Estado de salud y frecuencia de factores predisponentes para covid-19 grave, población universitaria / Health status and frequency of predisposing factors for severe COVID-19, university population

INTRODUCCIÓN: La COVID-19 ha provocado diversas consecuencias en el mundo, actualmente se siguen estudiando sus factores predisponentes y consecuencias. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el estado de salud y la frecuencia de los factores de riesgo para COVID-19 grave en estudiantes, docentes y administrativos universitarios. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, se aplicó un cuestionario virtual. Se recopiló información epidemiológica personal y del entorno cercano, grupo sanguíneo, hacinamiento en administrativos, peso y talla. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo la información de 209 docentes, 103 administrativos y 1556 estudiantes. En docentes el 49.52% tiene alguna enfermedad crónica, el 29% tuvo COVID-19. En administrativos, el 56.31% tiene alguna enfermedad crónica, el 29% tuvo COVID-19. En estudiantes el 30% tiene enfermedad crónica, el 24.42% tuvo COVID-19. La mayoría de los docentes tiene sobrepeso, principalmente el sexo masculino desde los 51 años. El 50% del personal administrativo presenta sobrepeso, en igual proporción en ambos sexos y a partir de 41 años. En estudiantes la mayoría tiene un estado nutricional normal, el 27,9% presenta sobrepeso, siendo mayor en el sexo femenino y en el grupo de 20 a 25 años de edad. CONCLUSIONES: Son factores frecuentes en docentes y administrativos la edad, enfermedad crónica, grupo sanguíneo diferente de 0Rh positivo y sobrepeso.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 has caused various consequences in the world, its predisposing factors and consequences are currently being studied. The objective of this study was to determine the state of health and the frequency of risk factors for severe COVID-19 in university students, teachers, and administrators. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study, a virtual questionnaire was applied. Personal epidemiological information and information about the immediate environment, blood group, overcrowding in administrative offices, weight and height were collected. RESULTS: Information was obtained from 209 teachers, 103 administrators and 1556 students. In teachers, 49.52% have some chronic disease, 29% had COVID-19. In administrative, 56.31% have some chronic disease, 29% had COVID-19. In students, 30% have a chronic disease, 24.42% had COVID-19. Most of the teachers are overweight, mainly the male sex from the age of 51. 50% of the administrative staff is overweight, in equal proportion in both sexes and from 41 years of age. In students, the majority have a normal nutritional status, 27.9% are overweight, being higher in the female sex and in the group of 20 to 25 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent factors in teachers and administrators are age, chronic illness, blood group other than 0Rh positive, and overweight

Epidemiological Risk Factors and Perinatal Outcomes of Congenital Anomalies / Fatores de risco epidemiológicos e resultados perinatais das anomalias congênitas

Abstract Objectives To identify the epidemiological risk factors for congenital anomalies (CAs) and the impact of these fetal malformations on the perinatal outcomes. Methods This prospective cohort study comprised 275 women whose fetuses had CAs. Maternal variables to establish potential risk factors for each group of CA and perinatal outcomes were evaluated. The primary outcome was CA. Secondary outcomes included: fetal growth restriction (FGR); fetal distress (FD); premature rupture of membranes (PROM); oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios; preterm delivery (PTD); stillbirth; cesarean section; low birth weight; Apgar score < 7 at the 1st and 5th minutes; need for assisted ventilation at birth; neonatal infection; need for surgical treatment; early neonatal death; and hospitalization time. Chi-square (x2) test and multilevel regression analysis were applied to compare the groups and determine the effects of maternal characteristics on the incidence of CAs. Results The general prevalence of CAs was of 2.4%. Several maternal characteristics were associated to CAs, such as: age; skin color; level of education; parity; folic acid supplementation; tobacco use; and history of previous miscarriage. There were no significant differences among the CA groups in relation to FGR, FD, PROM, 1-minute Apgar score > 7, and need for assisted ventilation at birth. On the other hand, the prevalence of the other considered outcomes varied significantly among groups. Preterm delivery was significantly more frequent in gastrointestinal tract/abdominal wall defects. The stillbirth rate was increased in all CAs, mainly in isolated fetal hydrops (odds ratio [OR]: 27.13; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.90-253.47). Hospitalization time was higher for the urinary tract and congenital heart disease groups (p < 0.01). Neonatal death was significantly less frequent in the central nervous system anomalies group. Conclusion It was possible to identify several risk factors for CAs. Adverse perinatal outcomes were presented in all CA groups, and may differ according to the type of CA considered.

Resumo Objetivos Identificar os fatores epidemiológicos de risco para anomalias congênitas (ACs) e o impacto destas malformações fetais sobre os resultados perinatais. Métodos Este estudo de coorte prospectivo compreendeu 275 mulheres cujos fetos tinham ACs. Variáveis maternas para estabelecer potenciais fatores de risco para cada grupo de AC e resultados perinatais foram avaliados. O desfecho primário foi CAs. Os desfechos secundários incluíram: restrição de crescimento fetal (RCF); sofrimento fetal (SF); ruptura prematura de membranas (RPM); oligo-hidrâmnio ou polidrâmnio; parto pré-termo (PPT); morte fetal; parto cesárea; baixo peso ao nascer; índice de Apgar < 7 no 1° e 5° minutos; necessidade de ventilação assistida no momento do nascimento; infecção neonatal; necessidade de tratamento cirúrgico; óbito neonatal precoce; e tempo de internação. Teste de Qui-quadrado (x2) e análise de regressãomúltipla foram aplicados para comparar os resultados entre os grupos e determinar os efeitos das características maternas sobre a incidência de ACs. Resultados A prevalência geral de ACs foi de 2.4%. Várias características maternas foram associadas às ACs, tais como: idade; cor da pele; escolaridade; paridade; suplementação com ácido fólico; tabagismo; e histórico de aborto anterior. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos de ACs com relação à RCF, SF, RPM, índice de Apgar < 7 no 1°minuto e necessidade de ventilação assistida no nascimento. Por outro lado, a prevalência dos demais resultados adversos considerados variou significativamente entre os grupos. O parto pré-termo foi significativamente mais frequente nos casos de defeitos do trato gastrointestinal/parede abdominal. As taxas de óbito fetal foram elevadas em todos os grupos de ACs, principalmente na hidropsia fetal isolada (odds ratio [OR]: 27.13; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 2.90-253.47). O tempo de internação foi maior nos casos de anomalias do trato urinário e nas cardiopatias congênitas (p < 0,01). O óbito neonatal foi significativamente menos frequente no grupo de anomalias do sistema nervoso central. Conclusão Foi possível identificar vários fatores de risco para ACs. Resultados perinatais adversos foram observados em todos os grupos de ACs, e podem diferir de acordo com o tipo de AC considerada.

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de pacientes con tuberculosis diagnosticada en el Hospital Provincial "Celia Sánchez Manduley" / Clinical and epidemiological characterization of patients with tuberculosis diagnosed in "Celia Sánchez Manduley" Provincial Hospital

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal de 63 pacientes con tuberculosis, atendidos en el Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Docente Universitario "Celia Sánchez Manduley" de Manzanillo, provincia de Granma, desde el 2009 hasta el 2011, con vistas a caracterizarles según factores clinicoepidemiológicos de interés. Entre las variables analizadas figuraron: edad, sexo, procedencia, factores de riesgo, formas clínicas de la tuberculosis, tipo de tuberculosis extrapulmonares y categoría de casos. En la casuística predominaron el sexo masculino, los grupos etarios de 45-65 años, procedentes en su mayoría de zonas rurales; la ingestión de alcohol como factor de riesgo asociado y las formas pulmonares con baciloscopia positiva como las formas clínicas más frecuentes. La mayoría de los casos notificados fueron nuevos.

A descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study of 63 patients with tuberculosis, assisted in "Celia Sánchez Manduley" Teaching Clinical-Surgical University Hospital, Manzanillo, Granma province was carried out from the 2009 to 2011, aimed at characterizing them according to interesting clinical and epidemiological factors. Among the analyzed variables there were: age, sex, origin, risk factors, clinical forms of tuberculosis, type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and cases category. Male sex, the age groups 45-65, most of them coming from rural areas; alcohol consumption as associated risk factor and the pulmonary forms with positive bacilloscopy as the most frequent clinical forms prevailed in the case material. Most of the confirmed cases were new.

Factores de riesgo de cáncer de mama en mujeres pertenecientes a un consultorio médico del Centro Urbano "José Martí" / Risk factors of breast cancer in women belonging to a doctor's office from "José Martí" Urban Center

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 70 féminas mayores de 30 años, pertenecientes al Consultorio Médico de la Familia No.37 del Policlínico Docente "José Martí Pérez" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta junio del 2011, con vistas a determinar algunos factores de riesgo epidemiológicos asociados al cáncer de mama. Se utilizaron las frecuencias absoluta y relativa como medidas de resumen. Entre los factores de riesgo predominantes figuraron: no realización de ejercicios físicos (84,2 %), sobrepeso u obesidad (50,0 %) y menos de 4 meses de lactancia materna o no ofrecimiento de esta (37,1 %). Se constató que la mayoría de las mujeres realizaban la autoexploración mamaria mensual (54,2 %), pero en 8,7 % de ellas el examen clínico resultó dudoso, por lo cual fueron remitidas a la consulta de Mastología.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 70 female patients older than 30 years belonging to the doctor's office No.37 of "José Martí Pérez" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January to June, 2011, aimed at determining some epidemiological risk factors associated with breast cancer. The absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures. Among the predominant risk factors there were: no physical exercises (84.2%), overweight or obesity (50.0%) and less than 4 months of breast feeding or no offer of it (37.1%). It was verified that most of the women carried out the monthly breast self-examination (54.2%), but in 8.7% of them the clinical examination was doubtful, reason why they were referred to the Mastology Department.

Risco e (in)segurança na missão policial / Risk and (in)security in the police mission

Este artigo introduz uma discussão sobre a história e o uso dos conceitos de risco e segurança, aplicados ao sentido da missão policial. O texto que se desenvolve de forma ensaística, mostra como ambos os termos se desenvolveram no âmbito da constituição das sociedades modernas e industriais. Os autores partem da hipótese de que a estrutura organizacional da polícia em várias partes do mundo continua com a mesma lógica com que foi criada ao longo dos séculos XVIII e XIX e que esse formato está em crise: seja porque o conceito de risco e sua gestão atual se tornaram muito mais abrangentes; seja porque o conceito de segurança também se aprofundou e ampliou, fugindo ao âmbito da instituição policial. A crise dos aparatos policiais é uma questão internacional e os autores a exemplificam com o caso da França. Retomando o pensamento de autores importantes na área sociológica, os autores colocam em pauta o debate sobre algumas questões que consideram urgentes: reformulação da amplitude dos conceitos de risco e de segurança para compreensão da missão policial; valorização do policial dentro e fora das corporações; revisão sobre o peso da rigidez hierárquica ou da inflexibilidade na sua carreira, numa sociedade plural e flexível.

This paper introduces a discussion on the history and use of the concepts of risk and security applied to the police officer's mission. The text is developed in an essay format that shows how both terms developed under the constitution of modern industrial societies. The authors begin with the assumption that the organizational structure of the police in various parts of the world retains the same logic since they were created during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and that this format is in crisis: whether it is because the concept of risk and current management thereof has now become much broader; or because the concept of security has also deepened and broadened, fleeing from the scope of the police institution. The crisis of the police apparatus is an international issue and the authors point to the case of the French police. Reverting to the thoughts of important authors in the sociological area, the authors resume the debate on some issues that they consider urgent: reformulation of the breadth of the concepts of risk and security to understand the police mission; enhancement of the police inside and outside corporations; review of the weight of the hierarchical rigidity or inflexibility on careers in a plural and flexible society.

Comportamiento de las citologías orgánicas alteradas en un área de salud / Behavior of organic altered Pap in one health area

Introducción: el cáncer de útero es, después del cáncer de mama, el que más frecuentemente afecta a la mujer. La detección y tratamiento temprano de las lesiones premalignas garantizan la durabilidad de esta afección. Objetivo: conocer el comportamiento de las citologías orgánicas alteradas en un área de salud. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo en el Policlínico Este del municipio Camagüey en el período de enero de 2005 a diciembre de 2010. El universo estuvo constituido por las 189 mujeres que presentaron citologías orgánicas anormales en el período antes señalado. Se recogieron variables como: grupo de edades, resultados de las citologías orgánicas según toma de muestra, edad de las primeras relaciones sexuales, número de partos, diagnóstico citológico de infección por virus del papiloma humano (VPH). Resultados: poco menos de la mitad de las mujeres inició las relaciones sexuales antes de los 18 años (46,56 %) y la mayoría tenía entre 1 y 3 partos (83,06 %). El 56,08 % de las pacientes presentaron infección por VPH. Conclusiones: predominaron las pacientes con neoplasia intraepitelial cervical II, el año 2006 fue el de mayor incidencia de lesiones de cuello uterino.

Introduction: uterine cancer is the type of cancer which most frequently affects women after breast cancer. The early detection and treatment of pre-malignant damage guarantees the durability of this condition. Objective: to understand the behavior of organic altered Pap in one health area. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted I, the eastern polyclinic in Camagüey municipality from January 2005 to December 2010. The sample consisted of 189 women who had abnormal Pap organic in the aforementioned period. Variables were collected such as: age group, organic cytology results according to sampling, age of first intercourse, parity, cytological diagnosis of infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Results: slightly less than half of these women had their first sex intercourse before the age of 18 (46.56 %) and most had had 1-3 births (83.06 %). 56.08 % of these patients had HPV infection. Conclusions: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II was predominant in these patients. The highest incidence of cervical lesions occurred in 2006.

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de pacientes con hepatitis C en hemodiálisis y factores de pronóstico asociados / Clinical and epidemiological characterization of patients with hepatitis C under hemodialysis and associated prognosis factors

Se realizó un estudio observacional y analítico, de casos y controles, de todos los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en fase terminal expuestos a tratamiento depurador con hemodiálisis, que no padecían hepatitis C al inicio de la investigación, atendidos en el Hospital General "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2009 hasta diciembre de 2010, con vistas a caracterizarles según variables clinicoepidemiológicas de interés y determinar la incidencia del virus de la hepatitis C en ambos grupos de estudio, teniendo en cuenta los diferentes factores de pronóstico. Se aplicó un análisis multivariado de regresión logística para identificar dichos factores y el peso causal en la infección por el mencionado virus. En la serie primaron el sexo masculino (72,0%), el grupo etario de 45-54 años (21,3%), así como las nefropatías hipertensiva (37,3 %) y diabética (18,7 %) como las causas fundamentales de la enfermedad. Entre los principales factores de pronóstico figuraron las enfermedades hepáticas previas (OR= 4,80), la exposición a hemoderivados (OR=1,46) y el reúso de dializadores (OR=1,38).

An observational and analytic case-control study, of all the terminally ill patients with chronic renal failure exposed to purifying treatment with hemodyalisis who didn't suffer hepatitis C at the beginning of the investigation, assisted in "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January, 2009 to December, 2010, with the objective of characterizing them according to clinical and epidemiological variables of interest and determining the incidence of hepatitis C virus in both study groups, keeping in mind the different prognosis factors. A logistical regression multivariate analysis was applied to identify these factors and the causative influence in the infection by the mentioned virus. Male sex (72.0 %), the age group 45-54 years (21.3 %) and hypertensive (37.3 %) and diabetic (18.7 %) nephropathies prevailed in the series, as the fundamental causes of the disease. Among the main prognosis factors there were the previous hepatic illnesses (OR = 4.80), the exposure to hemoderivatives (OR=1.46) and the reuse of dialysers (OR=1.38).

Factores epidemiológicos y Apgar bajo al nacer / Epidemiological factors and low-Apgar at birth

INTRODUCCIÓN: El período más crucial de la vida humana corresponde a las primeras 24 h que siguen al nacimiento. En este período, la morbilidad y la mortalidad son elevadas, por lo que es necesario prevenir y conocer los factores de riesgo que puedan interferir en su normal desarrollo, evaluándose al nacer la puntuación de Apgar. OBJETIVOS: Identificar la posible asociación causal entre el índice de Apgar bajo y algunos factores epidemiológicos. Estimar a través del riesgo atribuible, aquellos factores que al actuar sobre ellos se lograría un mayor impacto en la población expuesta. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio analítico observacional tipo caso control, relacionado con algunos factores epidemiológicos que inciden en la ocurrencia de Apgar bajo al nacer, en el Hospital Materno Provincial Docente Mariana Grajales Coello de Santiago de Cuba, desde el 1ro de enero de 2006 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2007 . RESULTADOS: La edad materna y la edad gestacional al parto, el meconio en el líquido amniótico, las anomalías del cordón umbilical, el parto distócico y la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino están relacionados con el índice de Apgar bajo al nacer en esta institución. CONCLUSIONES: La depresión al nacer se asoció causalmente con las anomalías del cordón umbilical y el líquido amniótico meconial, teniendo asociación significativa la desnutrición fetal intrauterina, la edad gestacional al parto < 37 sem y ³ 42 sem y la presentación fetal distócica. Se comprobó que al actuar en el diagnóstico temprano y de certeza de un CIUR se lograría un mejor y mayor impacto en la población expuesta

INTRODUCTION: The more crucial moment in human life is that corresponding with the first 24 hr post-partum. During this period, morbidity and mortality are high, this it is necessary to prevent and to know risk factors that may to interfere in its normal development, assessing at birth the Apgar score. OBJECTIVES: To identify the possible causal association between the low Apgar score and some epidemiological factors. To estimate according to the attributing risk factors that acting on them it will be a great impact in exposed population. METHODS: An observational and analytical type case-control study was conducted related to some epidemiological factors having an impact on a low Apgar score at birth in the Mariana Grajales Mother Teaching Provincial Hospital of Santiago de Cuba from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007. RESULTS: Age mother and gestational age at labor, presence of meconium in amniotic fluid, umbilical cord abnormalities, dystocic labor and the intrauterine growth retard are related to a low Apgar score at birth in this institution. CONCLUSIONS: Depression at birth was associated in a causal way with umbilical cord abnormalities and the presence of meconium in amniotic fluid and a significant association with intrauterine fetal malnutrition, the gestational age at labor < 37 of weeks and ³ 42 weeks and dystocic fetal presentation. It was demonstrated that the retarded intrauterine growth (RIUG) acting in the early and certainty diagnosis it will be possible to achieve a better and major impact in exposed population

Risk factors for hepatitis C disease in Tando Allahyar, Pakistan: a case-control study.

Objective: Present study was undertaken to explore the epidemiological and dietary risk factors for hepatitis C disease in Tando Allahyar during June to December 2007. Materials and methods: 140 Hepatitis C patients and 149 controls (age, sex and locality matched with no personal or family history of hepatitis C) were randomly selected from the Tando Allahyar population during June 2007 to December 2007. A standard questionnaire specially developed for that purpose, was distributed among patients and controls. Accurate rapid card test was performed to confirm Hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive or negative patients and controls. O.R with 95% confidence interval was computed and p values were calculated by chi square test. Results: Over all findings showed that among 140 HCV patients 64% were females and 36% males (mean age range was 20-48 years). Our results showed strong positive association of sedentary life style (OR=4, 95% CI, 1.48-10.6, p=0.005), marital status, +ve family history, B+ve blood group, piercing, syringe use (70%), multiple pregnancies (OR=4.72, 95% CI, 1.47-15.15, p=0.008), blood transfusion (OR=4.4, 95% CI, 1.2-14.95, p=0.017), take out food debris by office pins (NS), shave at barber’s shop (NS), dental procedures (NS), medicines used in past (OR=3.08, 95% CI, 1.2-7.71, P=0.016), G.I.T diseases (OR =8.66, 95% CI, 1.28-55.58, p=0.023), stones of kidney or gallbladder, jaundice, Tuberculosis and psychological problems (OR =2.5, 95% CI, 1.04-6.13, P=0.04) with hepatitis C disease. We did not find any association of surgery, BMI, ENT, diseases, meat consumption and smoking with the disease. Vegetables OR =0.842, 95% CI, 0.361-1.964, P=0.694), pulses, tomatoes (OR =0.31, 95% CI, 0.041-2.53, P=0.31), and tea (OR =0.598, 95% CI, 0.251-1.431, P=0.25) were found to be the protective factors for Hepatitis C disease. Conclusion: Sedentary life style, multiple pregnancies, blood transfusion, medicines used in past, G.I.T diseases, and psychological problems are significantly positively associated with Hepatitis C disease.

Riesgo epidemiológico por helados no industriales en Barquisimeto, Venezuela, 2008 / Epidemiological risk by non-industrial ice cream in Barquisimeto, Venezuela, 2008

La calidad microbiológica de un alimento es un indicador de las buenas prácticas que regulan el conjunto de operaciones a los que es sometido, desde su producción hasta su consumo final. Uno de los principales productos que se expende de manera ambulante, en diversos sitios de la ciudad de Barquisimeto, es el helado de agua no industrial, conocido bajo diversos nombres y que por su accesibilidad y requerimientos mínimos de producción y distribución, puede representar un riesgo potencial para la salud pública. El presente trabajo, un estudio descriptivo transversal de una sola observación con diseño de campo y de muestreo no probabilístico, conoció y evaluó los parámetros microbiológicos observados en estos productos, conforme a lo señalado en regulaciones nacionales e internacionales. De igual manera estableció el riesgo epidemiológico de enfermedades transmisibles por este alimento basándose en el modelo implantado por Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Se observó que es muy probable sufrir una enfermedad alimentaria atribuible a las enterobacterias y las coliformes fecales con consecuencias moderadas, pero además que es muy probable sufrir una intoxicación por S. aureus con mayores consecuencias que el grupo anterior. Estableció el riesgo epidemiológico en el ámbito de su aplicación, para recomendar acciones de prevención y control sobre el posible impacto en el público consumidor, especialmente en la población más vulnerable, como lo es la infantil.

The microbiological quality of food is an indicator of the good practices that regulate the set of operations to which it is submitted, from production to final consumption. One of the main products that is expended in an ambulant way, in diverse places of Barquisimeto city, is the non industrial ice cream, acquaintance under diverse names and that for its accessibility and minimal requests of production and distribution, can represent a potential risk to public health. This paper, an observational descriptive cross-sectional study of a single observation with field design and non probability sampling,knew and evaluated the microbiological parameters observed in these products in accordance with the indicated for national and international regulations. In the same way established the epidemiologic risk of transmissible illnesses by this food based on the model implanted by Australia and New Zealand. It was observed that it is very probable to suffer a food illness attributable to the enterobacteria and the fecal coliformes with moderate consequences, but it is also likely to suffer poisoning for S. aureus with greater consequences than the previous group. It established the epidemiologic risk in the ambience of his application, to recommend actions of prevention and control on the possible impact in the consuming public, especially in the most vulnerable population, since it is the infantile one.