Intraoral administration of probiotics and postbiotics: An overview of microorganisms and formulation strategies

Abstract The last decade provided significant advances in the understanding of microbiota and its role in human health. Probiotics are live microorganisms with proven benefits for the host and were mostly studied in the context of gut health, but they can also confer significant benefits for oral health, mainly in the treatment of gingivitis. Postbiotics are cell-free extracts and metabolites of microorganisms which can provide additional preventive and therapeutic value for human health. This opens opportunities for new preventive or therapeutic formulations for oral administration. The microorganisms that colonize the oral cavity, their role in oral health and disease, as well as the probiotics and postbiotics which could have beneficial effects in this complex environment were discussed. The aim of this study was to review, analyse and discuss novel probiotic and postbiotic formulations intended for oral administration that could be of great preventive and therapeutic importance. A special attention has been put on the formulation of the pharmaceutical dosage forms that are expected to provide new benefits for the patients and technological advantages relevant for industry. An adequate dosage form could significantly enhance the efficiency of these products.

Formulation and evaluation of Buccal mucoadhesive tablets of diclofenac sodium using 23 factorial designs

Buccal tablets

Diclofenac sodium

Drug release

Mucoadhesion

Mucoadhesive tablets

Release kinetics

Research on analgesic effect and prospect of clinical application of rutin / 中国药理学通报

Rutin is extracted from Ruta graveolens L. with many pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation , protecting cardiovascular system and analgesia. As a natural product, rutin has the advantages of low side effects and difficult tolerance, but its instability and low bioavailability still limit its clinical application. This paper summarizes the analgesic mechnism of rutin, and looks forward to the clinical applica¬tion of rutin based on its derivative and dosage forms. It is expected to provide ideas for further analgesic research and drug development and application of rutin in the future.

Modern Research of Nasal Preparations of Traditional Chinese Medicine： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Nasal preparations have unique advantages in drug delivery and are widely used in the treatment of local and systemic diseases. Nasal administration of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a long history in China. In recent years， nasal preparations of TCM have attracted wide attention. Based on the information about nasal preparations of TCM from the database of National Medical Products Administration （NMPA）， Yaozh.com and China National Knowledge Internet （CNKI） in the recent 30 years， the formulation， the listed products， commonly used TCM， pharmaceutical excipients， clinical application and safety research of modern nasal preparations of TCM were summarized and expounded. Focusing on many problems in the development of modern nasal preparations of TCM， such as inaccurate dosage of some products， incomplete quality standard system of pharmaceutical excipients， imperfect safety evaluation， lack of research and development of nasal drug delivery devices and so on， the possible solutions and prospects were put forward from the aspects of optimizing the extraction and separation process of TCM， the quality control and application method of pharmaceutical excipients， the development of new dosage forms， the safety evaluation of nasal administration of TCM， and the design and development of nasal administration devices. The aim is to provide ideas for the development of nasal preparations of TCM and provide scientific basis for its sustainable utilization.

Application status and prospects of topical drug therapy in oral mucosal diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#Oral mucosal disease is a general term for a type of disease that mainly affects the oral mucosa and surrounding soft tissues. In the treatment of oral mucosal diseases, due to the particularity of the anatomical location, the use of topical administration is relatively simple and convenient; drugs can easily accumulate in the lesions, and at the same time, they can also avoid adverse reactions caused by systemic drug delivery. Topical administration has become an important and even preferred option for the treatment of oral mucosal diseases. There are various types of topically used drugs for oral mucosal diseases, such as glucocorticoids (triamcinolone acetonide), immunomodulatory drugs (tacrolimus), antiseptic drugs (chlorhexidine), pain relievers (lidocaine) and proprietary Chinese medicines (aloe vera gel). Among these drugs, although the most widely used liquid formulations such as gargles and sprays are easy to use, they are not conducive to local retention of drugs due to the particularity of the oral environment and function. Based on this, researchers have continuously improved the dosage form of the drug, and developed a series of semi-solid pharmaceutical preparations such as gels and ointments, some of which have exerted good curative effects in clinical work. In addition, although films, patches and other solid oral mucosal topical pharmaceutical preparations have few clinical applications, they have also been widely researched and described and are expected to become the mainstream dosage form in the future. In general, with the improvement of dosage forms, topical administration is playing an increasingly important role in the treatment of oral mucosal diseases. Therefore, combined with basic research and clinical reports, this article reviews the application of topical drug delivery in the treatment of oral mucosal diseases

Formulation, Optimization, in vitro and in-vivo evaluation of levofloxacin hemihydrate Floating Tablets

Abstract The objective of the present investigation was to design, optimize and characterize the gastro retentive floating levofloxacin tablets and perform in-vivo evaluation using radiographic imaging. The floating tablets were prepared by using polymers i.e hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC-K4M) and carbopol-940 individually and in combination by nonaquous granulation method. All the Formulations were evaluated for swelling index (S.I), floating behavior and in-vitro drug release kinetics. The compatibility study of levofloxacin with other polymers was investigated by FTIR, DSC, TGA and XRD. Results from FTIR and DSC revealed no chemical interaction amongst the formulation components. The optimized formulation (F11) showed floating lag time (FLT), total floating time (TFT) swelling index (S.I) of 60 sec, >16h and approximately 75 %, respectively. Moreover, F11 showed zero order levofloxacin release in simulated gastric fluid over the period of 6 h. X-ray studies showed that total buoyancy time was able to delay the gastric emptying of levofloxacin floating tablets in rabbits for more than 4 hours. In conclusion the optimized formulation (F11) can be used for the sustained delivery of levofloxacin for the treatment of peptic ulcer.

Analysis of Chinese Patent Medicines in 2020 Edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Part Ⅰ) for Cough of Children / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the functions and indications， formulation， dosage form and medication characteristics of Chinese patent medicines in the 2020 edition of<italic> Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> （part Ⅰ） for treating cough of children， and to provide ideas for the clinical rational application and provide reference for the research and development of new cough medicines for children. Method:The name， dosage form， formulation， functions and indications， usage and dosage， and other information of Chinese patent medicines for cough were collected from the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia </italic>（part Ⅰ）， then relevant information was input into Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine v2.0， and data analysis and mining were carried out through the analysis module of prescription medication rule， VOSviewer 1.6.14 was used to make drug clustering network view of Chinese patent medicines for the treatment of exogenous wind cold， exogenous wind heat and phlegm heat cough. Result:In the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia </italic>（part Ⅰ）， a total of 75 kinds of Chinese patent medicines for treating cough of children were collected， including 34 kinds of Chinese patent medicines for adults and children， 41 kinds of Chinese patent medicines for children only. There were 7 types of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes， such as wind-cold attacking the lung， wind-heat invading the lung and phlegm-heat obstructing the lung. There were 45 Chinese patent medicines for treating exogenous cough， accounting for 60%， among which 35 kinds were used for exogenous wind-heat cough and 10 kinds were used for wind-cold cough. There were 30 kinds of Chinese patent medicines for treating internal injury cough， including 19 kinds of medicines for phlegm heat obstructing the lung， 4 kinds of medicines for phlegm dampness containing the lung and phlegm food stagnation， 2 kinds of medicines for Yin-deficiency lung heat， 1 kind of medicine for the lung and spleen Qi-deficiency. The formulation analysis showed that Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Platycodonis Radix， Scutellariae Radix， Armeniacae Semen Amarum and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium appeared frequently， which were mainly cold， bitter and sweet herbs， mainly belonged to the lung and stomach meridians. According to the analysis of administration and dosage forms， 71 kinds of Chinese patent medicines were administered through gastrointestinal tract， including 20 kinds of granules， 15 kinds of oral liquids， others included syrups， pills， capsules， tablets， powers， etc. Only 2 suppositories and 2 injections were administered by nongastrointestinal tract. The usage and dosage of most Chinese patent medicines were not clear. Conclusion:In the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia </italic>（part Ⅰ）， the main syndromes of Chinese patent medicines for cough of children are exogenous wind-heat and phlegm-heat obstruction in the lung. Most of the Chinese medicines are cold， bitter and sweet， and their meridians are mainly lung and stomach meridians. Scutellariae Radix， Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Forsythiae Fructus are the most common medicines of exogenous wind heat syndrome. Perillae Folium， Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium and Ephedrae Herba are the most common medicines of exogenous wind cold syndrome. Meanwhile， Scutellariae Radix， Platycodonis Radix and Armeniacae Semen Amarum are the most common medicines of phlegm heat obstructing the lung syndrome. At present， the dosage forms of Chinese patent medicines used for treating cough of children are too few and the dosage labeling is not comprehensive， so it is necessary to further strengthen the research and development of new Chinese medicines suitable for characteristics of children.

Pharmaceutical cocrystals: A review of preparations, physicochemical properties and applications

Pharmaceutical cocrystals are multicomponent systems in which at least one component is an active pharmaceutical ingredient and the others are pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients. Cocrystallization of a drug substance with a coformer is a promising and emerging approach to improve the performance of pharmaceuticals, such as solubility, dissolution profile, pharmacokinetics and stability. This review article presents a comprehensive overview of pharmaceutical cocrystals, including preparation methods, physicochemical properties, and applications. Furthermore, some examples of drug cocrystals are highlighted to illustrate the effect of crystal structures on the various aspects of active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as physical stability, chemical stability, mechanical properties, optical properties, bioavailability, sustained release and therapeutic effect. This review will provide guidance for more efficient design and manufacture of pharmaceutical cocrystals with desired physicochemical properties and applications.

Advances in research on pediatric oral liquid dosage forms / 中国药科大学学报

@#Liquid preparations are the commonly used oral dosage forms in pediatric clinical practice.This review introduces the pediatric oral liquid dosage forms including extemporaneous preparation of oral liquid formulations, oral liquid sustained and controlled release formulations, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, self-nanoemulsions and milk-based liquid formulations.In addition, the efficient flavoring and taste masking technologies, using safe pharmaceutical excipients, high-demanding technical standards and verification strategies, establishing excellent workflow management systems can contribute to the development and application of pediatric oral liquid dosage forms which are safer, more effective and better compliant.This review is helpful in laying the relevant theoretical foundation for further studies on pediatric oral liquid dosage forms.

Research progress on action and new dosage form oftanshinone IIA inliver diseases / 中国药理学通报

Liver diseases is one of serious public health problems due to their high global prevalence and poor long-term clinical outcomes. As a main active ingredient extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza, Tanshinone II A (Tan IIA) has been widely studied because of its various biological activities. Many experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that Tan IIA can prevent and slow down the progression of various diseases through anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, anti-angiogenesis and other ways. Moreover, it can treat a variety of diseases including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, liver diseases, cancerand neurodegenerative diseases. However, Tan IIA is a highly hydrophobic compound with the disadvantages of poor oral absorption and bioavailability. To improve the current applications of Tan IIA, it is necessary to prepare new drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, solid dispersions. In this article, an overview of Tan H A will be given with emphasis on the therapeutic activity and newly prepared dosage forms in liver diseases, including inflammation-related liver damage, liver fibrosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review may provide theoretical clues for clinical therapeutic applications of Tan IIA in liver diseases.

Study on the inclusion technic of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in tea tree oil and evaluation of its included compounds / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective@#This study takes hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) as the inclusion materials to optimize the preparation technic of tea tree oil (TTO) and evaluate its pharmaceutical performance.@*Methods@#Take the production rate of HP-β-CD tea tree oil inclusion and entrapment rate as the evaluation index, taking the orthogonal test method to optimize the production technic of tea tree oil (HP-β-CD inclusion and using infrared (IR), differential thermal scanning (DSC) method to characterize the inclusion compound to analyze the stability of TTO-HP-β-CD.@*Results@#The best technic to produce HP-β-CD tea tree oil is as follow: the ratio of TTO and HP-β-CD should be equal to 1/10, at 40 ℃, within 1 h. The average drug loading shoud be 9.25% ± 3.25%. The IR, DSC characterization results showed that the characteristic peak of tea tree oil disappeared after the microspheres, which indicated the HP-β-CD encapsulated the tea tree oil with good compatibility. In 80 ℃ water bath, the TTO-HP-β-CD was stable with the retention rate 40% after 8 h, the retention rate was 4.32 times than that of the unwrapped tea tree oil.@*Conclusions@#The HP-β-CD tea tree oil obviously has higher rate of inclusion and stability. Therefore, it’s worth to promoting and being used in the pharmacy preparations and cosmetics field.

The parametric measurementof physico-chemical parameter and three types of effective components in Jiedu-Zhixue Decoction / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective@#To set up a method to measure the content of baicaline, wogonoside, and paeonol in Jiedu-Zhixue Decoction extract and to measure their physico-chemical parameters.@*Methods@#By using HPLC analytical methods to measure the content of baicaline, wogonoside, and paeonol in Jiedu-Zhixue Decoction extract. The RP18 column was adopted, gradient eluted with mobile phase of acetonitrile-1% phosphoric acid water, flow rate was 1 ml/min, detection wavelength was 274 nm, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The method quantitatively analyze the compound extracts of baicaline, wogonoside and paeonol were used.@*Results@#The method isrepeatable, stable with good recorey rates. The calibration curves of baicaline was in good linearity over the range of 0.191 2-1.147 2 μg. The calibration curves of wogonoside was in good linearity over the range of 0.041 5-0.207 4 μg. The calibration curves of paeonol was in good linearity over the range of 0.019 5-0.156 3 μg. There was no significant difference among the component of 3 different batches of Jiedu-Zhixue Decoction extract, and the pH value range was 5.240-5.753, relative density range was 0.846-0.889.@*Conclusions@#The method used in this stydy to measure the effective components of Jiedu-Zhixue Decoction extract was stable and feasible, which is suitable for quality control of Jiedu-Zhixue Decoction.

Linguistic and cultural adaptation to the Portuguese language of antimicrobial dose adjustment software / Adaptação linguística e cultural para a língua portuguesa de um software para ajuste de dose de antimicrobianos

ABSTRACT Objective To adapt an antibiotic dose adjustment software initially developed in English, to Portuguese and to the Brazilian context. Methods This was an observational, descriptive study in which the Delphi method was used to establish consensus among specialists from different health areas, with questions addressing the visual and operational aspects of the software. In a second stage, a pilot experimental study was performed with the random comparison of patients for evaluation and adaptation of the software in the real environment of an intensive care unit, where it was compared between patients who used the standardized dose of piperacillin/tazobactam, and those who used an individualized dose adjusted through the software Individually Designed and Optimized Dosing Strategies. Results Twelve professionals participated in the first round, whose suggestions were forwarded to the software developer for adjustments, and subsequently submitted to the second round. Eight specialists participated in the second round. Indexes of 80% and 90% of concordance were obtained between the judges, characterizing uniformity in the suggestions. Thus, there was modification in the layout of the software for linguistic and cultural adequacy, minimizing errors of understanding and contradictions. In the second stage, 21 patients were included, and there were no differences between doses of piperacillin in the standard dose and adjusted dose Groups. Conclusion The adapted version of the software is safe and reliable for its use in Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo Adaptar um software de ajuste de dose de antibióticos inicialmente elaborado em língua inglesa para o português e a conjuntura brasileira. Métodos Trata-se de estudo observacional, descritivo, em que foi utilizado o método Delphi para estabelecer consenso entre especialistas de diferentes áreas da saúde, com perguntas que abordaram os aspectos visuais e operacionais do software. Em uma segunda etapa, foi realizado um estudo piloto, experimental, com alocação aleatória dos pacientes, para avaliação e adaptação do software em ambiente real de uma unidade de tratamento intensivo, onde foram comparadas diferenças entre pacientes que utilizaram dose padronizada usual de piperacilina/tazobactam, e os que utilizaram a dose individualizada ajustada por meio do software Individually Designed Optimum Dosing Strategies. Resultados Participaram da primeira rodada 12 profissionais cujas sugestões foram encaminhadas ao desenvolvedor do software para adequação e ajustes, e posteriormente submetidas à segunda rodada. Oito especialistas participaram da segunda rodada. Foram obtidos índices de 80% e 90% de concordância entre os juízes, caracterizando uniformidade nas sugestões. Dessa forma, houve modificação no layout do software para adequação linguística e cultural, minimizando erros de entendimento e contradições. Na segunda etapa, foram incluídos 21 pacientes, e não houve diferenças entre doses de piperacilina nos grupos dose padronizada e dose ajustada. Conclusão A versão adaptada do software é segura e confiável para seu uso no Brasil.

Optimized the preparation process of thermo-sensitive Yinhuang ophthalimic gel by central composite design-response surface method / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To optimize the preparation technology of thermo-reversible Yinhuang opthalimic gel by the central composite design-response surface method.Methods The poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188 were used as the investigation factors, and the evaluation index was the gel temperature. Central composite design-response surface method was used to evaluate the mathematic relation between the evaluation index and tow investigation indexes to identify the optimum prescription.Results According to the quadratic models, it was found that there was reliable quantitative relation between the evaluation index and two investigation indexes,among which the optimun dosage was 20％ for P407, 1％ for P188, 0.1％ for hyaluronic acid, 0.01％ for benzalkonium chloride, 0.02％ for EDTA.Conclusions This method is reliable and feasible, whicn can realize the prescription optimization of the gel.

New approaches to identification and characterization of tioconazole in raw material and in pharmaceutical dosage forms / 药物分析学报

Tioconazole (TCZ), a broad-spectrum antifungal agent, has significant activity against Candida albicans and other Candida species, and therefore, it is indicated for the topical treatment of superficial mycoses. The main goal of this work is to report an exhaustive identification and characterization procedure to improve and facilitate the online quality control and continuous process monitoring of TCZ in bulk material and loaded in two different dosage forms: ovules and nail lacquer. The methodologies were based on thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), melting point, and thermogravimetry (TG)), spectroscopic (ultraviolet (UV), Raman, near infrared (NIR), infrared spectroscopy coupled to attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)), microscopic and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The TCZ bulk powder showed a high crystallinity, as observed by XRD, with a particles size dis-tribution (3–95 mm) resolved by microscopic measurements. TCZ melting point (82.8℃) and a de-gradation peak centered at 297.8 ℃ were obtained by DSC and DTG, respectively. An unambiguous structure elucidation of TCZ was obtained by mono- and two- dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectral data analysis. The FTIR-ATR, Raman and NIR spectra of both the raw material and the commercial products were analyzed and their characteristic bands were tabulated. The best methods for TCZ identification in ovules were DSC, TG, XRD, NIR and Raman, while NIR and FTIR-ATR were the most appropriate tech-niques to analyze it in the nail lacquer. DSC, TG, DRX, Raman, FTIR-ATR and NIR spectroscopy are effective techniques to be used in online process analysis, because they do not require sample preparation, and they are considerably sensitive to analyze complex samples.

Comparing the antibody titers of sequential program of Sabin strain-based inactivated poliovirus vaccine followed by bivalent types 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine in different dosage forms / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To evaluate the antibody titer distributions after primary vaccination by different sequential schedules of Sabin strain-based inactivated poliovirus vaccine(sIPV) and bivalent oral attenuated live poliomyelitis vaccine against types 1 and 3 (bOPV) in Drug Candy(DC) form or liquid dosage form. Methods Eligible infants of 2 months old selected in Liuzhou were assigned randomly in a ratio of 1:1:1:1 to 4 groups as following: sIPV+2bOPV(DC), sIPV+2bOPV(liquid), 2sIPV+bOPV(DC), 2sIPV+bOPV(liquid), and were vaccinated at 0, 28, 56 days. Polio neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 were tested prior to Dose 1 and at 28 days after Dose 3. Results The antibody titer distribution for type 1 was statistically different between sIPV+2bOPV(DC) and sIPV+2bOPV(liquid) (Z=-2.589, P=0.010) while no significant differences were detected between the two groups for type 2(Z=-0.331, P=0.741) and type 3(Z=-1.556, P=0.120). There were no significant differences between 2sIPV +bOPV(DC) and 2sIPV+bOPV(liquid) for the distributions(All P>0.05) (type 1: Z=-1.249, P=0.212; type 2: Z=-1.658, P=0.097; type 3: Z=-1.436, P=0.151). In the same dosage forms with different sequential schedules, the antibody titer distributions were significantly different between 2 doses sIPV and 1 dose sIPV groups(All P<0.05)(sIPV+2bOPV(liquid) vs 2sIPV+bOPV(liquid): type 1: Z=-2.766, P=0.006; type 2: Z=-9.137, P<0.001; type 3: Z=-5.529, P<0.001. sIPV+2bOPV(DC) vs 2sIPV+bOPV(DC): type 1: Z=-3.748, P<0.001; type 2: Z=-7.660, P<0.001; type 3: Z=-6.030, P<0.001). Conclusions Different dosage forms have similar immune effects, so appropriate dosage forms should be selected for vaccination according to the effectiveness, characteristics of subjects and the population density. In the case of sufficient supply of sIPV, 2 doses sIPV sequential program should be the first choice to complete the primary immunization.

Research progress on pharmacokinetics and dosage forms of crocin and crocetin / 中草药

Crocin is derived from stigmas of Crocus sativus and fruits of Gardenia jasminoides. It is a type of unique water-soluble carotenoids with long conjugate, possessing remarkable neuroprotection, cardiovascular protection, antitumor, and other pharmacological activities. Data showed that orally administrated crocin couldn’t permeate into the bloodstream as the prototype, but it can be absorbed into the blood circulation after being hydrolyzed to crocetin in gastrointestinal tract. Then, crocetin is converted to glucuronic acid conjugate. Moreover, the metabolite crocetin are mainly distributed in heart, liver, spleen, lung, and other blood-rich tissues. In view of the low bioavailability and poor stability of crocin and its metabolite crocetin, researchers have extensively employed novel drug delivery system to study crocin (crocetin) in order to improve its stability, bioavailability, and pharmacological activity. This article reviews in vivo metabolism of crocin (crocetin) in recent years and investigations on drug delivery system, therefore, facilitating further research and development of these natural products.

Optimization of extraction technology for Gegen-Shujin granules with orthogonal test / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To optimize the extraction technology for Gegen-Shujin granules. Methods With yield of volatile oil as index, single factor tests were used to investigate effects of water, soaking time and distillation time on extraction technology of volatile oil. The water amount, extraction time and numbers of extraction as factors, the contents of puerarin and total solid as indexes, orthogonal test was employed to optimize the extraction technology of Gegen-Shujin granules. Results The optimical extraction technology conditions were as follows: Cinnamomi Ramulus, cinnamomi ramulus, notopterygium, turmeric were extracted to get volatile oil with eight-folds amount water of herbs for 6 hours; while the other herbs were boiled with ten-folds amount water of herbs and extrancted for two times, 1.5 hours each time. Conclusions This extraction process is reasonable and practical, and can guarantee the quality of preparation.

Preparation and quality evaluation of hydroxysafflor yellow A solid lipid nanoparticles / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To optimize the formulation and preparation technology of hydroxy safflower yellow A solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluate its quality. Metheds Hydroxy safflower yellow A solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by the method of hot melt emulsification ultrasonic-low temperature using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a lipid material and glyceryl monostearate as an emulsifier. Using entrapment efficiency as indexes, the amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, purified water, glyceryl monostearate, and Tween 80 aqueous solution (1%) as factors, orthogonal test was applied to optimize the formulation and preparation technology. Dialysis method was used to measure encapsulation efficiency. The morphology and uniformity of the nanoparticles were observed by transmission scanning electron microscopy. The particle size, polydispersion index and Zeta potential were determined by nano-particle size analyzer. And hydroxy safflower yellow A solid lipid nanoparticles sustained releasing characteristics was evaluated by the percentage of cumulative drug release. Results The optimal process of prepared hydroxy safflower yellow A solid lipid nanoparticles was 5 mg of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, 0.2 ml of purified water, 100 mg of glyceryl monostearate, and 1.8 ml of Tween 80 aqueous solution (1%). The size of the prepared nanoparticles was uniform and spherical. And the average particle size were (99.85 ± 3.04) nm, polydispersion index were (0.390 ± 0.021), Zeta potential were (-27.63 ± 2.12) mV, and the encapsulation efficiency of the hydroxy safflower yellow A solid lipid nanoparticles were (63.35 ± 2.65)%. The release rate of the nanoparticles was (44.35 ± 0.49)%. Conclusions The prepared hydroxy safflower yellow A solid lipid nanoparticles have good uniformity and good sustained release properties.

Analysis and consideration based on first classical prescriptions / 中国中药杂志

Classical prescriptions are precious wealth left by ancient Chinese medical scientists. Moreover,they are also the important part of the treasure-house in Chinese medicine. Classical prescriptions have a long and rich history for human-use in China and play an important role in keeping people healthy. The state administration of traditional medicine of China published the Catalogue of Classical Prescriptions(first batch) in 2018. This measure has inspired the enthusiasm of Chinese medicine manufacturers to study ancient classical prescriptions and develop classical compound prescriptions. Based on the first batch of classical prescriptions, the dosage forms, sources, prescription components, decocting degree, use of toxic drugs and processing methods of classical prescriptions. The results showed that most of the classical prescriptions in the first batch were decoction and boiled powder,while only four of them were powder and paste forms,all of which were originated from representative classics in the past dynasties. The dosage and decocting degree of decoction were greater than those of boiled powder. The dosage and decocting degree of decoction in Han and Tang Dynasties was close to that in Ming and Qing Dynasties,higher than that in Song and Jin Dynasties. Moreover,the average number of herbs in the prescriptions in Han Dynasty was the smallest. The use of toxic traditional Chinese medicine was the most frequent in Han Dynasty, and Pinellia ternata was the most common toxic medicine. There were various processing methods, including cleansing, cutting, stir-frying, roasting and so on. In this paper, the dosage forms of traditional paste, the time concept of decoction in the ancient times, the traditional roasting method and the processing method of toxic drugs were summarized to provide ideas and reference for further development of classical prescriptions.