization values of different parts of Panax quinquefolium in Shandong province / 中国中药杂志

To explore the resource components and availability of different parts of Panax quinquefolium in Shandong province, the paper employed the non-targeted metabolomics technology based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) to analyze the metabolites and their metabolic pathways in the root, fibril, stem, and leaf of P. quinquefolium. The content of seven ginsenosides and polysaccharides in different parts was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry(UV-Vis). The results showed that the metabolites were mainly sugars, glycosides, organic acids, amino acids and their derivatives, terpenoids, etc. The total abundance of metabolites followed the trend of leaf > root > fibril > stem. Most of the differential metabolites were concentrated in phenylpropane biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, citric acid cycle, and amino acid biosynthesis. The leaf contained high levels of sugars, glycosides, amino acids and their derivatives, and flavonoids; the root was rich in terpenoids, volatile oils, vitamins, and lignin; the fibril contained rich organic acids; and the stem had high content of nucleotides and their derivatives. The content of ginsenosides Re and Rb_1 was significantly higher in the root; the content of ginsenosides Rg_1, Rg_2, Rd, F_(11), and polysaccharide was significantly higher in the leaf; and the content of ginsenoside Rb_2 was significantly higher in the stem. We analyzed the resource components and availability of different parts of P. quinquefolium, aiming to provide basic information for the comprehensive development and utilization of P. quinquefolium resources in Shandong province.

Chemical constituents in different parts of Ixeris sonchifolia based on UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS~n / 中国中药杂志

The chemical constituents in stem leaf, root, and flower of Ixeris sonchifolia were identified by the ultra performance li-quid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS~n). The separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH C_(18) column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) with a mobile phase of water(containing 0.1% formic acid, A)-acetonitrile(B) with gradient elution. With electrospray ionization source, the data of 70% methanol extract from stem leaf, root and flower of I. sonchifolia were collected by high-resolution full-scan Fourier transform spectroscopy, data dependent acquisition, precursor ion scan, and selected ion monitoring in the negative and positive ion modes. The compounds were identified based on accurate molecular weight, retention time, fragment ions, comparison with reference standard, Clog P and references. A total of 131 compounds were identified from the 70% methanol extract of I. sonchifolia, including nucleosides, flavonoids, organic acids, terpenoids, and phenylpropanoids, and 119, 110, and 126 compounds were identified from the stem leaf, root and flower of I. sonchifolia, respectively. In addition, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin-7-O-sambubioside and caffeylshikimic acid were discovered from I. sonchifolia for the first time. This study comprehensively analyzed and compared the chemical constituents in different parts of I. sonchifolia, which facilitated the discovery of effective substances and the development and application of medicinal material resources of I. sonchifolia.

Analysis and evaluation of bioactive constituents from different parts of Epimedium brevicornum / 中国中药杂志

A comprehensive analytical method based on ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole/linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) was established for simultaneous determination of the content of 45 bioactive constituents including flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids, phenolic acids, and nucleosides in Epimedium brevicornum. The multiple bioactive constituents in leaves, petioles, stems and rhizomes of E. brevicornum were analyzed. The gradient elution was performed at 30 ℃ in an XBridge~® C_(18) column(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) with 0.4% formic acid aqueous solution-acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1). Single factor experiment and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the extraction conditions. Multivariate statistical analyses including systematic cluster analysis(SCA), principal component analysis(PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), and one-way analysis of variance(One-way ANOVA) were carried out to classify the samples from different parts and identify different constituents. Grey relation analysis(GRA) and entropy weight-TOPSIS analysis were performed to build a multi-index comprehensive evaluation model for different parts of E. brevicornum. The results showed that there was a good relationship between the mass concentrations of 45 constituents and the corresponding peak areas, with the correlation coefficients(r) not less than 0.999 0. The precision, repeatability, and stability of the established method were good for all the target constituents in this study, with the relative standard deviations(RSDs) less than 5.0%(0.62%-4.9%) and the average recovery of 94.51%-105.7%. The above results indicated that the bioactive constituents varied in different parts of E. brevicornum, and the overall quality followed the trend of leaves > petioles > rhizomes > stems. This study verified the rationality of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) stipulating that the medicinal part of E. brevicornum is the leaf. Moreover, our study indicated that the rhizome had the potential for medicinal development. The established method was accurate and reliable, which can be used to comprehensive evaluate and control the quality of E. brevicornum. This study provides data reference for clarifying the medicinal parts and rationally utilizing the resources of E. brevicornum.

Quality evaluation of different parts of multiple botanical origins of Epimedii Folium / 中草药

Objective: To compare the flavonoids contained in different parts of different botanical origins of Epimedii Folium, and provide a basis for the quality evaluation of Epimedii Folium and the reasonable selection of medicinal parts. Methods: The aerial parts of 13 batches of Epimedii Folium were collected and divided into three parts: leaf, petiole and stem. The HPLC fingerprint and content of five flavonoids, including epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin and baohuoside I, were analyzed. Then the analysis of variance and the similarity evaluation software of traditional Chinese medicine chromatographic fingerprint were used. Combined with cluster analysis (HCA), the content differences of flavonoids in leaf, petiole and stem of Epimedii Folium were evaluated. Results: The fingerprints showed that the chemical constituents in Epimedii Folium leaves were richer than stems and petioles, and the chemical constituents in petioles and stems were basically the same. The content of five components in leaves was significantly higher than that of petiole and stem, even up to 10 times. Cluster analysis also showed that the leaves were obviously distinct from the petiole and stem. Conclusion: The quality differences of Epimedii Folium leaves, petioles and stems were clarified, and this study can provide the scientific evidence for the selection of medicinal parts and quality control of Epimedii Folium.

Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Lysimachia christinae Based on the Entropy Weight TOPSIS Method Combined with Multiple Indicator Components / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To e stablish UPLC characteristics fingerprints of Lysimachia christinae ，and to simultaneously determine 3 effective components and to comprehensively evaluate the quality of L. christinae from different production areas. METHODS：UPLC method was adopted to establish characteristics fingerprint of the whole plant ，stem and leaves of 10 batches of L. christinae ，and determine the contents of kaemperfol- 3-O-rutinoside，quercetin，kaemperfol. The determination was performed on Waters CORTECS UPLC T 3 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile- 0.2％ phosphoric acid aqueous solution （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 364 nm，and column temperature was 30 ℃. The sample size was 1 µL. Similarity Evaluation System for TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint （2012 edition）was adopted to evaluate its similarity ， and common peaks were confirmed. Using the contents of kaemperfol- 3-O-rutinoside， quercetin， kaemperfol，total ash ，acid-insoluble ash and sulfur dioxide residue ，the ethanol-soluble extract as index ，entropy weight TOPSIS was used to evaluate the overall quality of L. christinae comprehensively. RESULTS ：There were 7 common peaks in the whole plant，stem and leaves of 10 batches of L. christinae ，among which 3 peaks were identified as kaemperfol- 3-O-rutinoside， quercetin and kaemperfol. The similarity of same part in the whole plant of L. christinae from different batches were not lower than 0.830. The similarity between stem and leaves of L. christinae in same batch was 0.504-0.859； the similarity between whole plant and stem was 0.593-0.904；the similarity between whole plant and leaves was 0.885-0.995. The linear ranges were 0.392 0-39.197 0 μg/mL for kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside， 0.397 0- 39.703 4 μg/mL for quercetin，0.380 9-38.093 0 μg/mL for kaempferol（r＞0.999 0）. RSDs of precision ，stability and repeatability tests were all lower than 2％. The recoveries were 96.43％（RSD＝0.63％，n＝9），100.32％（RSD＝0.46％，n＝9）， 101.80％（RSD＝0.32％，n＝9），respectively. The content range of above components in L. christinae were 0.006 3％-0.041 1％， 0.002 9％-0.008 6％，0.004 4％-0.017 5％（stem）；0.024 8％-0.290 5％，0.000 9％-0.009 0％，0.001 3％-0.012 4％（leaves）； 0.007 9％-0.118 0％，0.001 5％-0.008 8％，0.002 8％-0.012 5％（whole plant ）. There was no significant difference in the contents of 3 components in L. christinae among different producing areas （P＞0.05）. The order of the contents of kaempferol- 3-O- rutinoside in different parts of L. christinae was leaves ＞whole plant ＞stem. The contents of quercetin and kaempferol were high relatively in the stem. Results of entropy weight TOPSIS method showed that mean values of Ci for L. christinae from Zhongjiang county and Shuangliu county of Sichuan province ，Shizhu county of Chongqing city were 0.446，0.512，0.287. CONCLUSIONS ： Established fingerprint and content determination method are stable and feasible ，and multi-index evaluation model constructed by characteristic chromatogram combined with entropy weight TOPSIS analysis method can be used for comprehensive quality evaluation of L. christinae . The quality of L. christinae from Sichuan province is better.

Research Progress on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Piperis Fructus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Piperis Fructus is the dried nearly ripe or ripe fruit of Piperaceae, which is an important spice material and a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it is widely used in the world. It is recorded to possess the efficacy of warming spleen and stomach for dispelling cold, depressing Qi and dissolving phlegm. Piperis Fructus mainly contains amide alkaloids with piperine as the main ingredient and volatile oil dominated by monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, which have a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, etc. By referring to relevant papers at home and abroad, the researches on chemical compositions from different parts and pharmacological effects of Piperis Fructus in recent 5 years were summarized and analyzed. It was found that Piperis Fructus has great potential for drug development as a TCM with homology of medicine and food, which can provide a reference for further research and comprehensive utilization of Piperis Fructus.

Comparison on Volatile Oil Content and Chemical Constituents Among Different Parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong and Pieces with Different Processing Methods / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To compare the difference of the content of volatile oil and the total relative percentage of phthalein compounds in volatile oil among different parts about Ligusticum chuanxiong, or among different decoction pieces with different processing methods. Method::Steam distillation was used(in the extraction of volatile oil.The chemical constituents of the volatile oil were identified by GC-MS analysis, and relative content of each component was determined by normalization method. Result::The contents of volatile oil in different parts were obviously different, and the order of the contents from high to low was rhizome(1.12%)>fibrous root(0.75%)>aerial part(0.41%). The GC-MS analysis similar compounds find in the three different volatile oils, and the order of total relative percentages of phthalein compounds from high to low was roots(83.29%)>rhizomes(44.5%)>aerial part(39.95%). On the other hand, the volatile oil content of three different Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces with different processing methods was C(0.87%)>A(0.75%)>B(0.7%). The total relative percentages of phthalein compounds analyzed by GC-MS was C(79.14%)>A(73.09%)>B(67.29%). Conclusion::The content of phthalein compounds in the volatile oil of fibrous root was higher than that of rhizome, thus it can be appropriately used.The volatile oil content and chemical composition of different Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces were significantly different.The content of volatile oil and phthalein compounds in fresh-cut Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces were the most high, thus fresh-cutting can be used as a new processing method for Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces.

Study on Anti-tumor Effect of Ethanol Extract of Smilax trinervula and Its Different Polar Extract Parts / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To study the anti-tumor effect of ethanol extract of Smilax trinervula and its different polar extract parts， and to provide reference for the screening of anti-tumor active parts. METHODS： MTT method was used to detect the inhibitory rates of different concentrations of ethanol extract of S. trinervula， its petroleum ether， ethyl acetate， n-butanol and water layer extract parts to the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2， human lung cancer cell line A549， human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231， human cervical cancer cell line HeLa and human ovarian cancer cell line HO-8910. Semi-inhibitory concentration （IC50） was calculated. A total of 80 KM mice were subcutaneously inoculated with S180 cell suspension in right forelimb axilla to induce tumor-bearing mice model. The mice were randomly divided into 8 groups： e.g. model group （normal saline， twice a day， i.g.）， cyclophosphamide （positive drug） group （0.025 g/kg， once a day， i.p.）， S. trinervula ethanol extract high-dose， medium-dose and low-dose groups， ethyl acetate part of ethanol extract high-dose， medium-dose and low-dose groups （0.1， 0.05， 0.025 g/kg by extract， twice a day， i.g.）， with 10 rats in each group. The mice in each group were given medicine for consecutive 14 days. The inhibition rate， spleen index and thymus index of mice in each group were measured after fasting for 12 hours after the last administration. RESULTS： In vitro experiments showed that S. trinervula and different polar extracts inhibited the proliferation of 6 kinds of tumor cells in significant dose-effect manner， especially ethyl acetate part of ethanol extract. IC50 of it to tumor cells was 40-210 μg/mL， that of it to MCF-7， MDA-MB-231 and HeLa cells were 70.56， 83.58， 44.67 μg/mL， respectively. In vivo experiments showed that the tumor mass of mice were decreased significantly in each administrations （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， the tumor mass of mice in S. trinervula ethanol extract high-dose group， ethyl acetate part of ethanol extract high-dose and medium dose groups were significantly lower than cyclophosphamide group （P＜0.01）. The spleen index of mice was decreased significantly in cyclophosphamide group， S. trinervula ethanol extract high-dose group， ethyl acetate part of ethanol extract high-dose and medium dose groups， compared with model group （P＜0.01）； thymus index of mice in cyclophosphamide group was increased significantly， compared with model group and other administration groups （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： The ethyl acetate part of ethanol extract of S. trinervula has the best anti-tumor effect and less immunosuppressive effect.

Evaluation of in vitro Antibacterial Activity of the Extracts from Root ，Stem and Leaves of Psychotria rubra and Its Mechanism Study / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To investigate in vitro antibacterial activity of the extracts from the root， stem and leaves of Psychotria rubra， and to investigate its mechanism of antibacterial effects. METHODS： 95％ ethanol extracts from the root， stem and leaves of P. rubra were used to prepare solution with mass concentration of 100 mg/mL （calculated by extract）. Using as penicillin sodium （0.5 mg/mL） and streptomycin sulfate （128 mg/mL） as positive control， plat stiletto method was used to determine antibacterial effects of the extracts from different parts of Staphylococcus aureus， Escherichia coli， Pseudomonas aeruginosa， Bacillus subtilis， Micrococcus luteus and Enterococcus faecalis. Using systematic solvent extraction method， the petroleum ether， ethyl acetate and n-butyl alcohol were used to extract antibacterial activity parts from P. rubra as ad to obtain the extracts of corresponding polar parts. After preparing 100 mg/mL drug solution （calculated by extract）， antibacterial effects of above 6 kinds of bacteria were investigated. The micro-broth dilution method and agar culture medium plate method were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） and minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC）， and screen polar parts with bacteriostasis and drug-sensitive strains. Under the concentration of 0.5MIC and MIC， the growth curves of sensitive bacteria were drawn （treated for 36 h， every 4 h）； the contents of alkaline phosphatase （AKP） and soluble protein were detected in suspension （treated for 10 h， every 2 h）； bouillon culture medium instead of the extract as blank control. RESULTS： 100 mg/mL ethanol extracts from the root， stem and leaves of P. rubra showed good antibacterial effect to above 6 kinds of bacteria， in descending order as stem＞leaves＞root. Among different polar parts from the stem of P. rubra， antibacterial effect of the ethyl acetate extract was best， especially for the S. aureus， the diameter of inhibition zone reached （38.93±0.12） mm， and both MIC and MBC were 0.39 mg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract could significantly inhibit the proliferation of S. aureus， and its alkaline phosphatase and protein content in suspension were increased significantly compared with blank control （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： The stem from P. rubra is effective antibacterial parts， and exhibit good antibacterial activity to 6 kinds of common pathogens. The ethyl acetate extract from the stem of P. rubra shows strongest antibacterial effect on S. aureus， and could gradually destroy the integrity of cell wall and cell membrane.

Analysis of constituents from different parts of Callicarpa nudiflora by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS / 中国中药杂志

The aim of this study was to clarify the main components of the green leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora,and to compare the difference of main components between the green leaves,yellow leaves,branches and seeds. In this study,ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) coupled with the UNIFI scientific information system was adopted. And the identification of the main chemical components of C. nudiflora was combined with reference materials,literatures and online database. In addition,the difference of main components was analyzed by Progenesis QI,principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant(OPLS-DA). A total of 57 compounds were identified in green leaves,including phenylpropanoids,flavonoids and iridoids. Among them,the relative content of phenylethanoid glycosides was highest. Furthermore,the PCA analysis showed that there are significant differences in main components of the branches and other parts of C. nudiflora. Combined with OPLS-DA analysis,nudifloside,parvifloroside B and β-hydroxysamioside were selected as the characteristic components for distinguish the leaves and branches of C. nudiflora. Our study provided a scientific basis for the collection and identification of C. nudiflora.

Analysis of chondroitin sulfate content of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum with different processing methods and different parts / 中国中药杂志

The differences and the variations of chondroitin sulfate content in different parts of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum(CCP) with different processing methods were investigated. The chondroitin sulfate from velvet was extracted by dilute alkali-concentrated salt method. Next， the chondroitin sulfate was digested by chondroitinase ABC.The contents of total chondroitin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate A， B and C in the samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP with freeze-drying processing is 14.13，11.99，1.74，0.32 g·kg⁻¹， respectively. The content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP with boiling processing is 10.71，8.97，2.21，1.40 g·kg⁻¹， respectively. The content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP without blood is 12.47，9.47，2.64，0.07 g·kg⁻¹， respectively. And the content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP with blood is 8.22，4.39，0.87，0.28 g·kg⁻¹ respectively. The results indicated that the chondroitin sulfate content in different processing methods was significantly different.The content of chondroitin sulfate in CCP with freeze-drying is higher than that in CCP with boiling processing.The content of chondroitin sulfate in CCP without blood is higher than that in CCP with blood. The chondroitin sulfate content in differerent paris of the velvet with the same processing methods was arranged from high to low as： wax slices， powder， gauze slices， bone slices.

Comparison of cell activity from different parts of Tripterygium wilfordill based on xCELLigence system / 中草药

Objective: To compare the bio-activities of different parts of Tripterygium wilfordii from different regions based on RTCA system with HPLC. Methods: Real-time xCELLigence analysis system was established to detect dynamically cellular activity at real-time: The seeding density was 2 × 105 cells/mL, the administration time was about 24 h, and the activity of RBL-2H3 cells from T. wilfordii was detected; The fingerprints of different parts of T. wilfordii were established by HPLC and the common peaks were analyzed. Results: The activity of T. wilfordii from Zhejiang was similar at the same site; The root barks and leaves of T. wilfordii had similar biological activity, and the roots and stems had similar activity; The biological activity for RBL-2H3 cells in root barks and buds was significantly higher than that in roots and stems, especially in the root barks, biological activity was the strongest; The fingerprints showed that the components of different parts were similar but the contents were largely different; The inhibitory rate of chloroform extract on RBL-2H3 cells was significantly higher than that of water extract. Conclusion: At the level of cell biology, the velamen of T. wilfordii and other aerial parts possess value of research and medication, which is deserved to further developed and utilized.

Chemical comparison on different parts of Angelica sinensis Radix based on NMR metabolomics / 中草药

Objective: To compare the chemical constituents in different parts of Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR). Methods: In this study, NMR-based metabolomics approach was used to compare the chemical constituents of different parts in ASR. And the metabolites of different parts in ASR were analyzed using PCA, OPLS-DA, and univariate analysis. Results: Totally 36 metabolites were identified in the NMR spectra. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher levels of some compounds, such as valine and isoleucine, were present at the head of ASR, while the tail showed higher contents of Z-butylidenephthalide, cis-Z,Z'-3a.7a,7a.3a'- dihydroxyligustilide, etc. The body showed higher contents of tryptophan, coniferyl ferulate, and the levels of aspartic acid, Z-ligustilide, etc were present at higher levels in both head and tail. For some metabolites, such as alanine and arginine, no significant difference was observed among the three parts of ASR. Conclusion: Both the primary and secondary metabolites of ASR can be detected at the same time by 1H-NMR based metabolic profiling approach used in this study, and the results revealed in this study laid the foundation for the further investigation of the relationship between the chemical components and biological effects of different parts in ASR.

Analysis on fatty acids of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum with different processing methods by gas chromatography / 中草药

Objective: To study the differences and the trends of fatty acids content in different parts of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum (CCP) with different processing methods. Methods: KOH-CH3OH esterification and n-hexane extraction were combined as the pretreatment method to obtain the fatty acid samples, and then the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results: The fatty acids content in wax slices, powder slices, and bee slices of CCP without blood were 16.00, 10.32, and 5.51 g/kg. The fatty acids contents in wax slices, powder slices, and bee slices of CCP with blood were 14.81, 6.04, and 4.88 g/kg. The fatty acids contents in wax slices, powder slices, and bee slices of CCP with boiling processing were 9.06, 6.20, and 4.23 g/kg. The fatty acids contents in wax slices, powder slices, and bee slices of CCP with freeze-drying were 9.46, 7.54, and 6.23 g/kg. Conclusion: The contents of fatty acids in CCP with different processing methods are different. The content of fatty acids in CCP without blood is higher than that in CCP with bloods, and the content of fatty acids in CCP with boilding processing is lower than that in CCP with freeze-drying. The trend of different parts of antlers with the same processing method shows decreasing one by one from wax slices to bee slices. The main saturated fatty acids in the antlers are palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0). The mono unsaturated fatty acids are mainly oleic acid (C18:1, cis-9). The content of γ-linolenic acid (C18:3, cis-9, 12, 15), twenty C two acid (C20:2, cis-11, 14), and four arachidonic acid (C20: 4, cis-5, 8, 11, 14) in polyunsaturated fatty acids are higher than others.

Application ofH NMR-based metabolomics for discrimination of different parts and development of a new processing workflow for

(CD) is one of the two authoritative source plants of Cistanches Herba, a well-known medicinal plant. Herein,H NMR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the chemical profile and to distinguish the different parts, as well as to propose a new processing workflow for CD. Signal assignment was achieved by multiple one and two dimensional NMR spectroscopic techniques in combination with available databases and authentic compounds. The upper parts of the plant were distinguished from the lower parts by combiningH NMR spectroscopic dataset with multivariate statistical analysis. A new processing method that hyphenated steaming with freeze-drying, was demonstrated to be superior to either steaming coupled with oven-drying or direct freeze-dryingholisticH NMR-based metabolomic characterization. Phenylethanoid glycosides, mainly echinacoside and acteoside, were screened out and confirmed as the chemical markers responsible for exhibiting the superiority of the new processing workflow, whereas serial primary metabolites, especially carbohydrates and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, were found as the primary molecules governing the discrimination between the upper and lower parts of the plant. Collectively,H NMR spectroscopy was demonstrated as a versatile analytical tool to characterize the chemical profile and to guide the in-depth exploitation of CD by providing comprehensive qualitative and quantitative information.

Simultaneous determination of eight hydroxyl naphthoquinones in different parts of Arnebiae euchroma by HPLC / 中国中药杂志

This present study is to develop an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of eight hydroxyl naphthoquinones, shikonin, β-hydroxy-isovalerylshikonin, acetylshikonin, β-acetoxy-isovalerylshikonin, deoxyshikonin, isobutyrylshikonin, β,β'-dimethylacrylshikonin and isovalerylshikonin. The eight constituents were measured on a Waters Xbridge C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm) with isocratic elution of acetonitrile-0.05% formic acid solution (70∶30) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL•min⁻¹. The detection wavelength was 275 nm and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The results of content determination indicated that significant differences of the eight compounds exist in every part of Arnebia euchroma，in which the highest part was the root bark, followed with the root, then the stem residues. The content of the xylem of root and aerial part was lower than the above parts. The results provided scientific basis for the medicinal parts of A. euchroma.

Comparison of chemical constituents in different parts of Gardenia jasminoides based on multiple wavelength HPLC-DAD / 中国中药杂志

Seven compounds(deacetylasperulasidic acid methyl ester, gardenoside, chlorogenic acid, geniposide, crocin-Ⅰ, crocin-Ⅱ, chikusetsu saponin Ⅳa)were determined simultaneously by multiple wavelength HPLC with diode array detector(DAD) in different parts of Gardenia jasminoides. The results showed that these components in different parts of G. jasminoides had a different distribution, and there was a large difference in content of each component. Geniposide was mainly distributed in fruits and leaves; chikusetsu saponin Ⅳa was mainly distributed in roots and stems; crocus glycosides existed mainly in fruits; chlorogenic acid had a higher distribution in leaves and stems; gardenoside had a higher distribution in leaves and roots, while ceacetylasperulasidic acid methyl ester had a higher distribution in roots and stems. Based on the analysis of the chemical composition and content difference in different parts of G. jasminoides, the basis for the comprehensive utilization and quality evaluation of resources of G. jasminoides was provided.

Study on the Chemical Consitituents of Different Parts of Mentha haplocalyx in Jiangxi by GC-MS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for analyzing the volatile constituents of different parts(root,stem and leaf)of Mentha haplocalyx. METHODS:HS-GC-MS was performed. GC conditions:the column was HP-5MS capillary quartz column, carrier gas was He (constant current mode),flow rate was 1.0 ml/min,volume injection was 1.0 μl,inlet was split mode with split ratio of 10∶1,temperature was 250 ℃(temperature programmed). MS conditions:ionization source was electron bombard-ment,energy was 1 905 V,temperature was 230 ℃,quadrupole temperature was 150 ℃,and the scanning range was m/z 30-550. RESULTS:Totally 10,14 and 48 volatile components were identified from the root,stem and leaf,which accounted for 90.03%, 92.79% and 95.93% of the capacity of the total essential oil from each part of it. And totally 51 volatile compounds was identified, including 7 kinds that shared the same chemical components that regard the piperitone oxide as the main ingredient. CONCLU-SIONS:The method is simple,stable and reproducible,and can be used for the analysis of volatile components of different parts of M. haplocalyx. The volatile components in different parts are quite different,and most is in the leaf.

Content Determination of Ecdysterone in Different Parts of Radix serratulae by HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the content determination of ecdysterone in different parts of Radix serratu-lae. METHODS:HPLC was performed on the column of ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 with mobile phase of methanol-water at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min(46∶54,V/V),detection wavelength was 248 nm,column temperature was 30℃,and the injection volume was 10 μl. Compare the contents of ecdysterone in different parts of R. serratulae. RESULTS:The linear range of ecdysterone was 0.12-1.21 μg;RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 1.5%;recovery was 98.4%-101.9%(RSD=1.64,n=6). The content of ecdysterone in roots was found at the highest level,followed by tubers,and lower in stems and leaves, and it was not detected in seeds. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple and rapid with good accuracy and reproducibility,and suitable for the content determination of ecdysterone in different parts of R. serratulae. It is feasible to develop the medicinal parts of R. serratulae from roots to roots,flowers,tubers and buds on tubers.

Comparison study on in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of Inula nervosa Wall. extracts from different parts / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the in vitro and in vivo an-tioxidant activity of Inula nervosa wall. in order to le-gitimately use the resources of I. nervosa. Methods The medicinal ingredients of aboveground and under-ground parts of I. nervosa were extracted by different extraction methods. Ultrasonic extractions from differ-ent parts were compared by their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects. Results Ultrasound alcohol ex-traction had the highest content of total phenols and fla-vonoids, with the content of total phenolics much high-er than that of total flavonoids. Ultrasound alcohol ex-tractions had very good scavenging effect on DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion radical, with the extraction from underground part more effective than extraction from aboveground part. Ultrasound alcohol extractions significantly increased the level of catalase ( CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capaci-ty (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activi-ty and decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver, kidney and serum in drenching aging mice. The antioxidant activity of high concentration of the ex-traction from aerial part was equivalent to that of low concentration of the extraction from underground part. Conclusions Ultrasound alcohol extractions of I. ner-vosa have very good scavenging effect on free radicals, which indicates good antioxidant ability. Antioxidant activity of underground part is much stronger than that of the aboveground part.