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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the inhibitory effect of cordycepin on oral cancer xenograft in nude mice and explore the underlying mechanisms.@*METHODS@#Sixteen BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous human tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) TCA-8113 cell xenografts were randomized into model group and cordycepin treatment group for daily treatment with saline and cordycepin for 4 weeks. After the treatment, the tumor xenografts were dissected and weighed to assess the tumor inhibition rate. Histological changes in the heart, spleen, liver, kidney, and lung of the mice were evaluated with HE staining, and tumor cell apoptosis was examined using TUNEL staining; The expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, GRP78, CHOP, and caspase-12 in the xenografts were detected using RT-qPCR and Western blotting.@*RESULTS@#Cordycepin treatment resulted in a tumor inhibition rate of 56.09% in the nude mouse models, induced obvious changes in tumor cell morphology and significantly enhanced apoptotic death of the tumor cells without causing pathological changes in the vital organs. Cordycepin treatment also significantly reduced Bcl-2 expression (P < 0.05) and increased Bax, GRP78, CHOP, and caspase-12 expressions at both the RNA and protein levels in the tumor tissues.@*CONCLUSION@#Cordycepin treatment can induce apoptotic death of TCA-8113 cell xenografts in nude mice via the endogenous mitochondrial pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Mice , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy , Heterografts , Mice, Nude , Tongue Neoplasms/drug therapy , Cordyceps , Caspase 12 , Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP , bcl-2-Associated X Protein , TongueABSTRACT
To realize the non-destructive and rapid origin discrimination of Poria cocos in batches, this study established the P. cocos origin recognition model based on hyperspectral imaging combined with machine learning. P. cocos samples from Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Henan and Yunnan were used as the research objects. Hyperspectral data were collected in the visible and near infrared band(V-band, 410-990 nm) and shortwave infrared band(S-band, 950-2 500 nm). The original spectral data were divided into S-band, V-band and full-band. With the original data(RD) of different bands, multiplicative scatter correction(MSC), standard normal variation(SNV), S-G smoothing(SGS), first derivative(FD), second derivative(SD) and other pretreatments were carried out. Then the data were classified according to three different types of producing areas: province, county and batch. The origin identification model was established by partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) and linear support vector machine(LinearSVC). Finally, confusion matrix was employed to evaluate the optimal model, with F1 score as the evaluation standard. The results revealed that the origin identification model established by FD combined with LinearSVC had the highest prediction accuracy in full-band range classified by province, V-band range by county and full-band range by batch, which were 99.28%, 98.55% and 97.45%, respectively, and the overall F1 scores of these three models were 99.16%, 98.59% and 97.58%, respectively, indicating excellent performance of these models. Therefore, hyperspectral imaging combined with LinearSVC can realize the non-destructive, accurate and rapid identification of P. cocos from different producing areas in batches, which is conducive to the directional research and production of P. cocos.
Subject(s)
Hyperspectral Imaging , Wolfiporia , China , Least-Squares Analysis , Support Vector MachineABSTRACT
El género Cyttaria pertenece a la familia Cyttariaceae y sus especies son parásitos obligados de árboles del género Nothofagus. Se distribuye naturalmente en el hemisferio sur, encontrándose siete especies de Cyttaria presentes en nuestro país: C. berteroi, C. darwinii, C. espinosae, C. hariotii, C. hookeri, C. johowii y C. exigua, que comúnmente se conocen como "Digüeñes" y que tienen una gran importancia desde el punto de vista alimenticio, ya que han sido consumidos desde la prehistoria por pueblos originarios. En Chile se han realizado estudios sobre la taxonomía, ecología y propiedades medicinales de algunas especies del género Cyttaria y en esta revisión, se describen los caracteres macro y microscópicos e información relevante de las siete especies de este género presentes en nuestro país, de acuerdo a la literatura disponible y observaciones personales de la autora. Además, se presenta un resumen sobre los resultados de un estudio reciente de las propiedades bioactivas de las especies más consumidas en nuestro país. (AU)
The genus Cyttariabelongs to the family Cyttariaceae; its species are obligate parasites of trees of the genus Nothofagus. It is naturally distributed in the Southern Hemisphere, with seven species of Cyttariapresent in Chile: C. berteroi, C. darwinii, C. espinosae, C. hariotii, C. hookeri, C. johowiiand C. exigua, which are commonly known as "Digüeñes" and are of great nutritional importance, since they have been consumed from prehistory by native people. Studies have been carried out in Chile on the taxonomy, ecology and medicinal properties of some species of the genus Cyttaria. In this review, the macro and microscopic characteristics and relevant information of the seven species of this genus present in our country are described, according to the available literature and personal observations of the author. A summary of the results of a recent study of the bioactive properties of the most consumed species in our country is also presented. (AU)
Subject(s)
Ascomycota , Chile , Agaricales/cytology , Agaricales/growth & development , PhytochemicalsABSTRACT
RESUMEN La extracción de compuestos bioactivos de Pleurotus ostreatus por maceración dinámica, es un proceso sencillo y económico, que normalmente presenta baja eficiencia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el proceso de extracción para determinar qué tratamiento permite la mayor eficiencia, analizando la influencia de los factores de estudio: concentración de etanol (50 %, 80 %, 95 %) y relación sólido/solvente (1:10, 1:20, 1:30). Se maceraron 5 g de polvo fúngico en etanol acuoso durante 90 minutos, a 150 rpm, 25 °C y tamaño de partícula de 0,5 a 1,0 mm. Se trataron los datos mediante estadística paramétrica con un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Los resultados revelaron que la mayor eficiencia de extracción total (40,9 %) en base seca se obtuvo con etanol al 50 % y una relación sólido/solvente de 1:30. Por componentes se encontró que, el etanol al 50 % con una relación de 1:20 permitió la máxima eficiencia para carbohidratos totales (17,9 %) y polisacáridos (17,2 %), mientras que con una relación de 1:30 se obtuvo la máxima eficiencia para azúcares reductores (0,91 %) y polifenoles (0,23 %). Por otro lado, el etanol al 95 % y la relación 1:30 permitió la máxima eficiencia para proteínas (29,4 %). La extracción de beta-glucanos no fue significativa. La eficiencia de la extracción está muy influenciada por los parámetros de operación, principalmente por la concentración de etanol; en particular, la de 50 % resultó más favorable para la obtención de la mayoría de sustancias bioactivas con potencial nutracéutico.
ABSTRACT The extraction by dynamic maceration of bioactive compounds from Pleurotus ostreatus is a simple and economical process which normally presents low efficiency. The objective of this work was to evaluate the extraction process to determine which treatment allows the highest efficiency, analyzing the influence of the study factors: ethanol concentration (50 %, 80 %, 95 %) and solid to solvent ratio (1:10, 1:20, 1:30). 5 g of fungal powder into aqueous ethanol were macerated during 90 minutes at 150 rpm, 25 ° C and particle size from 0.5 to 1.0 mm. The data were treated by parametric statistics with a 95 % confidence level. The results reveal that the highest total extraction efficiency (40.9 %) on dry basis was obtained with 50 % ethanol and solid to solvent ratio of 1:30. As for components, it was found that 50 % ethanol with 1:20 ratio allowed maximum efficiency for total carbohydrates (17.99 %) and polysaccharides (17.23 %), while with the 1:30 ratio allowed maximum efficiency for reducing sugars (0.91 %) and polyphenols (0.23 %). On the other hand, 95 % ethanol with 1:30 ratio allowed maximum efficiency for proteins (29.4 %). The extraction of beta-glucans was not significant. The efficiency of extraction is very influenced by the operation parameters, mainly by the concentration of ethanol; in particular, the 50 % was more favorable for obtaining most bioactive substances with nutraceutical potential.
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Neolentinus ponderosus y N. lepideus son dos especies de hongos saprobios que poseen uso alimenticio tradicional en comunidades de los departamentos de Huehuetenango y Totonicapán, Guatemala. La capacidad degradadora de ambas especies les confiere potencial para el estudio de la producción de cuerpos fructíferos a nivel de sustrato, por lo que en esta investigación se evaluó el crecimiento de una cepa nativa de N. ponderosus y una de N. lepideus en el medio de cultivo agar extracto de malta (EMA) a diferente pH y también se estudió la degradación de la madera de dos especies de pino (Pinus tecunumanii y P. ayacahuite) en cámaras de podredumbre durante 12 meses. El mayor diámetro de crecimiento miceliar de la cepa N. ponderosus se observó a pH 7.0, en tanto que para N. lepideus se obtuvo a pH 5.0 y 5.6. Las colonias de ambas cepas evidenciaron textura afelpada, borde regular a irregular, color blanco, con o sin pigmento difusible, olor frutal, hifas de 1.0-5.0 µm de diámetro, con clamidosporas y fíbulas. La madera de P. tecunumanii degradada por la cepa de N. ponderosus y la madera de P. ayacahuite por la cepa N. lepideus, presentaron porcentajes de pérdida de peso de 8.76 (±5.58) y 12.07 (±5.66), respectivamente y en ambos casos se alcanzó solamente el estadio temprano de degradación. Los resultados de este estudio sientan las bases para investigaciones posteriores en los que se evalúe el cultivo en troncos de ambas especies para la producción de cuerpos fructíferos con fines alimenticios y comerciales
Neolentinus ponderosus and N. lepideus are two saprophytic fungi species used traditionally in Huehuetenango and Totonicapán, Guatemala. The degradative capacity of both species confers them potential for fruiting bodies production. This study evaluated the mycelial growth of two native strains of N. ponderosus and N. lepideus in malt extract agar (EMA) at different pH and the degradation of wood from two pine species in rot chambers during 12 months. pH 7.0 was the most appropriate for the mycelial growth of N. ponderosus and for N. lepideus were 5.0 and 5.6. The colonies of both strains showed fruity odor, velvety texture, regular to irregular edge, white color, with or without diffusible pigment, hyphae with 1-5 µm width, chlamydospores and clamp connections. Wood from Pinus tecunumanii and P. ayacahuite exhibit weight-loss percentages between 8.76 ± 5.58 and 12.07 ± 5.66, with N. ponderosus 145.2003 and N. lepideus 90.2002, respectively. In both cases reached the early stage of brown-rot decay. These results could be useful for future research that evaluate the fruiting bodies production in logs for food and commercial purposes
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In recent years, with the rapid development of Chinese medicine industry, Chinese medicine residue also increased year by year. At present, the treatment on Chinese medicine residue is still stacking, incineration, and landfill; Comprehensive utilization of Chinese medicine residue mainly concentrated on compost seedling, cultivation of edible fungi, production of animal feed, production of biogas, and so on, but these studies utilized only once in Chinese medicine residue, did not reflect the true value of Chinese medicine residue. In this paper, utilization ways and technologies of Chinese medicine residue are summarized on the basis of the article at home and abroad, and put forward new idea about ecological comprehensive utilization pattern of Chinese medicine residue.
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Objective: To bioprospect optimal phenological phases as source of novel molecules from native golden yellow Pleurotus citrinopileatus across four phenologies in both aqueous and ethanol extracts, and identify novel molecules responsible for these activities. Methods: Standard qualitative assay, Folin-Ciocalteu assay; aluminium chloride spectrophotometric, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-suslfonic acid, ferricyanide reducing antioxidant power were used to determine total flavonoid, polyphenols, radical scavenging, and reducing power. Spectrophotometric methods were used for lycopene, β-carotene, and total carotenoids, while liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry was used for identification and comparative quantitation of polyphenols and flavonoids across the four phenological states. ChemSpider™ database was used for the identification of compounds based on their empirical formula, accurate mass and literature review of previously reported compounds in mushroom. Results: Primordial phases exhibited higher contents of secondary metabolites than mature basidiocarps. Polyphenols content differed across physiological phases with primordials exhibiting significant high contents (P < 0.05) [(13.803 ± 0.797) mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight]. Distribution of total flavonoids was significantly different (P < 0.05) across physiological states and ranged from (3.311 ± 0.730) to (14.824 ± 0.890) mg quercetin equivalent g dry weight. Ten polyphenol acids and seven flavonoids compounds identified varied across these phases with primordials exhibiting relatively high peak areas. Total antioxidant activities showed a positive correlation with total polyphenols (r. =. 0.969; P < 0.05) and total flavonoids (r. =. 0.960; P < 0.05) across these phenologies. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that primordials of golden yellow mushroom as opposed to their fruiting bodies are potent sources of bioactive health molecules.
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Objective: To explore the bidirectional solid fermentation transformation of 25 different edible fungal strains with Isatidis Radix (IR) and Isatidis Folium (IF) to get the synergism antibacterial effect of fermentation substance. Methods: The dominant strains grown on IR and IF were obtained through initial screening and repeated screening. The antibacterial effect of fermentation product substance were determined by antibacterial test and TLC. Results: The results showed that repeated screening got three strains which could grow fast in IR (G-11, G-13, and G-7) and IF (G-2, G-11, and G-3). The G-3 strain and G-11 strain fermentation substance had better antibacterial effect than IR and IF respectively. The methanol extract of G-2 fermented IF substance appeared a new spot by TCL, it should be an additional component after fermentation. Conclusion: The bidirectional solid fermentation could improved antibacterial effect of IR and IF, and the new active ingredients can be produced.
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RAPD molecular marker was widely applied to the studies of edible fungi due to it’s simplicity , rapidity and economy. The principle of RAPD molecular marker and its applications to edible fungi were summarized. The applications of RAPD to edible fungi were introduced in species and parental strain identification,genetic diversity, gene clone, gene isolation and the construction of gene linkage map. RAPD molecular marker provids a powerful tool for the studies of edible fungi.
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Background and purpose:Edible fungi has shown powerful potential in health care. This study aimed to explore the anti-tumor and immunoenhancement effects of combination of extraction from edible fungi. Methods:C26 cells has been xenografted into mice, and the animal models were randomly divided into control group, prevention group, treatment group and cyclophosphamide group. Mice were given the combination of extraction from edible fungi every day after vaccination of C26 cells into mice, except the prevention group which has been given the combination of extraction from edible fungi two weeks before vaccination. Two weeks after being planted, all the mice were killed and the tumor inhibition rates were studied. The immune function was measured by T lymphocyte transforming assay and NK killing assay. Results:There were signif icant difference in terms of tumor weight between prevention group and control group. The prevention group mice display improved T lymphocyte transforming assay and NK killing ability. Conclusions:The combination of extraction from edible fungi has remarkable inhibitory effects on C26 carcinoma in mice and can enhance immunity against mice with C26 carcinoma.
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Fomentation engineering is one of the modern biotechnologies. It has been intensively studied and widely applied in edible fungi. Based on the review of research history of liquid fermentation for edible fungi, the research status of liquid fermentation about edible fungi were summarized, and its application prospects on edible fungi production of our country were described in this paper.