ABSTRACT
A questão de saber se uma investigação e análise propriamente fenomenológicas requerem a performance da epoché e a redução não tem sido apenas discutida dentro da filosofia fenomenológica. É também uma questão que tem sido intensamente debatida dentro da pesquisa qualitativa. Amedeo Giorgi, em particular, insistiu que nenhuma pesquisa científica pode reivindicar um status fenomenológico a menos que seja apoiada por algum uso da epoché e redução. Giorgi fundamenta parcialmente tal afirmação em idéias encontradas nos escritos de Husserl sobre psicologia fenomenológica. No presente artigo examino as ideias de Husserl e argumento que enquanto a epoché e a redução são cruciais para a fenomenologia transcendental, é algo muito mais questionável se elas também são relevantes para uma aplicação não-filosófica da fenomenologia.
The question of whether a proper phenomenological investigation and analysis requires one to perform the epoché and the reduction has not only been discussed within phenomenological philosophy. It is also very much a question that has been hotly debated within qualitative research. Amedeo Giorgi, in particular, has insisted that no scientific research can claim phenomenological status unless it is supported by some use of the epoché and reduction. Giorgi partially bases this claim on ideas found in Husserl's writings on phenomenological psychology. In the present paper, I discuss Husserl's ideas and argue that while the epoché and the reduction are crucial for transcendental phenomenology, it is much more questionable whether they are also relevant for a non-philosophical application of phenomenology.
La cuestión de si una investigación y análisis fenomenológico adecuado requiere que uno realice la época y la reducción no solo se ha discutido dentro de la filosofía fenomenológica. También es una pregunta que se ha debatido acaloradamente dentro de la investigación cualitativa. Amedeo Giorgi, en particular, ha insistido en que ninguna investigación científica puede reclamar un estado fenomenológico a menos que esté respaldada por algún uso de la época y la reducción. Giorgi basa parcialmente esta afirmación en ideas encontradas en los escritos de Husserl sobre psicología fenomenológica. En el presente artículo, discuto las ideas de Husserl y sostengo que si bien la época y la reducción son cruciales para la fenomenología trascendental, es mucho más cuestionable si también son relevantes para una aplicación no filosófica de la fenomenología.
Subject(s)
Psychology, Experimental/history , Knowledge , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
A experiência religiosa, inerente ao homem, pode permear a relação terapeuta-cliente. O gestalt-terapeuta deve estar preparado para investigar, a partir de uma escuta atentiva, a experiência única do cliente. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo evidenciar o conflito da terapeuta ante a incompatibilidade de seus valores morais-religiosos e dos valores existenciaisfenomenológicos da sua ciência. Ele se divide em três partes: a primeira, trata do embasamento teórico referente à experiência religiosa e à abordagem gestáltica; a segunda, refere-se à apresentação dos três participantes; e a terceira, apresenta a relação entre a teoria e os dados colhidos. Conclui-se que valores incompatíveis interferem em uma escuta fenomenológica, por isso a importância da suspensão dos valores e crenças do profissional.
A religious experience is inherent to man and can permeate the therapist-client relationship. The gestalt therapist must be prepared to investigate the unique experience of the client, from an attentive listening. This paper aims to highlight the conflict of the therapist before the incompatibility of their moral values and also the religious and existential-phenomenological values of their science. It is divided into three parts: the first one deals with the theoretical background on the religious experience and the Gestalt approach; the second refers to the presentation of the three participants; and the third shows the relation between theory and data collected. The conclusion is that incompatible values interfere with a phenomenological listening. For this reason the suspension of the values and beliefs of the professional is important.
La experiencia religiosa, inherente al hombre, puede traspasar la relación terapeuta-cliente. El terapeuta gestáltico debe estar preparado para investigar, a partir de una escucha atenta, la experiencia única del cliente. El objetivo de este trabajo es evidenciar el conflicto del terapeuta ante la incompatibilidad de sus valores morales/religiosos y de los valores existenciales fenomenológicos de su ciencia. Por lo cual, este trabajo se divide en tres partes: la primera, trata del basamento teórico referente a la experiencia religiosa y el abordaje gestáltico; la segunda, se refiere a la presentación de tres participantes; y la tercera, presenta la relación entre la teoría y los datos recolectados. Se concluye que valores incompatibles interfieren en la escucha fenomenológica, por eso, es importante que el profesional suspenda sus valores y creencias.
Subject(s)
Religion and Psychology , Conflict, Psychological , Gestalt TherapyABSTRACT
It is very important to establish precisely the historical phases of nursing. We nurses should try to acquire the central social position in the health management system in the near the future, the 21st Century. Therefore my treatise aims to orient the desirable phase of the history of nursing through the feministic survey of the history of nursing from the post medieval epoche to the modern epoche. During the time of the renaissance which gave morning light to the modern epoche the antique Athenian thinking of sex was again revived. Athenian excluded the women from the public and autonomous regions. All the medical activity, once dominated by the women, was misfortunately regarded as superstition acted by witches. Accordingly, the nursing women were to hunted as witches. In short, in the early modern epoche, women began to be excluded from the history of medical activities. In the middle modern epoche characterized by the enlightenment movement and early capital economic system, capitalistic patriarchal system began to be formed by change in the economic system. The status of women began to be greatly dropped below by the social distinction of the private dimension of home and the public dimension of job. The woman was deprived of even the occasion to get the official license of medicine and medical institutions were handed to the states or the powerful and rich merchants. Accordingly, nursing acted mainly in the nunnery as the total approach to the patients was destructed wholly and transformed into the means of earning the money. Therefore unprepared low class-women began to engage in nursing only for the money. From then on, nursing activity was tunneled through the dark age for 200 years. In the late modern epoche characterized by the contrast of the accumulated vast capital by industrialization and vast poverty of the peoples, feminism began to float over the surface for the acquisition of equality of men and women from England. A feminist, Nightingale insisted that the women as nurses should be responsible for the healthy life of man. She tried the professional nursing education for women. Accordingly she not only contributed to the intellectual progress of women but also inspired in women the consciousness of the professional job. She tired to realize the ideal of at-that-time-feminists by engaging in nursing all through life. She really paved the road to contemporary nursing. In the near the future, I will write to describe how the late modern epoche nursing has fallen into the dilemma through the 1st and 2nd world wars and matured capitalism and to consider contemporary nursing with the status of women. All these papers aim to give proper recognition of nursing and right orientation of the future 21st Century nursing.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Capitalism , Consciousness , Education, Nursing , England , Feminism , Hand , History of Nursing , Licensure , Nursing , Poverty , Superstitions , Thinking , World War IIABSTRACT
It is very important to establish precisely the historical phases of nursing. We nurses should try to acquire the central social position in the health management system in the near the future, the 21st Century. Therefore my treatise aims to orient the desirable phase of the history of nursing through the feministic survey of the history of nursing from the post medieval epoche to the modern epoche. During the time of the renaissance which gave morning light to the modern epoche the antique Athenian thinking of sex was again revived. Athenian excluded the women from the public and autonomous regions. All the medical activity, once dominated by the women, was misfortunately regarded as superstition acted by witches. Accordingly, the nursing women were to hunted as witches. In short, in the early modern epoche, women began to be excluded from the history of medical activities. In the middle modern epoche characterized by the enlightenment movement and early capital economic system, capitalistic patriarchal system began to be formed by change in the economic system. The status of women began to be greatly dropped below by the social distinction of the private dimension of home and the public dimension of job. The woman was deprived of even the occasion to get the official license of medicine and medical institutions were handed to the states or the powerful and rich merchants. Accordingly, nursing acted mainly in the nunnery as the total approach to the patients was destructed wholly and transformed into the means of earning the money. Therefore unprepared low class-women began to engage in nursing only for the money. From then on, nursing activity was tunneled through the dark age for 200 years. In the late modern epoche characterized by the contrast of the accumulated vast capital by industrialization and vast poverty of the peoples, feminism began to float over the surface for the acquisition of equality of men and women from England. A feminist, Nightingale insisted that the women as nurses should be responsible for the healthy life of man. She tried the professional nursing education for women. Accordingly she not only contributed to the intellectual progress of women but also inspired in women the consciousness of the professional job. She tired to realize the ideal of at-that-time-feminists by engaging in nursing all through life. She really paved the road to contemporary nursing. In the near the future, I will write to describe how the late modern epoche nursing has fallen into the dilemma through the 1st and 2nd world wars and matured capitalism and to consider contemporary nursing with the status of women. All these papers aim to give proper recognition of nursing and right orientation of the future 21st Century nursing.