Ruptura prematura de membranas ovulares / Premature rupture of ovular membranes

La ruptura prematura de las membranas ovulares se define como la pérdida de la integridad del amnios y corion antes del inicio del trabajo de parto, afecta el 3 % de los embarazos, causa un tercio de los partos pretérminos, los cuales ocupan el 10,49 % de los nacimientos y es el origen de altos índices de morbimortalidad perinatal. En la actualidad, el manejo de esta patología se orienta principalmente en evitar los factores de riesgo, hacer un diagnóstico adecuado, determinar la edad gestacional en que ocurre, realizar el monitoreo exhaustivo del bienestar materno-fetal y en decidir el momento idóneo de finalización de la gestación para minimizar sus complicaciones. Debido a la compleja y lábil estructura histológica de las membranas ovulares, se ha dejado a un lado el tratamiento directo de la entidad el cual sería sellar o reparar el defecto en sí. En los últimos años, numerosos estudios y protocolos clínicos de prestigiosos centros asistenciales han servido como guía para el manejo de esta entidad, pero en muy pocos se observa una terapia destinada a la reparación de dichas membranas o en sellar tal defecto. Las evidencias científicas demuestran que la regeneración y reparación de las membranas es lenta y compleja y los tratamientos propuestos para reparar o sellar su defecto no han gozado de la aceptación científica para su aprobación, sin embargo, el uso del parche hemático transvaginal endocervical autólogo luce como una alternativa terapéutica prometedora(AU)

The premature rupture of the ovular membranes is defined as the loss of the integrity of the amnion and chorion before the on set of labor, affects 3% of pregnancies, causes athird of preterm births which occupy 10,49% of births and is the origin of high rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality. At present, the management of this pathology is mainly oriented towards avoiding risk factors, making an adequate diagnosis, determining the gestational age in which it occurs, carrying out exhaustive monitoring of maternal-fetal well-being and deciding the ideal moment to end the treatment. Pregnancy to minimizeits complications. Due to the complex and labile histological structure of the ovular membranes, the direct treatment of the entity has been set a side, which would be to seal or repairthe defect it self. In recent years, numerous studies and clinicalprotocols from prestigious health care centers have served as aguide for the management of this entity, but very few have observed a therapy aimed at repairing said membranes or sealing such a defect. Scientific evidence shows that the regeneration and repair of the membranes is slow and complex and the treatment sproposed to repair or seal their defect have not enjoyed scientific acceptance for their approval, how ever, the use of the autologous endocervical transvaginal blood patch looks like a promising therapeutic alternative(AU)

Selective photodynamic effects on cervical adenocarcinoma cells provided by F127 Pluronic®-based micelles modulating hypericin delivery

Abstract Cervical cancer is a leading cause of death among women. The endocervical adenocarcinoma (ECA) represents an aggressive and metastatic type of cancer with no effective treatment options currently available. We evaluated the antitumoral and anti-migratory effects of hypericin (HYP) encapsulated on Pluronic F127 (F127/HYP) photodynamic therapy (PDT) against a human cell line derived from invasive cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) compared to a human epithelial cell line (HaCaT). The phototoxicity and cytotoxicity of F127/HYP were evaluated by the following assays: colorimetric assay, MTT, cellular morphological changes by microscopy and long-term cytotoxicity by clonogenic assay. In addition, we performed fluorescence microscopy to analyze cell uptake and subcellular distribution of F127/HYP, cell death pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The PDT mechanism was determined with sodium azide and D-mannitol and cell migration by wound-healing assay. The treatment with F127/HYP promoted a phototoxic result in the HeLa cells in a dose-dependent and selective form. Internalization of F127/HYP was observed mainly in the mitochondria, causing cell death by necrosis and ROS production especially by the type II PDT mechanism. Furthermore, F127/HYP reduced the long-term proliferation and migration capacity of HeLa cells. Overall, our results indicate a potentially application of F127/HYP micelles as a novel approach for PDT with HYP delivery to more specifically treat ECA.

Assessment of the diagnostic value and prognosis of different detection markers in endocervical adenocarcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To study the diagnostic value of different detection markers in histological categories of endocervical adenocarcinoma (ECA), and their assessment of patient prognosis. Methods: A retrospective study of 54 patients with ECA in the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from 2005-2010 were performed. The cases of ECA were classified into two categories, namely human papillomavirus-associated adenocarcinoma (HPVA) and non-human papillomavirus-associated adenocarcinoma (NHPVA), based on the 2018 international endocervical adenocarcinoma criteria and classification (IECC). To detect HR-HPV DNA and HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA in all patients, we used whole tissue section PCR (WTS-PCR) and HPV E6/E7 mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques, respectively. Additionally, we performed Laser microdissection PCR (LCM-PCR) on 15 randomly selected HR-HPV DNA-positive cases to confirm the accuracy of the above two assays in identifying ECA lesions. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the efficacy of markers to identify HPVA and NHPVA. Univariate and multifactorial Cox proportional risk model regression analyses were performed for factors influencing ECA patients' prognoses. Results: Of the 54 patients with ECA, 30 were HPVA and 24 were NHPVA. A total of 96.7% (29/30) of HPVA patients were positive for HR-HPV DNA and 63.3% (19/30) for HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA, and 33.3% (8/24) of NHPVA patients were positive for HR-HPV DNA and HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA was not detected (0/24), and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001). LCM-PCR showed that five patients were positive for HR-HPV DNA in the area of glandular epithelial lesions and others were negative, which was in good agreement with the E6/E7 mRNA ISH assay (Kappa=0.842, P=0.001). Analysis of the ROC results showed that the AUC of HR-HPV DNA, HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA, and p16 to identify HPVA and NHPVA were 0.817, 0.817, and 0.692, respectively, with sensitivities of 96.7%, 63.3%, and 80.0% and specificities of 66.7%, 100.0%, and 58.3%, respectively. HR-HPV DNA identified HPVA and NHPVA with higher AUC than p16 (P=0.044). The difference in survival rates between HR-HPV DNA (WTS-PCR assay) positive and negative patients was not statistically significant (P=0.156), while the difference in survival rates between HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA positive and negative patients, and p16 positive and negative patients were statistically significant (both P<0.05). Multifactorial Cox regression analysis showed that International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) staging (HR=19.875, 95% CI: 1.526-258.833) and parametrial involvement (HR=14.032, 95% CI: 1.281-153.761) were independent factors influencing the prognosis of patients with ECA. Conclusions: HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA is more reflective of HPV infection in ECA tissue. The efficacy of HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA and HR-HPV DNA (WTS-PCR assay) in identifying HPVA and NHPVA is similar, with higher sensitivity of HR-HPV DNA and higher specificity of HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA. HR-HPV DNA is more effective than p16 in identifying HPVA and NHPVA. HPV E6/E7 mRNA and p16 positive ECA patients have better survival rates than negative.

Mistaking a Tumour for an Infection - Acrometastasis of the Finger from Endocervical Adenosquamous Carcinoma: A Case Report

@#Acrometastasis is rare with a very low incidence of all bone metastasis. It can present with swelling, pain and warmth with erythema that may mimic an infection especially in the distal phalanx. Due to its rarity and subtle clinical presentation, it can be misdiagnosed as an infection causing the treatment to be delayed. We report a 42-year-old female with an acrometastasis to the distal phalanx of the left middle finger which we mistook as an infection thus delaying her treatment. It was a terminal presentation of her endocervical adenosquamous carcinoma. We would like to highlight that acrometastasis has an indistinct presentation and in cases where the lesion does not respond to treatment, acrometastasis should be included as one of the differential diagnoses. Thus, physicians need to have a high level of suspicion in patients with a primary malignant tumour.

Value of Endocervical Curettage in Detection of High-grade Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To explore the value of endocervical curettage (ECC) in the detection of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features and colposcopical characteristics of 678 female patients with complete clinical data. Results Among 678 cases, 391 cases were confirmed by cervical biopsy only and 7 cases by ECC only (57.67% vs. 1.03%, P < 0.001). ECC checked out 287 HSIL patients (42.33%, including cervical biopsy positive and negative cases) and cervical biopsy checked out 671 HSIL cases (98.97%, including ECC positive and negative cases). There were 68 positive ECC cases in the conversion area of Type 1+Type 2 and 247 positive ECC cases in the conversion area of Type 3(33.33% vs. 52.11%, P < 0.001). The positive rates of ECC in patients≥45 years old and < 45 years old were 145 and 170, respectively (55.13% vs. 40.96%, P < 0.001). Conclusion The cervical biopsy plays a dominant role in the detection of HSIL, and ECC can only be used as a supplement to it. Female patients older than 45 years or with Type 3 transformation zone examined by colposcopy should be concerned with cervical lesions.

Accuracy of endocervical cytological tests in diagnosing preinvasive lesions of the cervical canal in patients with type 3 transformation zone: a retrospective observational study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer screening in Brazil is done using Pap smears. Women who are most likely to have a preinvasive lesion or cervical cancer are immediately referred for colposcopy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of endocervical cytological tests in diagnosing preinvasive cervical lesions in women with initial high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), or atypical squamous cells in which high-grade lesions could not be ruled out (ASC-H), or atypical glandular cells (AGC), and whose colposcopy did not show any abnormalities, with no fully visible transformation zone (types 2 and 3). DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study conducted in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: Data from women who came to the cervical pathology outpatient clinic between January 2012 and April 2017 were analyzed. The results from endocervical cytological tests were compared with the final diagnosis, which was obtained through examination of a surgical specimen or, among women who did not undergo an excisional procedure, after cytological and colposcopic follow-up for two years. RESULTS: We included 78 women. The sensitivity of endocervical cytological tests was 72.7%; specificity 98.5%; positive and negative predictive values 88.9% and 95.6%, respectively; and positive and negative likelihood ratios 48.7 and 0.28. CONCLUSION: Endocervical cytological tests are simple, inexpensive and noninvasive, and form a reliable method for determining management among patients with HSIL, ASC-H and AGC cytological findings and negative colposcopic findings without visualization of the squamocolumnar junction.

High grade adenosarcoma of endocervix and endometrial cavity with a heterologous component of rhabdomyosarcoma. Case report and review of the literature / Adenosarcoma de alto grado de endocérvix y cavidad endometrial con componente heterólogo de rabdomiosarcoma. reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura

RESUMEN Objetivo: presentar el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de adenosarcoma de alto grado de endocérvix y de cavidad endometrial, con componente heterólogo, y hacer una revisión de la literatura con especial atención al diagnóstico y manejo terapéutico de esa patología. Materiales y métodos: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 31 años, que consulta al Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena de Sevilla, institución regional de tercer nivel, por presentar san grado genital originado por una masa polipoidea endocervical que se llevó a biopsia con resultado de un leiomiosarcoma poco diferenciado de alto grado de endocérvix. Posteriormente fue llevada a histerectomía total abdominal. En el estudio de la pieza quirúrgica el resultado fue: adenosarcoma de endocérvix y cavidad endometrial, con componente heterólogo de rabdomiosarcoma. Con los términos: "adenosarcoma", "endocervical", "cérvix", "uterus", "heterologous", en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed se realizó una búsqueda de artículos de revisión bibliográfica, reportes y series de casos clínicos que describían aspectos del adenosarcoma cervicouterino y del componente heterólogo de rabdomiosarcoma, en inglés y español, publicados desde 1974. Resultados: se hallaron seis artículos correspondientes a revisiones de la literatura, reportes o series de casos, donde se describen los aspectos más importantes referentes al diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta patología. Conclusiones: esta patología se caracteriza, en ocasiones, por un crecimiento rápido y agresivo, donde es importante el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento óptimo, basado en una combinación de cirugía, radioterapia y quimioterapia, aunque dada su baja prevalencia se necesitan aún más estudios para poder confirmar estos datos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To present the case of a patient diagnosed with high grade adenosarcoma of the endocervix and the endometrial cavity, with a heterologous component, and to conduct a review of the literature focusing on the diagnosis and therapeutic management of this disease condition. Materials and methods: We present the case of a 31-year-old female patient who came to Virgen Macarena University Hospital of Seville, a Level III regional institution, complaining of genital bleeding arising from an endocervical polypoid mass. The biopsy of the mass revealed a high grade, poorly differentiated leiomyosarcoma of the endocervix. The patient was taken later to total abdominal hysterectomy. The study of the surgical specimen provided the following result: adenosarcoma of the endocervix and endometrial cavity with a heterologous rhabdomyosarcoma component. A search was conducted in the Medline database via Pubmed using the terms "adenosarcoma," "endocervical," "cervix," "uterus," "heterologous." The search included literature review articles, case reports and clinical case series describing aspects of cervical adenosarcoma and the heterologous rhabdomyosarcoma component, published in English and Spanish since 1974. Results: Six articles corresponding to literature reviews, case reports or case series in which the most relevant aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of this disease condition are described were retrieved. Conclusions: This condition is characterized, on occasions, by rapid and aggressive growth, hence the importance of early diagnosis and optimal treatment based on a combination of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. However, due to its low prevalence, further studies are needed in order to confirm these data.

Clinical analysis of 128 cases of cervical lesion diagnosed by multi-point biopsy of colposcopy and endocervical curettage / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective@#To investigate the clinical values of colposcopy and cervical biopsy and/or endocervical curettage (ECC) in the diagnosis of cervical lesion.@*Methods@#Clinical data of 128 cases of cervical lesion diagnosed by Xuzhou Cancer Hospital from January 23, 2014 to October 11, 2016 were collected and retrospectively analyzed, all patients underwent colposcopy and cervical biopsy and/or ECC.@*Results@#Among them, the age between 30 to 50 years old were 70 cases, whose transformation zone types of Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 28 cases (40.0%), 23 cases (32.9%) and 19 cases (27.1%), respectively. The age older than 50 years were 45 cases, whose transformation zone types of Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 1 case (2.2%) and 44 cases (97.8%), respectively. Among the 128 cases of cervical lesions, diagnostic results of colposcopy showed that the chronic inflammation were 57 cases, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)Ⅰwere 35 cases, CINⅡor CINⅡ~Ⅲ were 8 cases, CIN Ⅲ were 5 cases and cervical cancer were 23 cases. Alternatively, the pathological results showed that the chronic inflammation were 81 cases, CINⅠwere 17 cases, CINⅡor CINⅡ~Ⅲ were 7 cases, CIN Ⅲ were 5 cases and cervical cancer were 18 cases, respectively. Among the 81 cases of chronic inflammation diagnosed by pathology, 52 cases (64.2%) were consistent with the diagnostic results of colposcopy. Among the 17 cases of low grade squamous epithelial cell lesion (LSIL) diagnosed by pathology, 10 cases were in agree with the diagnostic results of colposcopy. Among the 12 cases of high-grade squamous epithelial cell lesion (HSIL) diagnosed by pathology, 9 cases were concordant with the diagnostic results of colposcopy. Among the 18 cases of cervical cancer diagnosed by pathology, 17 cases were consistent with the diagnostic results of colposcopy.@*Conclusions@#The type of transformation zone is positively correlated with the age, and it can help to choose biopsy and therapeutic manner. The diagnostic accuracies of HSIL and early stage of cervical cancer by multi-point biopsy of colposcopy and/or ECC are high. The cervical lesions which are difficultly found by direct visualization can be identified by colposcopy, and thus provides objective evidence to determine the therapeutic manner for patients with stage ⅡA of cervical cancer.

Uso del balón cervical vs. prostaglandinas endocervicales para la inducción del parto en embarazo a término: revisión breve de literatura / Use of the cervical balloon vs. endocervical prostaglandins for the induction of labor in term pregnancy: literature brief review / Usando a bola cervical vs prostaglandinas endocervicais para indução do parto em gestação a termo: breve revisão da literatura

ResumenLas prácticas del cuidado del embarazo y el parto varían ampliamente entre los países, las instituciones y los diferentes equipos encargados del cuidado obstétrico: en este contexto con prácticas tan diversas, la práctica clínica basada en la evidencia permite que el accionar de los profesionales encargados del cuidado obstétrico se fundamente en la mejor evidencia disponible. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar la mejor evidencia científica disponible sobre los efectos adversos del uso del balón cervical durante y posterior a la labor de parto, en comparación con el uso de prostaglandinas endocervicales para la inducción del parto en mujeres con embarazo a término. La secuencia de etapas para la recolección de la información se inició con la aplicación del mapa de búsqueda en las bases de datos MEDLINE, PUBMED y COCHRANE LIBRARY, a partir de los siguientes criterios de filtro de información: artículos publicados entre los años 2010 al 2015, mujeres gestantes de cualquier edad, únicamente se incluyó estudios como ensayos aleatorizados controlados, revisiones sistemáticas, meta-análisis o guías de práctica clínica y de preferencia artículos científicos en idioma inglés o portugués. Esta búsqueda y análisis de la evidencia encontrada se realizó durante los meses de abril y mayo del año 2015 por dos revisores. Los resultados obtenidos para el análisis crítico fueron revisados minuciosamente a través de la plataforma informática FCL 2.0 con las plantillas de ensayo clínico y revisión sistemática incluidas en los anexos. Se concluye que la utilización del balón endocervical comparado con el uso de prostaglandinas endocervicales presenta menos efectos adversos de manera específica durante la labor del parto. En relación con los efectos adversos posteriores, no se encuentra mayor diferencia entre uno u otro método.

AbstractPregnancy and childbirth care practices vary widely across countries, institutions, and different obstetrical care teams: in this context with such diverse practices, evidence-based clinical practice allows the Obstetric care is based on the best available evidence. The objective of the present study is to analyze the best available scientific evidence on the adverse effects of cervical balloon use during and after labor, compared to the use of endocervical prostaglandins for induction of labor in women with term pregnancy. The sequence of steps for the collection of information was initiated with the application of the search map in the databases MEDLINE, PUBMED and COCHRANE LIBRARY, based on the following information filter criteria: articles published between the years 2010 to 2015, Pregnant women of any age, only included studies such as randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyzes or guidelines of clinical practice and preferably scientific papers in English or Portuguese. This search and analysis of the evidence found was carried out during the months of April and May of the year 2015 by two reviewers. The results obtained for the critical analysis were carefully reviewed through the FCL 2.0 computer platform with the clinical trial templates and systematic review included in the annexes. It is concluded that the use of the endocervical balloon compared to the use of endocervical prostaglandins presents less adverse effects specifically during labor. In relation to the subsequent adverse effects, no greater difference is found between one or the other method.

ResumoPráticas de cuidados a gravidez eo parto variam amplamente entre os países, instituições e diferentes equipas de cuidados obstétricos; neste contexto como práticas diversas, a prática clínica baseada em evidências permite que as ações dos profissionais responsáveis pela assistência obstétrica é baseada na melhor evidência disponível. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a melhor evidência científica disponível sobre os efeitos adversos durante e após o parto com o uso de bola cervical em comparação com o uso de prostaglandina endocervical para indução do parto em mulheres com gravidez a termo. A sequência dos passos para a recolha de dados começa com a busca do mapa aplicação em Medline, PubMed e os dados Cochrane Library, onde os seguintes critérios de filtro de informação artigos introduzidos foram seleccionados publicação período entre 2010 e 2015, a população foi delimitada a mulheres grávidas de qualquer idade, digite apenas ensaios estudos clínicos randomizados, revisões sistemáticas, meta-análises ou diretrizes de prática clínica e artigos científicos de preferência em Inglês ou Português foram incluídos. Esta pesquisa e análise da evidência encontrada foi realizado durante os meses de Abril e Maio de 2015, dois colaboradores. Os resultados obtidos para a análise crítica foram cuidadosamente controlados através da plataforma FCL computador 2,0 modelos ensaio clínico e revisão sistemática estão incluídos nos anexos. Concluiu-se que o uso de bola endocervical em comparação com a utilização de prostaglandinas endocervicais tem menos efeitos adversos especificamente durante o trabalho de parto. Em ligação com os efeitos adversos subsequentes não é maior diferença entre qualquer um dos métodos.

Caracterización del tejido columnar del cérvix mediante espectroscopia de impedancia eléctrica y modelado computacional / Characterization of cervical columnar tissue through electrical impedance spectroscopy and computer modeling

RESUMEN Introducción: En este artículo se presenta la utilización de la espectroscopia de impedancia eléctrica (EIE) en la caracterización del tejido columnar cervical y como herramienta de apoyo a las técnicas diagnósticas del cáncer de cuello uterino. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de validez diagnóstica a 30 pacientes no menopáusicas que presentaron ectopia cervical durante la colposcopia. Se obtuvieron 129 espectros de impedancia eléctrica de tejido columnar, que fueron diferenciados en cuatro zonas o puntos de toma de medidas, semejantes a las zonas horarias 12, 3, 6, y 9 de un reloj análogo. Los datos experimentales obtenidos fueron ajustados al modelo de Cole-Cole, que describe la fisiología y estructura del tejido mediante parámetros eléctricos de resistividad R y S, frecuencia característica Fc y capacitancia de membrana Cm. Resultados: La comparación entre tejidos columnares sanos y con lesión en cada uno de los puntos de medida se realizó mediante pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann-Whitney, que mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p <0,05) para las medianas de R y S, con un nivel de confianza del 95%. Los valores promedio de R y S para tejido columnar sano fueron 2,0 Ω-m y 11,36 Ω-m, con desviación estándar 0,41 y 0,51 respectivamente; mientras que para los tejidos con lesiones el valor promedio R y S fueron de 4,21 Ω-m y 7,03 Ω-m, con desviación estándar 0,40 para ambas medidas. Conclusión: Se encontró que la resistividad del líquido extracelular R y la resistividad de la matriz intracelular S son las que mejor discriminan entre epitelios columnares sanos y aquellos afectados por lesiones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Thi s pape r shows the implementation of Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in the characterization of the cervical columnar tissue and as a supporting tool to the diagnostic techniques of cervical cáncer Methods: A diagnostic validity study was performed on 30 non-menopausal patients who presented cervical ectopy during colposcopy. A total of 129 electric impedance spectra of columnar tissue was obtained, which were differentiated into four measurement zones or points similar to time zones 12, 3, 6, and 9 of an analog clock. The experimental data obtained were adjusted to the Cole-Cole model which describes the physiology and structure of the tissue through electrical resistivity parameters R and S, characteristic frequency Fc and membrane capacitance Mc. Results: The comparison between healthy and damaged columnar tissue at each of the measurement points was performed using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests which showed statistically significant differences (p <0.05) for the R and S medians with a 95% confidence level. The average values of R and S for healthy columnar tissue were 2.0 Ω-m and 11.36 Ω-m, with 0.41 and 0.51 standard deviation respectively, whereas for a damaged tissue the average value of R and S were 4.21 Ω-m and 7.03 Ω-m, with 0.40 standard deviation for both measurements. Conclusions: It was found that the resistivity of the extracellular liquid R, and the resistivity of the intracellular matrix S, are the parameters that better discriminate between healthy columnar epithelia and those affected by lesions.

Comparación de la detección y tipificación del virus del papiloma humano en muestras citológicas y de orina en pacientes del sexo femenino / Comparison of the detection and typing of human papilloma virus in cytological samples vs. urine samples in female patients

El cáncer de cuello uterino, es el segundo más frecuente en mujeres a nivel mundial; la infección por Virus de Papiloma Humano (VPH) de alto riesgo oncogénico, es el principal factor etiológico de esta malignidad. La identificación viral se logra mediante métodos moleculares sensibles y específicos como la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), que generalmente utiliza hisopados cervicales o biopsias como material biológico. Debido a las complicaciones e incomodidad que implica la toma de estas muestras, se realizan estudios en otras más accesibles como la orina. Por lo que se realizó la detección y tipificación de VPH en muestras de hisopados endocervicales y de orina, se compararon los resultados obtenidos y se evaluó la efectividad del uso de esta última. La extracción del material genético se realizó con el estuche comercial AXYGEN. Para la detección y la tipificación viral se empleó la técnica de PCR en tiempo final. La positividad para VPH fue 68,6% en los hisopados cervicales y 62,9% en las muestras de orina de, valores similares y comparables a estudios previos. Así mismo, la concordancia obtenida entre los resultados de las muestras empleadas respecto a los tipos virales identificados fue “moderada” (k=0,609), encontrándose además valores altos de sensibilidad y especificidad de 83,3% y de 81,8% respectivamente al usar muestras de orina. Estos resultados apuntan a la posibilidad de desarrollar un diagnóstico efectivo para VPH empleando muestras de orina, ya que reducirían la intervención de personal adiestrado para su toma, costos y la incomodidad para las pacientes.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Infection with high oncogenic risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the main etiological factor of this malignancy. Viral identification is achieved by sensitive and specific molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which are generally used on cervical biopsies or swabs of biological material. Because of the complications and discomfort that taking these samples implies, studies are conducted with other samples obtained from less invasive methods, such as urine. Accordingly, detection and genotyping of HPV in endocervical swabs and urine were performed to compare results and to evaluate the effectiveness of using the latter samples. The genetic material was obtaining using the commercial kit Axygen. For viral detection and typing the conventional PCR technique was used. Positivity for HPV in cervical swabs was 68.6% and 62.9% in urine samples, similar values and comparable to previous studies. Likewise, the concordance obtained between the results of the samples used with respect to the identified viral types was “moderate” (k = 0.609), with high values of sensitivity and specificity of 83.3% and 81.8%, respectively, when urine samples were used. These results point to the possibility of developing an effective diagnosis for HPV using urine samples, because it would reduce the intervention of trained personnel, cost and discomfort for the patients.

A Pyloric Gland-Phenotype Ovarian Mucinous Tumor Resembling Lobular Endocervical Glandular Hyperplasia in a Patient with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

We describe an ovarian mucinous neoplasm that histologically resembles lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) containing pyloric gland type mucin in a patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). Although ovarian mucinous tumors rarely occur in PJS patients, their pyloric gland phenotype has not been clearly determined. The histopathologic features of the ovarian mucinous tumor were reminiscent of LEGH. The cytoplasmic mucin was stained with periodic acid-Schiff reaction after diastase treatment but was negative for Alcian blue pH 2.5, suggesting the presence of neutral mucin. Immunohistochemically, the epithelium expressed various gastric markers, including MUC6, HIK1083, and carbonic anhydrase-IX. Multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification detected a germline heterozygous deletion mutation at exons 1–7 of the STK11 gene (c.1-?_920+?del) in peripheral blood leukocytes and mosaic loss of heterozygosity in ovarian tumor tissue. Considering that LEGH and/or gastric-type cervical adenocarcinoma can be found in patients with PJS carrying germline and/or somatic STK11 mutations, our case indicates that STK11 mutations have an important role in the proliferation of pyloric-phenotype mucinous epithelium at various anatomical locations.

Eficacia del parche hemático transvaginal endocervical autólogo en ruptura prematura de membranas pretérmino / Effectiveness of transvaginal blood patch endocervical Autologous in Preterm premature rupture of membranes

OBJETIVO: comparar la efectividad terapéutica del parche hemático transvaginal endocervical autólogo en casos de ruptura prematura de membranas pretérmino frente al llamado tratamiento expectante. MÉTODOS: Ensayo controlado, aleatorio y prospectivo teniendo como variables determinantes el tiempo de latencia de la ruptura y la sobrevida de los recién nacidos. En un período de 12 semanas, solo 35 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 16 y 37 y promedio de 26,5 años, cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La edad de gestación tuvo una media de 23,5 ± 3,92 semanas. Con distribución aleatoria, se formaron dos grupos independientes y estadísticamente comparables donde el primero con 9 casos (25,7.%) fue tratado con el parche hemático y el segundo considerado grupo control, con 26 casos (74,2.%) recibió el tratamiento expectante. RESULTADOS: Con un nivel de significancia de 0,05 hubo una diferencia significativa tanto en el período de latencia (P=0,002) como en la sobrevida de los recién nacidos (P=0,006) demostrando la efectividad terapéutica del parche frente al tratamiento expectante. No hubo diferencia referente a la edad materna y la edad gestacional. Con el tratamiento con el parche hemático la reducción del riesgo absoluto fue de 54,70 %, el riesgo relativo de muerte de 0,289, la reducción del riesgo relativo de muerte del 71,11 % , el número necesario de pacientes a tratar fue de 1,83 pacientes y "Odds Ratio"= 0,09 (0,086). El parche hemático no evidenció efectos adversos, complicaciones y fue de bajo costo. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados obtenidos demuestran de manera significativa la efectividad terapéutica del parche hemático frente al tratamiento expectante, mejorando tanto el período de latencia del embarazo como la sobrevida de los recién nacidos con ruptura de membranas ovulares pretermino.

OBJECTIVE: to compare the therapeutic effectiveness of the autologous endocervical transvaginal blood patch, in cases of preterm premature rupture of membranes, versus the so called expectant treatment. METHODS: Controlled, randomized and prospective trial having latency time of the break and survival of newborns as determining variables. In a 12-week period, only 35 patients aged between 16 and 37 and averaging 26,5 years, met the inclusion criteria. Gestational age had an average of 23.5 ± 3.92 weeks. With a random distribution, two independent and statistically comparable groups where formed; where the first one, with nine cases (25.7 %), was treated with the blood patch; and the second one, with 26 (74.2%), and considered the control group, received expectant treatment. RESULTS: With a significance level of 0.05, there was a significant difference in both the latency period (P = 0.002) and the survival of newborns (P = 0.006), demonstrating the therapeutic effectiveness of the patch as compared with the expectant treatment. There was no difference regarding maternal age and gestational age. With the blood patch treatment, Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) was 54.70 %; the relative risk of death (RR), of 0.289; the reduction of the relative risk of death (RRR), of 71.11 %; the number needed to treat (NNT) was 1.83 patients; and the "Odds ratio" (OR) = 0.09 (0.086). The blood patch did not report adverse effects, complications and was inexpensive. CONCLUSIONS: The results show a significant therapeutic effectiveness of the blood patch versus the expectant treatment, improving both the latency period of pregnancy and the survival of infants in cases of preterm rupture of ovular membranes.

Diagnostic efficacy of a real time-PCR assay for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infertile women in north India.

Background & objectives: Little is known about the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Indian women with infertility. To improve the diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection in developing countries, there is an urgent need to establish cost-effective molecular test with high sensitivity and specificity. This study was conducted to determine the diagnostic utility of a real time-PCR assay for detention of C. trachomatis infection in infertile women attending an infertility clinic in north India. tThe in house real time-PCR assay was also compared with a commercial real-time PCR based detection system. Methods: Endocervical swabs, collected from 200 infertile women were tested for C. trachomatis by three different PCR assays viz. in-house real time-PCR targeting the cryptic plasmid using published primers, along with omp1 gene and cryptic plasmid based conventional PCR assays. Specimens were also subjected to direct fluorescence assay (DFA) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) Performance of in-house real time-PCR was compared with that of COBAS Taqman C. trachomatis Test, version 2.0 on all in-house real time-PCR positive sample and 30 consecutive negative samples. Results: C. trachomatis infection was found in 13.5 per cent (27/200) infertile women by in-house real time-PCR, 11.5 per cent (23/200) by cryptic plasmid and/or omp1 gene based conventional PCR, 9 per cent (18/200) by DFA and 6.5 per cent (7/200) by EIA. The in-house real time-PCR exhibited a sensitivity and specificity of 100 per cent, considering COBAS Taqman CT Test as the gold standard. The negative and positive predictive values of the in-house real time-PCR were 100 per cent. The in-house real time-PCR could detect as low as 10 copies of C. trachomatis DNA per reaction. Interpretation & conclusions: iIn-house real time-PCR targeting the cryptic plasmid of C. trachomatis exhibited an excellent sensitivity and specificity similar to that of COBAS Taqman CT Test, v2.0 for detection of C. trachomatis infection in women attending an infertility clinic. In an effort to prevent Chlamydia infection associated infertility, we recommend screening of women with infertility due to C. trachomatis infection by in-house molecular method as a cost-effective solution in resource limited settings.

Frecuencia de la infección por Chlamydia trachomatis en un grupo de mujeres de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile / Frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a group of women from Region of Araucanía, Chile

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted bacterial infection worldwide. Between 70 and 90% of women are asymptomatic, however, untreated and persistent infections can lead to the development of urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Aims: To determine C. trachomatis infection frequency in a group of women in Chile, using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and to compare the usefulness of endocervical and urine samples for C. trachomatis detection. Methods: 87 asymptomatic women aged 15-64 years were included. Every woman donated one endocervical sample and one urine sample. Detection and quantification of C. trachomatis was performed by qPCR. Results: Of 87 endocervical samples, the frequency was 11.49% (n = 10). Of these samples, 5 cases were found in women < 35 years old. About urine samples, 16 samples were positive (18.39%). Ten women < 35 years old yielded positive urine samples. Only four women had both samples positive for C. trachomatis (4.6%). There was no statistically significant relationship between age and C. trachomatis infection. Cryptic plasmid quantification was found between 3.55 - 96.050 copies/μL for endocervical samples and 7.22-633.1 copies/μL for urine samples. Conclusion: Estimated frequency of C. trachomatis in Chilean women was higher than previous Chilean studies. Both types of samples are complementary for screening and diagnosis strategies using sensitive techniques, because silent infection can be present in either urinary or genital tract or in both in women.

Introducción: La infección por Chlamydia trachomatis es la infección bacteriana de transmisión sexual más frecuente en el mundo. Entre 70 y 90% de las mujeres son asintomáticas; sin embargo, las infecciones sin tratar y persistentes permiten el desarrollo de uretritis, enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, infertilidad y embarazo ectópico. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de infección por C. trachomatis en un grupo de mujeres chilenas, mediante RPC en tiempo real cuantitativa (qPCR) y comparar la utilidad de muestras endo-cervicales y de orina para la detección de C. trachomatis. Metodología: Participaron 87 mujeres asintomáticas (15-64 años). Cada mujer donó una muestra endo-cervical y una de orina. Se realizó detección y cuantificación C. trachomatis mediante qPCR. Resultados: La frecuencia de infección por C. trachomatis en muestras endo-cervicales fue de 11,49% (n: 10) y en muestras de orina de 18,39% (n: 16). El mayor número de casos se encontró en mujeres < 35 años. Sólo en cuatro mujeres se detectó C. trachomatis en ambas muestras (4,6%). La cuantificación de plásmido críptico se encontró en un rango 3,55 - 96.050 copias/μL. Conclusión: La frecuencia estimada de C. trachomatis fue más alta que en otros estudios chilenos. Ambos tipos de muestra deberían ser complementarias para estrategias de tamizaje y diagnóstico de C. trachomatis usando técnicas sensibles de detección, ya que la infección puede desarrollarse en el tracto genital y/o en el tracto urinario en mujeres.

MR Imaging Findings of Extraovarian Endocervical Mucinous Borderline Tumors Arising from Pelvic Endometriosis

We report MR imaging findings of a rare case of endocervical mucinous borderline tumor (MBT) involving the cul-de-sac and left fallopian tube arising from extensive pelvic endometriosis with pathologic correlation in a 35-year-old woman presented with vague pelvic pain. Endocervical MBT is a type of endometriosis-associated carcinoma. Imaging findings of endocervical MBT are unilocular or oligolocular cystic lesions with enhancing mural nodules, which are different from those of the more common intestinal type MBT.

Prevalência de Chlamydia trachomathis em amostras endocervicais de mulheres em São Paulo e Santa Catarina pela PCR / Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical samples by PCR in São Paulo and Santa Catarina

INTRODUÇÃO: Nenhuma outra doença sexualmente transmissível (DST) tem mostrado frequência tão elevada quanto a infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT). É frequente a detecção de mulheres portadoras de danos tubários causados por esse agente, determinando infertilidade permanente e as intervenções cirúrgicas não têm demonstrado sucesso em reparar esses danos. A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) se mostrou mais sensível do que a cultura para a identificação de CT, principalmente em cervicite clamidiana nas mulheres. A PCR promove a detecção de sequências específicas de nucleotídeos para a CT. OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de infecções causadas pela CT em mulheres nos estados de São Paulo e Santa Catarina utilizando amostras endocervicais. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS Utilizaram-se para o presente trabalho amostras enviadas pelos laboratórios conveniados ao Genolab, pertencentes aos estados de São Paulo e de Santa Catarina. Foram consultados os resultados dos laudos de exames para CT oriundos do banco de dados do Genolab no ano de 2010. Para a obtenção e o isolamento do ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA), utilizou-se a técnica de fenol-clorofórmio e para a amplificação do material genético, a técnica de PCR. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se uma amostra de 287 indivíduos, e desse total 56,45% das mulheres eram positivas. A amostra que obteve o maior número de positivos foi o swab endocervical, com 75%. CONCLUSÃO: As amostras biológicas provenientes do endocérvix apresentaram detecção eficiente da CT na população feminina. A alta prevalência salienta a importância no emprego do diagnóstico molecular, principalmente por este trabalho apontar esse aspecto.

INTRODUCTION: No other sexually transmitted disease (STD) has been as frequent as Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection. Tubal damage caused by this agent has been frequently detected among women. This infection causes permanent infertility. Furthermore, surgical interventions have not demonstrated success in repairing tubal damage. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has proved to be more sensitive than culture to the identification of CT mainly in women with chlamydial cervicitis.PCR promotes the detection of specific nucleotide sequences in CT. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of infections caused by CT in women in São Paulo and Santa Catarina states by use of endocervical samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study we used samples from laboratories in São Paulo and Santa Catarina states, which are associated with Genolab. CT examination result reports from 2010 obtained from Genolab database were analyzed. The phenol-chloroform protocol was used to obtain and isolate deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the (PCR) method was used to amplify genetic material. RESULTS: We obtained a sample of 287 individuals, of which 56.45% were positive. Endocervical swab samples showed the highest positive results (75%). CONCLUSION: Endocervical samples constituted an accurate detection of CT. The high prevalence emphasizes the importance of molecular diagnosis, which is also corroborated by this study.

Bilharzial endocervical polyp.

Schistosomiasis still represents a major threat to women's health in many developing countries. The frequency in developed countries is increasing among immigrants and tourists who have a history of freshwater exposure in endemic areas. This is a case of 43-year-old immunocompetent Egyptian woman presented by abnormal vaginal bleeding. The gynecological examination revealed an endocervical polyp measuring 3 x 2 x 1 cm. Polypectomy was done. Histopathological examination revealed several granulomas containing viable eggs of Schistosoma hematobium. Schistosomiasis is rarely presented with endocervical polyp. In developing countries, schistosomiasis may be considered in differential diagnosis of patient with endocervical polyp.

Rotura prematura de membranas ovulares: tratamiento con parche hemático transvaginal endocervical autólogo: presentación de un caso / Premature rupture of membranes: treatment with autologous endocervical transvaginal blood patch: case report

Se trata de una primigesta de 34 años de edad, quien presentó rotura prematura de membranas ovulares espontánea a las 24 semanas de gestación. Luego de realizar el diagnóstico clínico, microscópico y ecográfico de la entidad y descartando la presencia de infección, se decide la colocación de un parche hemático transvaginal endocervical autólogo como tratamiento de la presentó rotura prematura de membranas ovulares espontánea. La paciente evoluciona afebril con recuperación del líquido amniótico al sexto día del procedimiento. Inicia a las 35 semanas contracciones uterinas espontáneas dolorosas y al verificar en el monitoreo fetal intraparto un patrón compatible con desaceleración variable se decide la realización de una cesárea segmentaria obteniendo así un recién nacido pretérmino de 1550 g y 52 cm con evolución satisfactoria. El parche hemático transvaginal endocervical autólogo ofrece una alternativa como tratamiento de la presentó rotura prematura de membranas ovulares espontánea

This is the case of a 34-year-old primigravida who introduced spontaneous preterm premature rupture of membranes to 24 weeks of gestation. Then after clinical, microscopic, ultrasound diagnosis and discarding infection, we selected of a transvaginal endocervical autologous blood patch as the spontaneous preterm premature rupture of membranes treatment. The patient evolves without fever with the amniotic fluid recovery to the sixth day of the procedure. Start 35 weeks painful spontaneous uterine contractions and by verifying fetal monitoring intrapartum support Variable Deceleration Pattern is decided segment caesarean section giving a new born preterm 1550 g and 52 cm with satisfactory evolution. The transvaginal endocervical autologous blood patch offers an alternative to the spontaneous preterm premature rupture of membranes treatment