Estudo da mortalidade infantil nos estados brasileiros utilizando aplicação de dados em painel / Study of child mortality in brazilian states using panel data application / Estudio de mortalidad infantil en estados brasileños mediante aplicación de datos de panel

Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar uma relação linear entre a Taxa de Mortalidade Infantil (TMI) e um conjunto de variáveis socioeconômicas observadas por unidades federativas no período de 2005 à 2010 utilizando o modelo de dados em painel de efeitos fixo e aleatório. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, com utilização dos Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e o Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) e em seguida utilizou-se o software R para realizar esta análise de dados com a função plm. Resultados: os estudos mostram que o modelo mais adequado é o de efeito fixo com transformação logarítmica nas variáveis independentes e na variável dependente que foram as seguintes: TMI, taxa de analfabetismo, PIB per capita, proporção pessoas com baixa renda, percentual da população servida por rede de abastecimento de água e a proporção da população servida por coleta de lixo. Conclusão: As variáveis independentes que causam impacto significativo na TMI são taxa de analfabetismo, PIB per capita e proporção de pessoas com baixa renda.

This work aims to determine a linear relationship between the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and a set of socioeconomic variables observed by federative units in the period from 2005 to 2010 using the fixed and random effects panel data model. Methodology: this is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, using the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) and then using the R software to perform this data analysis with the plm function. Results: studies show that the most appropriate model is the fixed effect model with logarithmic transformation in the independent variables and the dependent variable, which were as follows: IMR, illiteracy rate, GDP per capita, proportion of people with low income, percentage of the population served by water supply network and the proportion of the population served by garbage collection. Conclusion: The independent variables that have a significant impact on IMR are the illiteracy rate, GDP per capita and the proportion of people with low income.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar una relación lineal entre la Tasa de Mortalidad Infantil (TMI) y un conjunto de variables socioeconómicas observadas por las unidades federativas en el período 2005 a 2010 utilizando el modelo de datos de panel de efectos fijos y aleatorios. Metodología: se trata de un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) y el Sistema de Información de Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) y luego utilizando el software R para realizar este análisis de datos con la función plm. Resultados: los estudios muestran que el modelo más adecuado es el modelo de efectos fijos con transformación logarítmica en las variables independientes y la variable dependiente, las cuales fueron las siguientes: TMI, tasa de analfabetismo, PIB per cápita, proporción de personas con bajos ingresos, porcentaje de la población atendida por red de suministro de agua y la proporción de la población atendida por recolección de basura. Conclusión: Las variables independientes que tienen un impacto significativo en la TMI son la tasa de analfabetismo, el PIB per cápita y la proporción de personas con bajos ingresos.

LC-MS/MS method for the determination of an anti-tumor compound C17 in nude mice plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study / 药学学报

C17 is an orally available anti-tumor compound inhibiting cancer stem cell (CSC). In this study, a stable, sensitive and simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established and validated, and was further applied to a pharmacokinetic study in nude mice receiving C17 by gavage. Using propranolol as the internal standard, the plasma samples were pre-treated by precipitation with methanol and analyzed on an Intersil C8-3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 3 μm), and gradient elution was performed with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid aqueous and solution mixed up by 90% isopropanol and 10% acetonitrile. The analyte was detected by a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer, and multiple reaction monitoring was employed to select C17 at m/z 439.3/247.1 and propranolol at m/z 260.2/116.2 in the positive ion mode. The calibration curves were linear (r > 0.995) over the range of 5-800 ng·mL-1. The intra- and inter-day precisions and accuracies were 7.42%-13.22% and -8.99%-8.81% respectively. The method was successfully applied to a PK study in nude mice administered with a single oral dose of 50 mg·kg-1 C17, and the PK data were analyzed with non-linear mixed effect model (NONMEM). Two separated absorption peaks were found in the PK curve of C17, and a two-compartment model with two sequential first-order absorption rate was utilized to describe the PK properties of C17, and the model could provide insights into the physiological process and exposure of C17 in nude mice. All animal experiments were in strict accordance with the regulations of the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University.

Multilevel Survival Analysis of Factors Associated with Under-Five Mortality in Manipur

Background: Child mortality is a major public health issue. The studies on under‑five mortality that ignore the hierarchical facts mislead the interpretation of the results due to observations in the same cluster sharing common cluster‑level random effects. Objectives: The present study uses a multilevel model to analyze under‑five mortality and identify the significant factors for under‑five mortality in Manipur. Methods: National Family Health Survey‑5 (2019–21) data are used in the present study. Amultilevel mixed‑effect Weibull parameter survival model was fitted to determine the factors affecting under‑five mortality. We construct three‑level data, individual levels are nested within primary sampling units (PSUs), and PSUs are nested within districts. Results: Out of the 3225 under‑five children, 85 (2.64%) died. The three‑level mixed‑effects Weibull parametric survival model with PSUs nested within the districts, the likelihood‑ratio test with Chi‑square value = 10.98 and P = 0.004 < 0.05 indicated that the model with random‑intercept effects model with PSUs nested within the districts fits the data better than the fixed effect model. The four covariates, namely the number of birth in the last 5 years, age of mother at first birth, use of contraceptive, and size of child at birth, were found as the risk factor for under‑five mortality at a 5% level of significance. Conclusions: In the random‑intercept effect model, the two estimated variances of the random‑intercept effects for district and PSU levels are 0.27 and 0.31, respectively. The values indicate variations (unobserved heterogeneities) in the risk of death of the under‑five children between districts and PSUs levels.

The effect of occupational stress on anxiety of nursing staff in a third-grade general hospital and mediating effect of job burnout / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To explore the mediating effect of job burnout of nursing staff in clinical departments on occupational stress and anxiety, and to provide scientific basis for the formulation of intervention measures to relieve anxiety. Methods: From November 2020 to January 2021, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the basic situation, occupational stress, job burnout and anxiety of 653 nursing staff in a third class A general hospital in Hebei Province. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze the relationship between occupational stress, job burnout and anxiety, stepwise regression and mediating effect model were used to verify the mediating effect of job burnout on the relationship between occupational stress and anxiety. Results: 551 valid questionnaires were collected with effective recovery of 84.38%. The incidence of high occupational stress was 68.06% (375/551) , the incidence of job burnout was 63.70% (351/551) [high, moderate and moderate were 11.07% (61/551) and 52.63% (290/551) respectively], and the incidence of anxiety was 55.72% (307/551) [mild, moderate and severe were 38.11% (210/551) , 8.53% (47/551) and 9.08% (50/551) respectively]. Occupational stress was positively correlated with job burnout and anxiety (r=0.545, 0.479) , and job burnout was positively correlated with anxiety (r=0.542, P<0.05) . The mediating effect analysis showed that occupational stress had a statistically significant effect on anxiety (c=0.509, P<0.001) , and the mediating effect of job burnout on the relationship between occupational stress and anxiety accounted for 44.99% of the total effect. Conclusion: The anxiety level of the nursing staff in this third-class A general hospital was relatively high. Job burnout has a mediating effect between occupational stress and anxiety, and anxiety of nursing staff can be alleviated by reducing occupational stress or job burnout.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Teicoplanin in Chinese Adult Patients / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish a population pharmacokinetics(PPK) model of teicoplanin(TEC) in Chinese adult patients and investigate the factors influencing TEC pharmacokinetic parameters. METHODS: A total of 222 blood samples and related information were prospectively collected from 139 inpatients with Gram-positive bacterial infection receiving TEC intravenously. A one-compartment model with first order elimination was used to perform the PPK analysis and the PPK model of TEC was developed via nonlinear mixed effects modeling(NONMEM) approach. The stability and prediction of the final model were evaluated by Bootstrap and normalized predictive distribution error (NPDE). Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the effective of currently recommended dosing regimen. RESULTS: The creatinine clearance(CLcr) and albumin(ALB) were identified as the most significant covariate on the clearance rate of TEC. The established final model was: CL(L•h-1)=1.24×(CLcr/77)0.564×31/ALB;V(L)=69.2. It is verified that the established final model is stable, effective and predictable. For most patients with different serum albumin concentration and CLcr, the initial loading dose of 400 mg/q12h, iv, 3 times, and the maintenance dose of 400-800 mg•d-1 can achieve effective treatment of trough concentration. Severe infections need to adjust the loading dose to 800 mg/q12h, iv, 3 times, and maintain a dose of 400-800 mg•d-1 of the dosing regimens to ensure that the blood concentration reached 15 mg•L-1. CONCLUSION: This study reports that CLcr, ALB has a significant effect on TEC clearance and the model has important value for the individualization of TEC therapy in Chinese adult patients.

Short-term effects of air pollution on lung function of school-age children in Hangzhou / 中华预防医学杂志

A total of 1 685 school-age children selected from Hangzhou received lung function testing to evaluate the short-term effects of air pollution on their lung function. The results showed that in every 10 μg/m3 increase of average concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 on the day of the test and the day before the test,peak expiratory flow (PEF) decreased 0.039 (95%CI: 0.012-0.067) L/s and 0.031 (95% CI:0.011-0.051) L/s,respectively. When the average concentration of SO2 increased 10 μg/m3 on the day of test and the day prior to the test, PEF and 75% of the forced vital capacity that has not been exhaled (MEF75) decreased 0.437 (95%CI: 0.217-0.658) L/s and 0.396 (95%CI: 0.180-0.613) L/s. After being adjusted for NO2,with every 10 μg/m3 increase of average concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 on the day of the test and the day before the test,PEF and MEF75 decreased 0.056 (95%CI: 0.028-0.085), 0.053(95%CI: 0.027-0.081) and 0.047 (95%CI: 0.026-0.068) L/s,0.044 (95%CI: 0.023-0.065) L/s on the day before the test, respectively. The results indicate that air pollution have short-term and lag effects on lung function of school-age children in Hangzhou.

Individualized vancomycin dosage regimens in children / 国际儿科学杂志

As a glycopeptide antibiotic,vancomycin is the first choice for treatment of methicilin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.Because of the metabolic individual difference,if children were given the dose according to the instruction,few patients can achieve the valley concentration as recommended in the guideline.So it's necessary for optimizing individual vancomycin dosage regimen with the help of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and population pharmacokinetics model-nonlinear mixed effect model (NONMEM),in order to realiz the combination of effect and safety.This article will introduce the population pharmacokinetics model of vancomycin in children and discuss about major parameters influencing vancomycin metabolism,including age,body mass index,renal function,health condition,and drug combination.With rational therapeutic drug monitoring and optimizing parameters of NONMEM,we hope to realize area under concentration-time curve/minimum inhibit concentration (AUC/MIC) ratio ≥400,and to provide the reference for safe and rational pediatric dosage regimen.

A new mediation analysis method for multiple mediators / 中华流行病学杂志

Mediation analysis is mainly used to explore the causal mechanism between independent variable X and dependent variable Y. It determines whether mediator M plays a role and evaluate the role’s degree in the causal path by decomposing the causal path between the independent variable X and the dependent variable Y. However, the classical mediation analysis is generally used for single mediator. This paper introduces a new mediation analysis method for multiple mediators.

Role of Quality Management in Multispecialty Hospitals: A case on Fire Mishaps in Eastern Zone of India

For a long time, healthcare service providers have depended principally on human resources playing out their role accurately to shield patients from unintended negative effects. Many years of research, has demonstrated that most mishaps are brought about by able yet questionable individuals working in useless frameworks. Healthcare associations are presently obtaining systems from different enterprises and utilizing frameworks in order to deal with and enhance the efficiency of the health care services. India to a large extent has been able to incorporate Quality Management tools in its Healthcare sector. This has helped India to attain competitive advantage over other Nations by providing Quality Services at an affordable price with continuous improvement of their Service quality.

Analysis of Population Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin Using Cystatin C as a Marker of Renal Function / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish a population pharmacokinetics(PPK) model of vancomycin in adult patients and investigate the factors influencing vancomycin clearance.METHODS: The nonlinear mixed-effect model(NONMEM) was used to investigate the population characteristics of vancomycin in adult patients and the serum cystatin C was used as a marker of renal function. The final model was built by forward inclusion approach and backward elimination method. Fitting effect of the model was evaluated by the goodness of fit plots(GOFs). Nonparametric Bootstraps and normalized prediction distribution errors(NPDE) were performed to evaluate the robustness and predictive efficacy of the final model. External model evaluation was conducted using an independent dataset to evaluate the model predictability. RESULTS: Vancomycin PPK model was set up via 147 serum trough concentration data from 95 adult patients. The estimated population typical values of clearance rate and apparent volume of distribution were 3.57 L·h-1 and 63.30 L, respectively. The main factor influencing clearance was renal function. The GOFs showed that the final model was stable and effective, and the fitting degree of the final model was better than that of the base model. The robust rate verified by Bootstrap was 99.45%. All of the relative biases between the median of parameters validated by Bootstrap and the estimated parameters of final model were within ±3%, and the 95% confidence intervals of these validated parameters did not include zero. The NPDE followed the N(0,1) distribution with a global adjust P value of 0.334, which indicated that the model had a high predictive accuracy. External evaluation was performed via an independent dataset of 40 concentration data from 20 patients. The mean prediction error(MPE) and mean absolute prediction error(MAPE) based on population predictions(PRED) was -1.90% and 24.34%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Vancomycin PPK model established in the study is of as a good stability and high predictive accuracy, as a reference for developing individualized administration regimens.

Population pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine in Chinese epilepsy patients / 药学学报

Oxcarbazepine (OXC) is a common antiepileptic drugs. In this study, one hundred and eighty four epilepsy patients with 196 observations of oxcarbazepine's active metabolite, 10,11-dihydro-10-monohydroxy carbazepine (MHD) were collected prospectively from routine clinical monitoring. Nonlinear mixed effect modeling was employed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of oxcarbazepine in Chinese patients with epilepsy to investigate the impact of gender, age, weight, co-medications and genetic polymorphisms of UGT2B7 c.802T>C, ABCC2 c.1249G>A, ABCC 23972C>T on pharmacokinetic characteristics of OXC. The population estimate of apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (V/F) was 1.84 L·h−1 and 275 L, respectively. Gender and UGT2B7 c.802T>C affected the clearance rate of MHD significantly. The established model was:CL/F=1.84×0.848UGT2B7×1.17GENDER. Where the genotype of UGT2B7 c.802T>C was CC, UGT2B7=0, otherwise UGT2B7=1. When the patient was male, GENDER=1, otherwise GENDER=0. The final model was evaluated by normalized predictive distribution error (NPDE) and bootstrap method. The model was stable and reliable, which offers a powerful approach for rational use of OXC in epilepsy patients.

Population pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus in pediatric patients with primary nephrotic syndrome / 药学学报

Tacrolimus is commonly used in the treatment for the refractory primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) in the pediatric patients. Data were retrospectively obtained from 100 children with 357 tacrolimus trough concentrations in our center between May 2010 and March 2016. Information of age, sex, body weight, drug dose, co-therapy medications, laboratory tests and sampling time were collected. The population pharmacokinetic model was developed using nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NONMEM) software. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination best described the data. The population estimate of apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (V/F) was 6.54 L·h-1 and 86.2 L, respectively. Body weight (WT, kg), daily dose of tacrolimus (DD, mg·day-1) and co-therapy azole antifungal agent have a significant impact on the CL/F. The final PPK model of CL/F was:CL/F=6.54×((WT)/25)K×((DD)/1.5)0.293×0.657Azole,K=(WT-30.9)/(WT-30.9+10.4-30.9). When combined with azole antifungal agents, Azole was 1, whereas vice versa was 0. This is the first PPK study of tacrolimus conducted in pediatric patients with PNS, which may facilitate individualized drug therapy of tacrolimus.

Application of Mixed-effect Model in PMI Estimation by Vitreous Humor / 法医学杂志

Objective To test the changes of the potassium(K+)and magnesium(Mg2+)concentrations in vitreous humor of rabbits along with postmortem interval(PMI)under different temperatures, and explore the feasibility of PMI estimation using mixed-effect model. Methods After sacrifice, rabbit carcasses were preserved at 5℃, 15℃, 25℃ and 35℃, and 80-100μL of vitreous humor was collected by the double-eye alternating micro-sampling method at every 12 h. The concentrations of K+and Mg2+in vitreous humor were measured by a biochemical-immune analyser. The mixed-effect model was used to perform analy-sis and fitting, and established the equations for PMI estimation. The data detected from the samples that were stoned at 10℃, 20℃ and 30℃ with 20, 40 and 65 h were used to validate the equations of PMI estimation. Results The concentrations of K+and Mg2+[f(x,y)] in vitreous humor of rabbits under different temperature increased along with PMI(x). The relative equations of K+and Mg2+concentration with PMI and temperature under 5℃~35℃ were fK+(x,y)=3.413 0+0.309 2 x+0.337 6 y+0.010 83 xy-0.002 47 x2 (P<0.000 1), and fMg2+(x,y)=0.745 6+0.006 432 x+0.033 8 y(P<0.000 1), respectively. It was proved that the time of deviation for PMI estimation by K+and Mg2+was in 10 h when PMI was between 0 to 40 h, and the time of deviation was in 21 h when PMI was between 40 to 65 h. Conclusion In the ambient temperature range of 5℃-35℃, the mixed-effect model based on temperature and vitreous humor sub-stance concentrations can provide a new method for the practical application of vitreous humor chemi-cals for PMI estimation.

Determinants of Health in Korea: A Comparative Analysis among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Countries / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: This study aims to utilize Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) data to identify macroscopic determinants of health at national level and to utilize it in health policy development through comparison and analysis with Korea. METHODS: The potential years of life lost (PYLL) were used as dependent variables and 19 indicators were selected as health determinants to be independent variables based on the results of previous studies. Data analysis was done using SAS ver. 9.4 package (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and model used in technical statistics concerning PYLL by countries, multi-linearity test between independent variables and OECD economic studies were modified and used. RESULTS: From 1994 to 2012, the average PYLL for OECD countries was 4,262.9 years, the highest in Estonia and the lowest in Iceland. As a result of the analysis using the fixed effect model, the significant variables affecting PYLL were four variables: gross domestic product, nitric oxide, tobacco consumption, and number of doctors. The health determinants that had more influence on the PYLL of Korean people compared to other OECD countries were tobacco consumption, calorie consumption, fat intake and total health expenditure. CONCLUSION: In order to effectively reduce unnecessary deaths, we must continue to strengthen our smoking policy and nutrition policies such as calorie and fat intake. It is necessary to prevent the increase of total health expenditure due to the increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and to strengthen the public health aspect.

Population Pharmacokinetics Analysis of Mitiglinide in Chinese Healthy Volunteers / 中国药师

Objective:To establish the population pharmacokinetics model of mitiglinide given by oral route in Chinese healthy volunteers using nonlinear mixed effect model (NONMEM), investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of mitiglinide in Chinese healthy people to evaluate the factors that can influence the clinical pharmacokinetics of mitiglinide .Methods: Clinical data from 22 healthy volunteers were collected and the experiment was with single-dose administration.The volunteers were given 10 mg mitiglinide calcium orally and mitiglinide plasma concentration was determined by LC-MS/MS.The data was analyzed by the first order conditional estimation, and the influences of fixed effect factors such as demographic index and biochemical index were quantitatively evaluated . The population pharmacokinetics model of mitiglinide was established , and the result was verified by using the VPC and self-test meth-od.Results:The result showed that mitiglinide pharmacokinetics was fit single-compartment model .The inter-individual variability could be described by an exponential model .The typical values including central volume of distribution , clearance and absorption con-stant was 2.4 L· h-1(24％), 9.82 L(4％) and 6.46 h-1(14％), respectively.The clearance was influenced by creatinine clear-ance rate , and the absorption constant was influenced by ALT .Conclusion:The population pharmacokinetic parameters were mainly influenced by creatinine clearance rate and ALT .The established population pharmacokinetics model can explain the reasons for the in -dividual variation in the plasma concentration of mitiglinide , which can be used to guide the clinical administration of Chinese people .

Effects of Cystatin C on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Vancomycin Based on Population Pharmacokinetics / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish population pharmacokinetics(PPK)model of vancomycin so as to evaluate the effects of cystatin C(Cys C)on the pharmacokinetics parameters of vancomycin. METHODS:Totally 333 times therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)were retrospectively collected from 225 patients who received vancomycin. Using sex,age,body weight(mT),Scr and Cys C as covariates,PPK model was established by using nonlinear mixed effect model method. Bootstrap method and normal prediction distribution error(NPDE)method were adopted for internal validation of model. Forty times of TDM data were collected from other 27 patients for external validation. Predicted accuracy and precision of model were investigated with mean prediction error (MPE) and root mean square error (RMSE). The effects of Cys C change on pharmacokinetic parameters of vancomycin were evaluated with steady state trough concentration and apparent clearance rate (CL/F) of vancomycin in typical patient (65 year-old,64 kg,Scr 66 μmol/L,1 000 mg,q12 h)forecasted with the final model at different levels of Cys C. RESULTS:CL/F of vancomycin was significantly influenced by age,body weight,the levels of Scr and Cys C. The final model was CL/F(L/h)＝3.68×(Scr/66)－0.431×(mT/64)1.1×(Age/65)－0.368×(Cys C/1.04)－0.693,V/F was equal to 82.5 L. The robust rate verified by Bootstrap method was 100%. Except for the interindividual variation of V/F,the relative bias of other pharmacokinetic parameters was less than 5%,and the estimated parameters of the final model were in the 95% confidence intervals of estimated values of Bootstrap. NPDE results showed that the homogeneity of variance was consistent with normal distribution (P＞0.05). In external validation,MPE and RMSE of the simplest model were －1.52 μg/mL and 6.87 μg/mL. MPE and RMSE of the final model were －0.32 μg/mL and 4.27 μg/mL,the accuracy and precision were improved significantly in the final model. When Cys C levle of typical patient was 0.3-4.0 mg/L,the steady state trough concentration predicted by final model were 5.25-29.97 μ g/mL and CL/F were 1.45-8.71 L/h. CONCLUSIONS:Age,body weight,the levels of Scr and Cys C significantly influence the pharmacokinetic parameters of vancomycin;moreover,the level of Cys C can change blood concentration of vancomycin. Established PPK model is of great predictive performance,which can be used to estimate the individual pharmacokinetics parameters of vancomycin.

Population pharmacokinetics in children: Research advances / 国际药学研究杂志

Children are a special group in clinical medical treatment. The significant individual differences require individualized administration of drugs. In recent years, the rapid development of population pharmacokinetics which are widely used in pharmaceutical research is an effective method to achieve individual administration. At home and abroad a large number of population pharmacokinetics are researched in chidren for drugs with narrow therapeutic window or in children with significant individual differences, which can provide information for the individualized dosing of drugs.

Population pharmacokinetics in children:research advances / 国际药学研究杂志

Children are a special group in clinical medical treatment. The significant individual differences require individual?ized administration of drugs. In recent years,the rapid development of population pharmacokinetics which are widely used in pharma?ceutical research is an effective method to achieve individual administration. At home and abroad a large number of population pharma?cokinetics are researched in chidren for drugs with narrow therapeutic window or in children with significant individual differences , which can provide information for the individualized dosing of drugs.

Research progress of population pharmacokinetics applying to individualized med-ication / 药学实践杂志

Combining the classic pharmacokinetic principles and statistical methods ,population pharmacokinetics (PPK ) can predict individual pharmacokinetic parameters accurately with sparse data in patients ,which may be used for monitoring drug concentration in patients and realizing individual dose regimen .In this article ,we review the recent application of PPK in drugs with narrow therapeutic windows or great individual differences ,combining medication ,medication in special populations and so on ,providing useful information for further investigation of PPK and its application in clinical medication .

Establishment of fertilization recommendation index of Epimedii Wushanensis Herba / 中草药

Objective: To estabolish te fertilization index of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and regression model of Epimedii Wushanensis Herba, and to explore the optimization of fertilization. Methods: The design of the fertilizer element 3 and factor 4 was introduced, the effect test of N, P, and K fertilizers was laid out and the test data were collected and analyzed statisticly. Results: An empirical model of the relationship between Epimedii Wushanensis Herba and the contents of Icariin and epimedin C to N, P, and K were established and optimized to analyze the interaction among the tested factors. Conclusion: Yield and quality of Epimedii Wushanensis Herba are lower significantly without one of N, P, and K and the optimization treatment efficiency is N2P2K2. Single-factor analysis shows that the yield and the contents of active ingredients Icariin and epimedin C increase and then decrease steadily with the increase of the N, P, and K application. The first order interaction analysis indicates that there exists an interaction range between N and P, N and K, P and K. The synergistic and antagonistic effects are shown in the lower and higher.