ABSTRACT
CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein) is widely used in the field of livestock breeding. However, its low efficiency, untargeted cutting and low safety have greatly hampered its use for introducing single base mutations in livestock breeding. Single base editing, as a new gene editing tool, can directly replace bases without introducing double strand breaks. Single base editing shows high efficiency and strong specificity, and provides a simpler and more effective method for precise gene modification in livestock breeding. This paper introduces the principle and development of single base editing technology and its application in livestock breeding.
Subject(s)
Animals , Gene Editing , CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics , Livestock/genetics , Mutation , TechnologyABSTRACT
The CRISPR/Cas systems comprising the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and its associated Cas protein is an acquired immune system unique to archaea or bacteria. Since its development as a gene editing tool, it has rapidly become a popular research direction in the field of synthetic biology due to its advantages of high efficiency, precision, and versatility. This technique has since revolutionized the research of many fields including life sciences, bioengineering technology, food science, and crop breeding. Currently, the single gene editing and regulation techniques based on CRISPR/Cas systems have been increasingly improved, but challenges still exist in the multiplex gene editing and regulation. This review focuses on the development and application of multiplex gene editing and regulation techniques based on the CRISPR/Cas systems, and summarizes the techniques for multiplex gene editing or regulation within a single cell or within a cell population. This includes the multiplex gene editing techniques developed based on the CRISPR/Cas systems with double-strand breaks; or with single-strand breaks; or with multiple gene regulation techniques, etc. These works have enriched the tools for the multiplex gene editing and regulation and contributed to the application of CRISPR/Cas systems in the multiple fields.
Subject(s)
Gene Editing , CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics , Bacteria/genetics , Archaea , BioengineeringABSTRACT
Responsabilização (accountability) em comunicação e editoração científica é um importante tema em ética e integridade em pesquisa, e um dos grandes desafios atuais da ciência. Este artigo apresenta um estudo descritivo sobre a responsabilização e os seus atores na comunicação científica (autores, revisores, editores), partindo da questão da responsabilização desses atores e das más condutas científicas vista por editores de revista SciELO do Brasil e de países da América Latina. Apresenta resultados a partir da visão dos editores em que os autores são responsáveis, e, parcialmente, os revisores e os próprios editores
Accountability in scientific communication and publishing is an important topic in ethics and research integrity, and one of the great challenges of science today. This article presents a descriptive study on accountability and its actors in scientific communication (authors, reviewers, editors), starting from the issue of accountability of these actors and from the scientific misconducts viewed by SciELO journals editors in Brazil and Latin America. Based on the editors' view, it stands that the authors are responsible, and the reviewers and the editors are partially responsible
La responsabilidad (accountability) en la comunicación y publicación científica es un tema importante en la ética y la integridad en la investigación, y uno de los grandes desafíos de la ciencia actual. Este artículo presenta un estudio descriptivo sobre la responsabilidad y sus actores en la comunicación científica (autores, revisores, editores), a partir de la cuestión de responsabilidad de estos actores y de las malas conductas científicas vista por los editores de revista SciELO en Brasil y en países de América Latina. Presenta resultados en la visión de los editores de que los autores son responsables, y los revisores y los propios editores son parcialmente responsables.
Subject(s)
Humans , Publishing , Scientific Misconduct , Duty to Warn , Communication , Ethics, Research , Quality Control , Science , Periodical , Editorial PoliciesABSTRACT
Neste ensaio, desenvolvo o conceito de negacionismo endógeno, um tipo específico de negacionismo científico cultivado dentro do campo acadêmico, que busca deslegitimar pesquisas qualitativas das Humanidades. O texto tem três seções. Na primeira, trato das características do negacionismo vulgar a partir de breve retrospectiva histórica, e destaco as táticas de supressão de termos científicos em prol do controle da narrativa política. Na segunda, discuto casos de fraude acadêmica praticadas contra revistas das Ciências Sociais e Humanas como estratégia intencional de desacreditação da área, e analiso a abjeção ao termo "práticas corporais" como um rastro do negacionismo endógeno no léxico da Educação Física. Na terceira, reflito sobre a relevância da formação editorial em programas de pós-graduação no combate a preconceitos entre áreas do conhecimento. Em conclusão, defendo a desconstrução da retórica da ignorância, mola propulsora de negacionismos de toda ordem, como forma de preservação da pluralidade epistêmica na Educação Física.
In this essay, I develop the concept of endogenous denialism, a specific type of scientific denialism cultivated within the academic field, which aims at delegitimizing the validity of qualitative research in the humanities. The text has three sections. In the first section, I deal with the characteristics of vulgar denialism from a brief historical retrospective, and I highlight the tactics of suppressing scientific terms in favor of the control of the political narrative. In the second section, I discuss cases of academic hoaxes played against Social Sciences and Humanities journals as an intentional strategy to discredit the area and analyze the abjection of the term "physical culture" as a trace of endogenous denialism in the lexicon of physical education field. In the third section, I reflect on the relevance of editorial training in graduate programs to confront prejudice between knowledge areas. In conclusion, I defend the deconstruction of the rhetoric of ignorance, the driving force of all kinds of denialism, as a way of preserving epistemic plurality in the physical education field.
En este ensayo, desarrollo el concepto de negacionismo endógeno; un tipo específico de negacionismo científico cultivado dentro del campo académico, que busca deslegitimar la validez de la investigación cualitativa en las humanidades. El texto tiene tres secciones; en la primera, trato las características del negacionismo vulgar a partir de una breve retrospectiva histórica, y destaco las tácticas de supresión de términos científicos en pro del control de la narrativa política. En la segunda, discuto casos de fraude académico contra revistas de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas como una estrategia intencional de desprestigio del área, y analizo la abyección del término "prácticas corporales" como rastro de un negacionismo endógeno en el léxico de la Educación Física. En la tercera, reflexiono sobre la relevancia de la formación editorial en los programas de posgrado para combatir los prejuicios entre áreas de conocimiento. En conclusión, defiendo la deconstrucción de la retórica de la ignorancia, energía propulsora de todo tipo de negacionismo, como forma de preservar la pluralidad epistémica en la Educación Física.
ABSTRACT
In recent years, the genome editing technologies based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) have developed rapidly. The system can use homologous directed recombination (HDR) to achieve precise editing that it medicated, but the efficiency is extremely low, which limits its application in agriculture and biomedical fields. As an emerging genome editing technology, the CRISPR/Cas-mediated DNA base editing technologies can achieve targeted mutations of bases without generating double-strand breaks, and has higher editing efficiency and specificity compared with CRISPR/Cas-mediated HDR editing. At present, cytidine base editors (CBEs) that can mutate C to T, adenine base editors (ABEs) that can mutate A to G, and prime editors (PEs) that enable arbitrary base conversion and precise insertion and deletion of small fragments, have been developed. In addition, glycosylase base editors (GBEs) capable of transitioning from C to G and double base editors capable of editing both A and C simultaneously, have been developed. This review summarizes the development, advances, advantages and limitations of several DNA base editors. The successful applications of DNA base editing technology in biomedicine and agriculture, together with the prospects for further optimization and selection of DNA base editors, are discussed.
Subject(s)
Agriculture , CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics , DNA/genetics , Gene Editing , TechnologyABSTRACT
The professional quality of editors is the guarantee of the comprehensive quality of scientific and technological journals. As modern editors, we need to be versatile. We should not only master solid professional knowledge, but also be familiar with the relevant areas of knowledge. We should not only constantly learn knowledge in the competition and improve ourselves, but also be a good linkman among authors, review experts, readers. Only through multi-efforts can we improve the quality of manuscripts and run professional periodicals well.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Fundamento: luego de la aceptación preliminar del artículo desde el punto de vista metodológico y de la redacción del texto, se procede a su revisión por expertos, proceso que es fundamental para refrendar su validez científica. Objetivo: describir la experiencia y resultados de la revista Archivo Médico de Camagüey en la gestión de incorporación de revisores. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos SciELO Cuba, SciELO Regional, se utilizaron los descriptores: árbitro, revisión por pares, criterios de selección, peer review, revisión de la investigación por pares. Resultados: cada vez es mayor el número de revisores incorporados, con representación de las provincias del país y de otros países, la mayor parte de las provincias están representadas y después de Cuba le siguen Chile y Perú. Conclusiones: la gestión de árbitros es un proceso complejo y minucioso que se planifica en tres momentos: identificación, verificación y negociación. La revista muestra un trabajo ascendente en la incorporación de árbitros, se incrementa la incorporación de árbitros de otros países de la región.
ABSTRACT Background: after the preliminary acceptance of the article from the methodological point of view, and the writing of the text, it is revised by experts, a process that is fundamental to validate its scientific validity. Objective: to describe the experience and results of the journal Archivo Médico de Camagüey in the management of reviewers´ incorporation. Methods: a search was made in the SciELO Cuba, SciELO Regional databases, the used descriptors were referee, peer review, selection criteria. Results: the number of incorporated reviewers is increasing, with representation of the provinces of the country and from other countries, most of the provinces are represented and after Cuba with (86,0 %) they are followed by Chile (2,7 %) and Peru (2,2 %). Conclusions: the management of reviewers is a complex and meticulous process, which is planned in three moments: identification, verification and negotiation. The magazine shows an ascending work in the incorporation of reviewers, the incorporation of referees from other countries of the region is increased.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In 1997 the Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors (KAMJE) instituted a program to evaluate member journals. Journals that passed the initial evaluation were indexed in the KoreaMed. Here, we report changes in measures of quality of the KAMJE member journals during the last 20 years. METHODS: Quality measures used in the study comprised 3 assessment categories; self-assessment by journal editors, assessment of the journals by KAMJE reviewers, and by Korean health science librarians. Each used detailed criteria to score the journals on a scale of 0 to 5 or 6 in multiple dimensions. We compared scores at baseline evaluation and those after 7 years for 129 journals and compared improvements in journals indexed vs. not-indexed by the Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded; SCIE). RESULTS: Among 251 KAMJE member journals at the end of 2015, 227 passed evaluation criteria and 129 (56%) had both baseline and 7-year follow-up assessment data. The journals showed improvement overall (increase in median [interquartile range; IQR] score from baseline, 0.47 [0.64]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44–0.61; P < 0.001) and within each category (median [IQR] increase by editor's assessment, 0.17 [0.83]; 95% CI, 0.04–0.26; P = 0.007; by reviewer's, 0.45 [1.00]; 95% CI, 0.29–0.57; P < 0.001; by librarian's, 1.75 [1.08]; 95% CI, 1.77–2.18, P < 0.001). Before the foundation of KAMJE in 1996, there were only 5 Korean medical journals indexed in the MEDLINE and none in SCIE, but 24 journals in the MEDLINE and 34 journals in SCIE were indexed by 2016. CONCLUSION: The KAMJE journal evaluation program successfully contributes improving the quality of the member journals.
Subject(s)
Humans , Follow-Up Studies , Librarians , Self-AssessmentABSTRACT
I have encountered 3 cases of plagiarism as editor of the Journal of Korean Medical Science (JKMS). The first one was copying figures from a JKMS article without citation, the second was submission of a copied manuscript of a published article to JKMS, and the third was publishing a copied JKMS article in another journal. The first and third cases violated copyrights of JKMS, but the violating journals made no action on the misconduct. The second and third cases were slightly modified copies of the source articles but similarity check by the Crosscheck could not identify the text overlap initially and after one year reported 96% overlap for the second case. The similarity of the third case was reported 3%. The Crosscheck must upgrade its system for better reliable screening of text plagiarism. The copy of the second case was committed by a corrupt Chinese editing company and also by some unethical researchers. In conclusion, plagiarism still threatens the trustworthiness of the publishing enterprises and is a cumbersome burden for editors of scholarly journals. We require a better system to increase the vigilance and to prevent the misconduct.
Subject(s)
Humans , Asian People , Copyright , Mass Screening , PlagiarismABSTRACT
Even among highly educated health professionals, there is inconsistency in the knowledge and perception concerning both conflict of interest (COI) itself and COI disclosure. The key issue is the credibility of the manuscript, which relies heavily on transparency of COI for the reader. The tendency to disregard the importance of COI disclosure among journal editors has been recently highlighted. For all types of COI, the primary question is how it is managed. To ensure the enforcement of the declared journal COI policies, it is crucial that not only authors, but also those who are involved in the assessment of manuscripts, be educated and informed of the updated guidelines concerning COI disclosure.
Subject(s)
Humans , Conflict of Interest , Disclosure , Editorial Policies , Guidelines as Topic , ResearchABSTRACT
Este artigo apresenta um relato sobre o interminável aprendizado para ser editor de revista científica e narra a trajetória dessa formação. Procura, assim, colocar em palavras uma complexa e longa vivência, transformando-a numa experiência, ou seja, num conhecimento socialmente compartilhado. Conclui com a observação de que, nos próximos anos, os problemas éticos de pesquisa e publicação ocuparão boa parte do trabalho dos editores de revistas científicas e seria muito bom se estes se preparassem para esse grande debate.
This article presents a narrative about the interminable learning process to be an editor of scientific journals. It seeks to give a name to a complex and long activity, transforming it in an experience, i. e., in knowledge. It concludes that, in the near future, ethical problems will take the major part of the editorial work and proposes that it would be good if editors could prepare themselves for this great debate.
Cet article porte sur l'apprentissage permanent qu'entraîne la position de rédacteur en chef d'un journal scientifique et en décrit la trajectoire. Il cherche ainsi à mettre en mots une activité professionnelle longue et complexe, la transformant en expérience, soit en savoir socialement partagé. L'article conclut que dans les années à venir, les problèmes éthiques de la recherche et de la publication représenterons une grande partie du travail des éditeurs de revues scientifiques et qu'il serait avantageux de se préparer pour ce grand débat.
Este artículo presenta un relato sobre el interminable proceso de aprendizaje para ser editor de revista científica y narra la trayectoria de esa formación. Busca así colocar en palabras una compleja y larga vivencia, transformándola en experiencia, o sea, en un conocimiento socialmente compartido. Concluye con la observación de que, en los próximos años, los problemas éticos de investigación y publicación ocuparán gran parte del trabajo de los editores de revistas científicas y sería muy bueno si estos se prepararan para ese gran debate.
Subject(s)
Problem-Based Learning/methods , Problem-Based Learning , Problem-Based Learning/trends , Editorial Policies , Publishing , Periodicals as TopicABSTRACT
The Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors (KAMJE) was founded in 1996. Among the 51 journals which participated in the founding of KAMJE, only 5 were listed in PubMed at the time, and none in Scientific Citation Index (SCI). In order to improve the quality of Korean medical journals, KAMJE established regular and systematic evaluation of medical journals, and has held academies for journal editors and education programs for manuscript editors. KAMJE has also focused on the database of Korean medical journals. KoreaMed, which provides access to articles published in Korean medical journals; KoMCI, which analyzes and provides citation data; and KoreaMed synapse, a digital archive and reference-linking platform. All of those are products of the efforts of KAMJE. By publishing "Good Publication Practice Guidelines for Medical Journals", KAMJE also has been focused on research and publication ethics. KAMJE has played an active part in establishing the Asia Pacific Association of Medical Journal Editors (APAME) and West Pacific Regional Index Medicus (WPRIM). Today, KAMJE, now composed of 188 journals covering medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and nutrition, has 14 and 23 journals listed in PubMed and SCI, respectively. These achievements of KAMJE, attributable to the unrelenting efforts of Korean medical journal editors and editors, may be helpful in further improving the status of Korean medical journals.
Subject(s)
Academies and Institutes , Achievement , Archives , Asia , Dentistry , MEDLINE , Publications , Synapses , Veterinary MedicineABSTRACT
The definition of authorship is a subject of ongoing discussion wherein elements of prestige and academic career are involved. As a potential source of conflicts, it must be handled with extreme strictness to avoid difficulties when presenting scientific outcomes. Both a review of international standards relating to regarding authorship, accepted to date, and the position of the editorial board of the Revista Chilena de Radiología are presented.
La definición de autoría es un tema de discusión permanente, donde se ven involucrados elementos de prestigio y carrera académica. Siendo una potencial fuente de conflictos, debe ser manejado con extrema rigurosidad, para evitar dificultades al momento de presentar resultados científicos. Se presenta una revisión de los criterios internacionales referidos a autoría, aceptados a la fecha, y la postura del cuerpo editorial de la Revista Chilena de Radiología.
Subject(s)
Authorship , Biomedical Research , Editorial Policies , Periodicals as Topic , Radiology , Diagnostic ImagingABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This editorial deals with the basic structures of medical papers in general and emphasizes the ethics of authors and reviewers. A majority of the content originated from educational material issued at the 2002 Annual Meeting for the Korean Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Current issues from the publication of the Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine were also included.
Subject(s)
Ethics , Nuclear Medicine , PublicationsABSTRACT
This article described the concept of the professional ethics and discussed the significance of the existence and construction of professional ethics on medical journal editors. The professional ethics on medical journal editors could be beneficial to correctly understand the ethical problems of medical journal editors and to promote the medical journal editors' role localization. It is very important to construct the Standardization of medical journal editors' behavior.