Effect of antimicrobial use density on resistance rate of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To analyze the correlation between antimicrobial use density (AUD) and change in antimicrobial resistance rate of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SM), and explore the influencing factors of antimicrobial resistance of SM. Methods Antimicrobial resistance rate of SM and AUD of commonly used antimicrobial agents in patients in a hospital from 2012 to 2017 were summarized, correlation was analyzed with Pearson correlation method. Results A total of 23 994 strains of gram-negative bacteria were isolated, of which 1 331 strains (5.55％) were SM, mainly from sputum (54.02％) and distributed in intensive care unit (21.49％). Resistance rates of SM to ceftazidime, levofloxacin, and compound sulfamethoxazole were 21.79％, 7.66％, and 13.37％ respectively, resistance rates to levofloxacin showed an increasing trend year by year (P＜0.05). Resistance rate of SM to levofloxacin was positively correlated with the use intensity of β-lactamase inhibitors, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, and oxazolidinones (all P＜0.05); resistance rate to compound sulfamethoxazole was positively correlated with the use intensity of macrolides (P＜0.05).Conclusion Change in resistance rates of SM to levofloxacin and compound sulfamethoxazole are positively correlated with the use intensity of some commonly used antimicrobial agents, reducing AUD is beneficial to the control and reducing of the resistance of SM.

Distribution and analysis of clinical multi-drug resistant bacteria in a comprehensive hospital / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To understand the distribution characteristics of clinical multi-drug resistant bacteri-a,provide a scientific evidence for control of infection and rational use of antibiotics.Methods The distribu-tion of multi-drug resistant bacteria in the hospital for three years was analyzed retrospectively.Results There were 19 354 non-repeating strains from 2014 to 2016,and 21.9%(4 234)of the total strains were multi-ple resistant strains.Among them,ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli was the most,followed by carbapene-re-sistant Acinetobacter baumannii(MDR-AB),ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae,multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MDR-AB),Production of carbapene-enzyme Enterobacteriaceae bacteria(CRE), vancomycin-resistant enterococci(VRE),concentrate mainly on the ICU for high-risk areas of infection.The most were from the respiratory system specimens,followed by the urinary system specimens.Conclusion Multiple resistant bacteria are growing critical.There should be more attention to be paid in bacteriological ex-amination for clinic,the clinical isolation of pathogenic microorganisms in the hospital should be grasped.The antimicrobial agents should be rationally applied according to the results of bacterial susceptibility,in addition the management of antimicrobial agents and multi-drug monitoring should be strengthened.

Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens isolated from patients with brain damage in hyperbaric oxygenation department / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To study the isolation and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens isolated from patients with brain damage in hyperbaric oxygenation department,so as to provide reference for clinical anti-infective treatment.Methods Bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results of pathogens isolated from blood,sputum,and urine specimens of 975 patients with brain damage in the hyperbaric oxygenation department of a hospital between January 2013 and December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively.Results A total of 1 328 strains of pathogens were detected,877(66.04%)of which were gram-negative bacteria,213(16.04%)were gram-positive bacteria,and 238(17.92%)were fungi.The top five isolated pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli,Acinetobacter baumannii,and Candida albicans.Specimens mainly isolated from sputum and urine,accounting for 58.59%and 35.24%respectively,resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Acinetobacter baumannii,and Escherichia coli to imipenem were 16.67%,81.82%,82.44%,and 4.65%respectively.Vancomycin-resistant strains was not found among gram-positive bacteria,resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis to most antimicrobial agents were lower than those of Enterococcus faecium.Conclusion Respiratory and urinary tract infection account for most of the infection in patients with brain damage in hyperbaric oxygenation department,gram-negative bacteria are the predominant pathogens causing infection.

Effect of antimicrobial use density on antimicrobial resistance rate of healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus half a year later / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To explore the effect of antimicrobial use density (AUD) on the detection rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and antimicrobial resistance rate of healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus (HA-SA) half a year later.Methods From 2012 to 2015,all types of AUD,detection rate of MRSA,and antimicrobial resistance rate of HA-SA were calculated semiannually,correlation between antimicrohial resistance rate of HA-SA and all types of AUD in the same first half of year were analyzed with correlation analysis and multiple linear regression.Results From the first half of 2012 to the latter half of 2015,the total AUD declined from 128.2 to 49.0,except the AUD of carbapenems rose,AUD of other antimicrobial agents declined.From the latter half of 2012 to the latter half of 2015,104 249 patients were admitted to the hospital,and 1 008 strains of SA were isolated from 40 884 specimens,857 (85.02％) of which were community-associated SA(CA SA) and 151 (14.98％) were HA-SA.Isolation rate of HA-MRSA declined from 31.25％ in the latter half of 2012 to 12.50％ in the latter half of 2015;isolation rate of CA-MRSA rose from 7.08％ to 16.08％,resistance rate of HA-SA was generally higher than that of CA-SA.Antimicrobial resistance rate of HA-SA to ciprofloxacin remained the same,to levofloxacin increased,to 8 other antimicrobial agents all declined;resistance rates of CA-SA to oxacillin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin,gentamicin,and levofloxacin increased,but to other antimicrobial agents declined;no SA strains was found to be resistant to vancomycin and linezolid.The resistance rate of HA-SA to azithromycin and erythrocin was correlated with the AUD of macrolides,resistance rate of HA-SA to clindamycin was correlated wvith the AUD of aminoglycosides,to gentamicin was correlated with the AUD of macrolides and the total AUD.Conclusion The selective pressure of antimicrobial agents is still the important cause of the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance,decreasing the AUD of antimicrobial agents will help for reducing the detection rate of HA-MRSA and drug resistance rate of HA-SA.

Correlation between antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii and utilization of antimicrobial agents in our hospital / 中国基层医药

Objective To analyze the correlation between the resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii and the utilization of antimicrobial agents in the hospitalized patients of Beijng Chuiyangliu Hospital,and provide the basis for clinical rational use antimicrobial agents.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted for the drug resistance rate and specimen source of the 2 194 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii from 2010 to 2014 in the hospital and DDDs/DUI of antimicrobial agents was analyzed by Pearson correlation.Results The resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii was positively correlated with the DDDs and DUI of imipenem/cilastatin(r=0.991,0.994,all P<0.01), and was positively correlated with the DDDs of cefepime(r=0.934,P=0.020).The resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii to amikacin was positively correlated with the DDDs of etimicin(r=0.931,P=0.022).The resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii was negatively correlated with the DUI of levofloxacin(r =-0.986,P =0.002). Conclusion The resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii was high and there was correlation between the drug resistance and the utilization of some antimicrobial agents.

Analysis on the infection and drug susceptibility of mycoplasma in 1 9 530 cases of urogenital tract infections / 重庆医学

Objective To analyze the status of mycoplasma infection and drug resistance in the local area,and provide the ba-sis for clinical rational drug use.Methods The specimens obtained from 1 9 530 patients with urogenital tract infection were detec-ted by adopting mycoplasma culture,identification and drug sensitivity integration kit.Mycoplasma infection and drug susceptibility were analyzed.Results In the total of 1 9 530 suspected patients specimens,1 1 1 78 cases were positive with a positive rate 57.24%.The positive rate of ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu)and mycoplasma hominis (MH)was 44.63% and 0.44% respectively and the positive rate of Uu and Mh mixed infection was 12.1 7%.The positive rate of female was higher than that of male and the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05).The positive rate of mycoplasma in 2008-2014 was on the rise;The sensitive rate of mycoplasma to josamycin,doxycycline,minocycline element,clarithromycin was 88.57%,84.32%,76.09% and 71.53% respec-tively,mycoplasma was highly drug resistance to quinolone antibiotics;mixed infection resistance was higher than that of single in-fection;The number of drug resistance of Uu,MH and Uu+MH to 12 kinds of antibiotics increase.Conclusion Mycoplasma infec-tion in urogenital tract is mainly caused by Uu and Mh infection is in mixed infection way;josamycin,doxycycline is the first choice for treatment of mycoplasma in this region.Rational drug choise can be based on the drug susceptibility test.Multiple drug resist-ance of mycoplasma is serious and should be paid attention to.

Analysis of antibacterial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during 2010-2013 / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) so as to guide the reasonable clinical use of antibiotics .Methods The results of drug susceptibility testing of PA strains isolated from pa‐tients in the Hongqiao Hospital from Jan .2010 to Dec .2013 and distribution of specimens were retrospectively analyzed .The WHO‐NET5 .5 software was used for data statistic analysis .Results A total of 752 PA strains were isolated and were most isolated from sputum(accounted for 86 .8% ) ,followed with secretions(accounted for 5 .7% ) .The drug resistance rates of PA to imipenem ,mero‐penem and cefoperazone‐sulbactam were 1 .6% ,2 .9% and 1 .9% ,respectively ;while the drug resistance rates to ciprofloxacin ,levo‐floxacin ,amikacin ,gentamicin ,tobramycin ,cefepime and piperacillin‐tazobactam were 11 .3% ,12 .5% ,14 .0% ,16 .5% ,15 .0% , 11 .6% and 14 .1% ,respectively ;the drug resistance rates to other antibiotics were higher than 20 .0% .The drug resistance rate to sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim was the highest(81 .4% ) .Conclusion PA may mainly induce respiratory tract infections ,and the drug resistance rates of PA to the commonly used antibiotics are relatively low .The clinicians should reasonably use antibiotics so as to reduce the resistant strains .

Drug-resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis during 2006 to 2013 in a Korean tertiary medical center

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We evaluated the trend in the rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) over time, as well as the difference in the drug-resistance pattern between pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) at a private referral center in South Korea. METHODS: All patients with culture-confirmed TB from 2006 to 2013 were included. RESULTS: In total, 1,745 patients were included: 1,431 (82.0%) were new cases, and 314 (18.0%) were cases treated previously; 1,610 (92.3%) were diagnosed with PTB, and 135 (7.7%) were diagnosed with EPTB. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB were detected in 5.8% and 2.0% of new cases and in 20.1% and 8.6% of previously treated cases, respectively. The MDR TB rate during the study period decreased remarkably, whereas the MDR and XDR TB rates decreased significantly in previously treated cases. No difference in the drug-resistance rate was detected between PTB and EPTB. CONCLUSIONS: The TB drug-resistance rate, particularly that of MDR TB, remained high at a private referral hospital, and the drug-resistance rate did not decrease significantly from 2006 to 2013. This finding underscores the need for a national survey regarding the prevalence of drug-resistant TB to obtain the most accurate and current drug-resistance status in South Korea, including the private sector.

DISTRIBUTION AND DRUG RESISTANCE OF 689 STRAINS OF ACINETOBACTER BAU-MANNII / 现代医院

Objective To explore the distribution of Acinetobacter baumannii and its drug resistance to 17 antimicro-bial agents to provide basis for clinical treatment.Methods The data of 689 strains of A.baumannii from Jan.2010 to Dec. 2012 were collected and reviewed for bacterial identification and drug sensitive test and then analyzed using WHONET 5.4. Results 689 strains of A.baumannii isolates were broadly distributed in sputum (75.5%), most primarily isolated from the ICU (36.9%).The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the drug resistance rate of Ab was the highest to Bactrim (36.3%), followed by gentamicin (29.0%), and the lowest to cefperazone-sulbactam (8.0%).The drug resistance rate of Ab to cefperazone-sulbactam was the lowest (8.5%) in 2012.In the three years, the drug resistance rate of Ab to imipenem was the biggest rise (14.5%);while to gatifloxacin and levofloxacin declined.The drug resistance rate of Ab to gatifloxacin dropped by 13.1%, which was bigger than that to levofloxacin (9.5%).The drug resistance rates of Ab to the rest antimi-crobial agents fluctuated insignificantly, but were all in an increasing trend.Conclusion Acinetobacter baummannii mainly distribute in sputum of patients in the ICU and department of respiratory diseases, and its detection rate and drug resistance rate are increasing year by year.

Analysis on drug resistance in 78 strains of meticillinˉresistant Staphylococcus aureus / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To analyze the drug resistance characteristics of 78 strains of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)for guiding rational use of antibiotics in clinic.Methods 78 strains of MRSA were collected in our hospital from Septem-ber 2013 to March 2014;their antimicrobial susceptibility test and the drug resistant gene were detected by the MIC method and PCR respectively.Results The resistance of MRSA to erythromycin was more than 90%,which to tetracycline and clindamycin was close to 90%,which to quinolones was more than 70%,which to aminoglycosides was more than 50%,which to trimethoprim and sulphame-thoxazole,nitrofurantoin and rifampicin was lower;no strains were resistant to tigecycline,quinupristin/dalfopristin, vancomycin,linezolid;77 strains of MRSA were positive for mecA gene.Conclusion The drug resistance rate of isolated MRSA in our hospital is roughly the same with that reported,but which still has difference among different departments;clinic should select drugs according to the drug susceptibility test results for preventing aggravation of MRSA drug resistance.

Prediction of drug resistance trend of Helicobacter pylori in southeast coastal area of Zhejiang province / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective Study the drug resistance trend of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) based on polynomial regression equation to provide reference for clinical medication.Methods A total of 3496 clinical isolates of H.pylori collected from 2007 to 2012 were used for drug sensitivity test of six common-used drugs to evaluate the resistance rate of each drug.Correlation analysis were performed on each of the two drugs.Constructed log curve,exponential curve,inverted exponential curve,polynomial curve and sigmoid curve for each kind of drug resistance rate and did regression analysis for each drug resistance rate.Results According to the results of drug sensitivity test from 2007 to 2012,amoxicillin,furazolidone and gentamicin had strong antibacterial activity to H.pylori and got a lower drug resistance rate.The resistance rate of levofloxacin and clarithromycin were increasing year by year and the resistance of metronidazole had been maintained at a high level.The predictive drug resistance rate of clarithromycin,metronidazole,levofloxacin,amoxycillin,gentamicin and furaxone in 2013 were 21.49％,95.47％,20.70％,0.10％,0.09％ and 0.10％,respectively.The results were consistent with those of H.pylori infection rate in Southeast China performed by Jianzhong Zhang.Conclusion A certain quantitative relationship exists between the time and the helicobacter resistance rate.The established model can be used to predict the future trend of H.pylori resistance rate.It can be used to guide clinical rotation,the restriction of the use of antibiotics,and to reduce the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

A study on the pathogenic characteristics and traceability of Vibrio cholera strains circulated in Hubei province in 2012 / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the pathogenic characteristics of Vibrio cholera strains isola-ted from Hubei province in 2012 , and to identify the source of infection by analyzing their genetic correla-tions.Methods The biochemical identification , toxin gene detection and drug susceptibility test were car-ried out to analyze a total of 35 Vibrio cholera strains isolated from three epidemic areas .Comparison of ge-nomic DNA fingerprints and cluster analysis among isolates of Vibrio cholera was conducted by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ( PFGE ) .Results All of the 35 strains were Vibrio cholera O139 , of which 71.42%were toxic strains.The drug resistance rates of Vibrio cholera strains to tetracycline, cotrimoxazole and rifampincin were 57.14%, 88.57%and 80.00%, respectively.Analysis of genomic DNA fingerprints of the isolates showed highly similar with similarity values ranging from 80%-100%.Most of the strains iso-lated from the same epidemic area fell into the same one cluster with 100% homology in genome Only a strain isolated from turtle in Jingzhou area was belong to a different cluster .Conclusion The Vibrio cholera O139 strains were the dominant strains causing the outbreaks of cholera in Hubei province in 2012 .Most of them were toxigenic strains .A large majority of the strains had developed resistance to tetracycline , cotri-moxazole and rifampincin , but all strains showed high susceptibility to ceftriaxone and imipenem .Vibrio cholera strains isolated from the same epidemic area were mainly belonged to the same one cluster , sugges-ting the same source of infection .However, the strains varied among different epidemic area .Follow-up in-vestigations of three outbreaks of cholera in this study were all associated with food infection .Therefore , more attention should be paid to food sanitation and safety measurement .Although a non-toxigenic strain iso-lated from turtle was not associated with the epidemic of cholera , surveillance for seafood and aquatic prod-ucts would still be necessary .

Analysis of Distribution and Drug Resistance of 357 No-Pseudomonas aeruginosa / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate spectrum and drug resistance of No-Pseudomonas aeruginosa,to provide the basis for proper use of antibiotics and prevent patients from hospital acquired infection.METHODS API staph analysis system and the K-B agar diffusion test according to NCCLS were used to identify 357 strains of No-Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to performe drug sensitivity test.RESULTS From 2004 to 2008,357 strains of No-Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated.There are 233 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains(65.27%,233/357),55 Burkholderia cepacia strains(15.41%,55/357).Sputum was the main sourse of No-P.aeruginosa(88.52%,316/357).The isolation rate of No-P.aeruginosa was the highest in intensive care units(38.10%,136/357),the next was department of respiratorymedicine(23.53%,84/357).The results of drug susceptibility test showed that the resistance rate of No-P.aeruginosa to most drugs were higher,only the resistance rates of S.maltophilia to minocycline,gatifloxacin and levofloxacin were lower,(3.26%,20.55% and 20.83% respectively),The resistance rates of B.cepacia to meropenem,piperacillin/tazobactam and Imipenem were lower,being 29.17%,33.33% and 39.62% respectively.CONCLUSIONS The most common strains is S.maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia,the most common site of infection is lower respiratory tract,Most strains of S.maltophilia are isolated from ICU and department of respiratory diseases.The result of drug sensitive test showed that there were high rates of multiple drug resistance in No-P.aeruginosa and treatment of No-P.aeruginosa infection should be based on the results of the drug susceptibility test.

Characteristics of Nosocomial Infection and Bacterial Strains in a Rehabilitation Center / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the characteristics of nosocomial infection,bacterial strains and antimicrobial resistance to provide references for the clinical application of drugs.METHODS Using the combined methods of initiative monitoring and recalling system to carry on the clinical informations′statistics,the analysis and the judgment for the 912 inpatients in the rehabilitation center from Jan Oct,2007 to oct,2008 were undertaken.RESULTS The rate of nosocomial infection was 16.9%,the infection site was in mainly respiratory tract,the next was urinary tract.The pathogens were mainly Gram-negative bacteria,in whith Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the top three.The resistance rate of 34 strains of E.coli to ampicillin was up to 83.0% and to quinolones was 70.0%.13 strains of P.aeruginosa were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem.The resistance rate of K.pneumoniae to the common drug was raising,to piperacillin and aztreonam was 90.0%.CONCLUSIONS The antibiotics must be choosen rationally to enhance effectiveness,reduce side effect and make the resistant strains decreasing in number.

Drug Resistance Rate of New Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Treated from the Private Sector in 2003~2005 / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: Surveillance of TB drug resistance (DR) is essential for providing information on the magnitude and trends in resistance, for developing treatment guidelines and for monitoring the effect of interventions. Up to now national surveys of drug resistance of M. tuberculosis have been conducted four times since 1994 among patients registered at health centers. The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of primary drug resistance among new cases identified in private sector, and to compare it with the previous national drug resistance surveys. METHODS: The study collected results of drug susceptibility testing (DST) performed at the Korean Institute of Tuberculosis by the request of private sector from January 2003 to December 2005, and then finally selected new cases for the analysis from the database of Korean TB Surveillance (KTBS) by matching patients' name and social identification numbers. RESULTS: Of the 5,132 new patients included in the study, 689 (13.4%) patients were found to have drug resistance at least one drug, 530 patients (10.3%) were isoniazid resistant, 195 patients (3.8%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR), and 21 patients (0.4%) were extensively drug resistant (XDR). The rate of drug resistance tended to decrease annually but it was not statistically significant. When compared with previous national DR surveys in 2003 and in 2004 respectively, they were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of DR among new cases managed in the private sector did not show significant difference from that of new patients registered in the public sector in the same year.

Correlation Between Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption of Antimicrobials and Countermeasures for Clinical Treatment / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the consumption of antibiotics and the trend of antibiotic resistance rate in our hospital for clinical reference of rational application of antibiotics. METHODS:The consumption of antibiotics in our hospital from 2007 to 2008 was investigated by DDDs analytical method,and the synchronous isolation results of the pathogens and the resistance rates of pathogens to different kinds of antibiotics were analyzed comparatively to search a countermeasure for clinical treatment with antibiotics. RESULTS: In terms of DDDs,leading the list was ?-lactam,followed by macrolides. The infection in our hospital was mostly induced by Escherichia Coli,followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The resistance rates of pathogens to penicillins and macrolide antibiotics were the highest. Drug resistance rate was correlated to consumption of antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Anti-infective treatment should be carried out based on the drug susceptibility test;the use of antibiotics should be used rationally according to their clinical efficacy,and the consumption of antibiotics should be controlled to prevent or delay the production of antibiotic resistance.

Clinical Species Distribution and Drug Resistance of 201 Isolates of Enterococcus / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To study the clinical species distribution and drug resistance of Enterococcus.METHODS We had collected 201 isolates of Enterococcus by cultured in normal methods in our hospital from July 2005 to June 2008,and analyzed the characteristics of species distribution,drugsensitive test,drug resistance of high concentration aminoglycoside antibiotics and measured the ?-lactamase.RESULTS There are 106 E.faecalis strains(52.7%),76 E.faecium strains(37.8%) and 19 the other Enterococcus strains(9.5%).There were 102 Enerococcus strains separated from urine and 46 separated from sputamentum.The drug resistance rate of Enterococcus faecalis to erythromycin,tetracycline,rifampin and ciprofloxacin were more than 75.0% and the resistance rate of E.faecium to penicillin,ampicillin,erythromycin,rifampin,ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin were more than 93.0%;the total resistance rate of Enterococcus to vancomycin and teicoplanin were 14.4% and 10.4%,respectively.The number of the isolates resistant to high concentration aminoglycoside antibiotics was 151(75.1%);Enterococcus with positive ?-lactamase were 74(36.8%).CONCLUSIONS The infection in urinary system and respiratory system were mainly caused by E.faecalis and E.faeciumwith multidrug resistance.

Bacterial Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance in a General Hospital / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and resistance of commonly encountered pathogens in a General Hospital,and provide reference for antimicrobial agents usage.METHODS All pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the clinical specimens during the last four years and samples were identified.K-B method was performed to test the antibiotic resistance.RESULTS Among 1643 isolates,The Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Escherichia coli,and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphyococcus epidermidisand S.aureus were the main pathogens.The P.aeruginosa was highly resistant to broad-spectrum penicillins,third-generation cephalosprins,aminoglycosides and quinolones.But impenem showed activity against Gram-negative bacilli,with resistant rates less than

Drug Resistance and Pathogens in Critically Ill Patients with Pulmonary Infection / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the pathogens distribution and their antibiotic resistance in critically ill patients with pulmonary infection.METHODS Totally 171 isolates from sputa were studied and the drug sensitive test was analyzed in 103 critically ill patients.RESULTS These results showed that 29 G+ bacteria strains occupied 17.0%,there were 15 Staphylococcus aureus strains,11 S.epidermidis strains and 3 Enterococcus strains,respectively.In 107 G-bacteria strains occupied 62.6% were composed Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,Acinetobacter baumannii,Burkholderia cepacia and Klebsiella pneumoniae,and 35 strains were fungi,accounted for 20.5%,the main fungi were Candida albicans and C.tropicalis.The result of drug sensitive test showed that there were high rates of multiple drug resistance in most bacteria strains,but there were different drug resistance rates to different antibiotics.CONCLUSIONS G-bacilli play an important role in the pulmonary infections of these critically ill patients,the opportunistic pathogens,such as S.maltophilia are the main G-pathogens,and there are high percentages of drug resistance.The other bacteria such as S.aureus,K.pneumoniae,etc,have a multidrug resistance.Inspecting pathogens and studying the trend of their drug resistance are very important in reducing drug abuse and decreasing the rate of infection in hospital.

Pathogen Distribution and Drug-resistance to Antibacterial Agents Detected in Three Second-class Hospitals in Zhenjiang / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To isolate bacteria from three second-class hospitals in Zhenjiang Jiangsu Provine,to detect their drug(-resistance) to antibacterial(agents) and analyzed the results in order to find out pathogen distribution and drug(-resistance) trend of the common causative organism.METHODS We isolated 1661 strains of bacteria from clinical samples between 2002 and 2004,and analyze their drug-resistance.RESULTS The number of Gram-positive(bacteria) was 634,accounting for 38.2%,from them there were 312 strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis,and 148(coagulase)-positive S.aureus.Drug-fast of two above staphylococci was similar.The(resistance) rate to penicillin and to oxacillin surpassed 85%,that to erythromycins exceeded 75%,to quinolones and cephalosporins surpassed 30% and 35%,respectively.The resistance rate to(vancomycin) was zero.Gram-(negative) bacteria were 1 027 strains,accounted for 61.8%.(According) to quantity order,the first was Enterobacter(249 strains);then were Klebsiella(226 strains);Escherichia(167 strains);Pseudomonas aeruginosa(136 strains);and Proteus(62 strains).The resistant rate to semisyhthesized penicillins among the first five Gram-(negative) bacteria species,was the most,especially the Proteus.CONCLUSIONS Clinical doctors,the(laboratorians) and detecting infection department in hospital should markedly pay attention to drug-resistant(bacterium) detection,pathogen mutation and drug-resistance trend,in(order) to reasonably use antibacterial(agents).