Ergonomia en actividades académicas desde casa

Introducción: A consecuencia de la emergencia sanitaria por el virus SARS-CoV2, las actividades académicas migraron de forma repentina a un entorno de trabajo remoto; esto provocó que los hogares de todo el mundo se convirtieran en el asentamiento urgente de las estaciones de trabajo académico. La ergonomia como disciplina científica cobra relevancia al ser un aliado subsanador para mitigar los riesgos asociados con la aparición de lesiones musculoesqueléticas. De acuerdo con la memoria estadística del Instituto Mexicano de Seguridad Social, IMSS1, en el primer año de pandemia de COVID-19 se registraron 30 860 atenciones por lesiones en la región de manos y muñecas, 9696 en la zona de cabeza y cuello, 6251 dorsopatías y 1673 atenciones por astenopia a jóvenes de entre 18 a 29 años que desarrollaban actividades escolares. Objetivo: En este sentido, se aborda la presente investigación para conocer la composición de los espacios de trabajo académico en casa y analizar si existen factores o elementos que incidan en el riesgo de lesiones musculoesqueléticas en los estudiantes del nivel superior. Metodología: A través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que cuenta con el constructo latente de las posibles lesiones (PL) en manos, espalda, piernas, cabeza, vista, oído, agotamiento físico y la respiración, las variables observables se atribuyen a los espacios utilizados para las actividades académicas en casa, muebles y equipos, Condiciones y Medio Ambiente (CyMAT). Resultados y discusión: Se encontró que un mal diseño de la estación de trabajo académico en casa, aunado a la utilización inadecuada de los muebles y equipos, aumenta la posibilidad de presentar síntomas asociados con las LMEs y, por tanto, daños en la salud del estudiante. Conclusión: La mediación de las estaciones de trabajo a través de la implementación de elementos ergonómicos mejora de forma sustancial la calidad de trabajo académico en casa, y hace evidente la importancia de la ergonomía como disciplina científica.

Introduction: As a result of the health emergency of the SARS-CoV2 virus, academic activities suddenly migrated to a remote work environment, causing homes around the world to become the urgent settlement of academic workstations. Ergonomics as a scientific discipline becomes relevant as it is a healing ally to mitigate the risks associated with the appearance of musculoskeletal injuries. According to the statistical report of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, IMSS1, in the first year of the COVID 19 pandemic, 30,860 care for injuries in the hands and wrists region, 9,696 in the head and neck area, 6,251 dorsopathies and 1,673 care for asthenopia were registered to young people between 18 and 29 years old who develop school activities. Objective: In this sense, this research is addressed to know the composition of academic workspaces at home and analyze if some factors or elements affect the risk of musculoskeletal injuries in students of the higher level. Methodology: Through a structural equations model that has the latent construct of possible injuries (PL) in the hands, back, legs, head, eyesight, hearing, physical exhaustion, and breathing; the observable variables are attributed to the spaces used for academic activities at home, furniture and equipment, conditions and environment (CyMAT) Results and discussion: It is explored that a bad design of the academic workstation at home coupled with the inappropriate use of furniture and equipment increases the possibility of presenting symptoms associated with SCI and therefore, damage to the student's health. Conclusion: The mediation of workstations through the implementation of ergonomic elements substantially improves the quality of academic work at home, making evident the importance of ergonomics as a scientific discipline

Análise ergonômica do trabalho para mototaxista: uma avaliação qualitativa e relato de caso / Ergonomic work analysis for motorcicle taxi drive: a qualitive assessment and case report

Objetivo ­ Devido ao crescimento desenfreado das grandes metrópoles, o mundo do trabalho vem sofrendo com o forte desemprego, fazendo com que a população recorra a outras fontes de renda. Os mototaxistas estão fazendo cada dia mais parte do cotidiano dos brasileiros. Porém esses trabalhadores enfrentam riscos em meio ao trânsito caótico das cidades como acidentes de trânsito, a exposição excessiva aos fatores ambientais como a radiação solar, chuva, barulhos, ruídos, cansaço e estresse, além de queixas de dor em algumas regiões do corpo, principalmente na coluna. Com isso, a Ergonomia entra como uma boa ferramenta para melhorar as condições de trabalho e promover o aumento de produtividade trabalhista desses trabalhadores. Métodos ­ O presente artigo abordou o relato de caso de um mototaxista de Belém-PA. As ferramentas Whoqol-Bref, IDE'S, diagrama de Corlett-Manenica, REBA e o Termo-HigroDecibelímetro-Luxímetro-Anemômetro foram utilizados para a coleta de dados. Discussão ­ As avaliações de temperatura (28ºC33,3ºC), ruídos (77-83,1dB) e luminância (650-5.900lux) apresentam inconformidades de acordo com as normas ergonômicas estabelecidas pela NR-17. Conclusão ­ Os resultados levaram à conclusão que a temperatura, os ruídos e a luminosidade excessiva podem ser fatores ambientais de risco para a saúde do mototaxista, assim como a presença de algias e alterações biomecânicas nas regiões cervical, torácica e lombar. Sendo assim, a atividade de mototaxista foi classificada como alto risco ergonômico pelo método REBA. Descritores: Avali

Assessment of ergonomic load on the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in ICU nurses / 中国职业医学

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSDs) among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses, assess its relationship with ergonomic load and overall exposure levels. Methods: A total of 272 ICU nurses from two tertiary hospitals in a city were selected as the research subjects using convenient sampling method. The Chinese Musculoskeletal Disorder Questionnaire was used to investigate the prevalence of WMSDs among the ICU nurses. The Quick Exposure Check (QEC) was used to assess the ergonomic load on the back, shoulder/arm, hand/wrist, and neck during different clinical nursing operations. Results: The annual prevalence of WMSDs was 75.7% among ICU nurses. The annual prevalence of WMSDs in different body parts, from high to low, was as follows： lower back, neck, shoulder/arm, back, knee, hip/leg, hand/wrist, ankle/foot, and elbow (54.8% vs 43.4% vs 40.8% vs 36.0% vs 21.3% vs 19.9% vs 18.8% vs 18.4% vs 8.1%, P<0.01). ICU nurses had the highest QEC scores on the back (dynamic), shoulder/arm, hand/wrist, and neck with assisting patient turning (all P<0.05) among the six clinical nursing items. During the operation of patient turning, patient lifting, patient bathing, and bed sheet changing for bedridden patients, the back (dynamic) and shoulder/arm were at a high load level, while the hand/wrist and neck were at a mild load level. When nurses were providing tracheostomy care and oral care for intubated patients, their back (static), shoulder/arm, hand/wrist, and neck were at a mild load level. The overall exposure rate for assisting patient turning, patient lifting, oral care for intubated patients, bed sheet changing for bedridden patients, patient bathing, and tracheostomy care were 77.8%, 66.5%, 63.6%, 60.2%, 58.5%, and 57.4%, respectively. The risk for assisting patient turning was classified as level four, while the risk for other clinical nursing items was level three. Conclusion: The prevalence of WMSDs in ICU nurses is high. Both ergonomic load level and total exposure rate of back, shoulder/arm, hand/wrist and neck were high during clinical nursing operations.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders and their prevention and control / 环境与职业医学

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are chronic and cumulative disorders that are affected by multiple ergonomic factors. They are widespread in occupational populations and have a high prevalence. They have caused a substantial economic and social burden, which has become a major occupational health problem worldwide. The mechanism of WMSDs needs to be clarified. More authoritative and unified diagnostic criteria and specific therapeutic drugs are required. Therefore, an in-depth epidemiological investigation on WMSDs involving occupational ergonomics is of great scientific value and practical significance, which aims to improve hazard identification and ergonomic load risk assessment and to facilitate the prevention, control, and intervention of WMSDs. This article introduced the concept, status report, risk factors, ergonomic assessment methods, and preventive measures of WMSDs. This special column on "occupational ergonomics and work-related musculoskeletal disorders" presented the prevalence and related risk factors of WMSDs in different industries, as well as working condition simulation studies for specific tasks, aiming to provide objective and detailed scientific data for the prevention and control of WMSDs.

Intervenciones ergonómicas y su impacto en la profesión odontológica / Ergonomic interventions and their impact on the dental profession / Intervenções ergonômicas e seu impacto sobre a profissão odontológica

Introducción: los desórdenes músculoesqueletales tienen una alta prevalencia en la población general y en particular, en el área salud, los profesionales de la odontología representan una población altamente vulnerable, debido a características particulares del ejercicio de su profesión. Es creciente el estudio de diferentes intervenciones ergonómicas y el impacto que estas pueden tener sobre la reducción de la sintomatología muscular y en el desarrollo y/o la perpetuación de estos cuadros disfuncionales. Materiales y método: se realizó una revisión, de tipo narrativa, entre los meses de abril de 2022 y agosto de 2022. Se consultaron base de datos tales como MedLine/PubMed y Scielo, incluyendo artículos publicados en los últimos diez años. Resultados: se obtuvieron un total de 71 artículos, de los cuales, se excluyeron 30 trabajos, resultando en 41 los artículos incluidos en la presente síntesis cualitativa. Conclusiones: las intervenciones ergonómicas están dirigidas básicamente, a cambios en los ambientes de trabajo de los profesionales y/o a la implementación de programas que tienen como objetivo instruir y concientizar a los profesionales sobre criterios ergonómicos para su incorporación en el desempeño de su trabajo. Ambos enfoques intervencionistas, han sido evaluados con herramientas validadas de autopercepción, exámenes clínicos y evaluaciones instrumentales. Las estrategias que focalizan el problema, en los espacios de trabajo, y aquellas que, incluyen educación y formación en ergonomía, disminuyen el impacto de los desórdenes músculoesqueletales en esta población. Estas últimas, tienen la potencialidad de provocar cambios en los hábitos de los profesionales, con conductas que se mantienen a mediano plazo.

Introduction: musculoskeletal disorders have a high prevalence in the general population and in particular, in the health area, dental professionals represent a highly vulnerable population, due to the particular characteristics of the practice of their profession. The study of different ergonomic interventions and the impact they can have on the reduction of muscular symptomatology and on the development and/or perpetuation of these dysfunctional conditions is growing. Method: a narrative review was carried out between April 2022 and August 2022. Databases such as MedLine/PubMed and Scielo were consulted, including articles published in the last ten years. Results: a total of 71 articles were obtained, of which 30 were excluded, resulting in 41 articles included in this qualitative synthesis. Conclusions: ergonomic interventions are basically aimed at changes in the working environments of professionals and/or the implementation of programs aimed at instructing and making professionals aware of ergonomic criteria for their incorporation in their work performance. Both interventionist approaches have been evaluated with validated self-perception tools, clinical examinations and instrumental evaluations. Strategies that focus the problem in the workplace and those that include education and training in ergonomics reduce the impact of musculoskeletal disorders in this population. The latter have the potential to provoke changes in the habits of professionals, with behaviors that are maintained in the medium term.

Introdução: os distúrbios músculo-esqueléticos são altamente prevalentes na população em geral e, em particular, na área da saúde, os profissionais da odontologia representam uma população altamente vulnerável, devido às características particulares do exercício de sua profissão. O estudo de diferentes intervenções ergonômicas e o impacto que elas podem ter na redução dos sintomas musculares e no desenvolvimento e/ou perpetuação dessas condições disfuncionais está crescendo. Materiais e métodos: foi realizada uma revisão narrativa entre abril de 2022 e agosto de 2022. Bases de dados como MedLine/PubMed e Scielo foram consultadas, incluindo artigos publicados nos últimos dez anos. Resultados: foram obtidos um total de 71 artigos, dos quais 30 foram excluídos, resultando em 41 artigos incluídos nesta síntese qualitativa. Conclusões: as intervenções ergonômicas visam basicamente a mudanças nos ambientes de trabalho dos profissionais e/ou a implementação de programas que visam instruir e conscientizar os profissionais sobre critérios ergonômicos para sua incorporação em seu trabalho. Ambas as abordagens intervencionistas foram avaliadas com ferramentas validadas de autopercepção, exames clínicos e avaliações instrumentais. As estratégias que visam o problema no local de trabalho e aquelas que incluem educação e treinamento em ergonomia reduzem o impacto dos distúrbios músculo-esqueléticos nesta população. Estes últimos têm o potencial de provocar mudanças nos hábitos dos profissionais, com comportamentos que são mantidos a médio prazo.

Factores de riscos ergonómicos e prevalência de distúrbios músculo- esqueléticos (Dme) em trabalhadores de escritórios / Ergonomic risk factors and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (Msd) in office workers / Factores de riesgo ergonómicos y prevalencia de trastornos musculoesqueléticos (Tm) en trabajadores de oficina

Introdução: Os trabalhadores que exercem actividades de escritórios usando computadores como principal instrumento, estão sujeitos ao desenvolvimento de distúrbios músculo- esqueléticos devido a posição sentada adotada prolongadas horas nesses ambientes. Objectivo: Avaliar os fatores de riscos ergonómicos e a prevalência de distúrbios músculo esqueléticos em trabalhadores dos escritórios da empresa de segurança G4S Secure Solutions Moçambique. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 58 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idade compreendidas entre 20 e 55 anos. Foi usado uma ficha para o registo das conformidades ergonómicas dos materiais dos escritórios bem como avaliar a postura do trabalhador por meio de observação, posteriormente estimadas as probabilidades de ocorrência e a severidade dos riscos. Os dados relativos a ocorrência dos DME foi obtida com recurso ao questionário Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Resultados: Os principais riscos ergonómicos observados foram o posicionamento material informático em relação ao trabalhador, a postura destes durante o trabalho e por fim o estado do mobiliário. E os relacionados com ajustamento do monitor e a postura da cabeça e pescoço foram os que tiveram maior índice de severidade. A maioria relatou ter sentido desconforto músculo-esquelético em pelo menos uma região do corpo, tendo grande parte se queixado das regiões cervical, lombar, punhos/mão e região torácica. Conclusões: Com base nos resultados da presente pesquisa pode se afirmar que nos escritórios da empresa estudada existem riscos ergonómicos a ter em conta, principalmente os relacionados com a organização de material do trabalho e a postura dos trabalhadores sendo evidente pela elevada prevalência de distúrbios músculo-esquelético.

Introduction: Workers who perform office activities using computers as their main instrument are exposed to the development of musculoskeletal disorders due to the sitting position adopted for prolonged hours in these environments. Objective: To assess ergonomic risk factors and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in office workers of the security company G4S Secure Solutions Mozambique. Methods: 58 individuals of both sexes participated in the study, aged between 20 and 55 years. A form was used to record the ergonomic compliance of office materials as well as to evaluate the posture of the worker through observation, later estimating the probabilities of occurrence and the severity of the risks. Data on the occurrence of MSDs was obtained using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Results: The main ergonomic risks observed were the positioning of the computer material in relation to the worker, their posture during work and, finally, the condition of the furniture. And those related to monitor adjustment and head and neck posture were the ones with the highest severity index. Most reported having felt musculoskeletal discomfort in at least one region of the body, with most complaining of cervical, lumbar, wrists/hand and thoracic regions. Conclusions: Based on the results of the present research, it can be stated that in the offices of the studied company there are ergonomic risks to be taken into account, mainly those related to the organization of work material and the posture of the workers, which is evident due to the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders.

Introducción: Los trabajadores que realizan actividades de oficina utilizando ordenadores como herramienta principal, están sujetos al desarrollo de trastornos musculoesqueléticos debido a la posición sentada adoptada durante horas prolongadas en estos entornos. Objetivo: Evaluar los factores de riesgo ergonómico y la prevalencia de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos en los trabajadores de oficina de la empresa de seguridad G4S Secure Solutions Mozambique. Métodos: 58 individuos de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 55 años, participaron en el estudio. Se utilizó un formulario para registrar las conformidades ergonómicas de los materiales de oficina, así como para evaluar la postura del trabajador a través de la observación, posteriormente se estimó la probabilidad de ocurrencia y la severidad de los riesgos. Los datos relativos a la aparición de EMD se obtuvieron mediante el Cuestionario Musculoesquelético Nórdico. Resultados: Los principales riesgos ergonómicos observados fueron la colocación del material informático en relación con el trabajador, su postura durante el trabajo y, por último, el estado del mobiliario. Y los relacionados con el ajuste del monitor y la postura de la cabeza y el cuello fueron los que presentaron el mayor índice de gravedad. La mayoría declaró haber sentido molestias musculoesqueléticas en al menos una región del cuerpo, y la mayoría se quejaba de las regiones cervical, lumbar, muñeca/mano y torácica. Conclusiones: En base a los resultados de esta investigación se puede afirmar que en las oficinas de la empresa estudiada existen riesgos ergonómicos a tener en cuenta, especialmente los relacionados con la organización del material de trabajo y la postura de los trabajadores quedando patente por la alta prevalencia de trastornos musculoesqueléticos.

Riesgos ergonómicos y sus efectos sobre la salud en el personal de Enfermería

RESUMEN Introducción: El trabajo en instituciones hospitalarias de varios países es realizado en condiciones laborales inadecuadas. En el caso de las ergonómicas esta situación acarrea enfermedades en los trabajadores, como son las lesiones osteomusculares, con su consiguiente ausentismo por licencias médicas. Objetivo: Describir la ocurrencia de lesiones osteomusculares y de ausentismo-enfermedad y las condiciones laborales que ocasionó la solicitud de licencias prolongadas en el personal de salud. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal en 23 profesionales de Enfermería con licencia de larga duración, de una institución pública en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, en el periodo septiembre-octubre de 2021. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Nórdico Estandarizado y el Cuestionario de Situación Ergonómica del Ambiente de Trabajo. Fueron analizadas las variables: condiciones del entorno laboral, riesgos ergonómicos y riesgos laborales, síntomas osteomusculares, ausentismo, postura corporal según posición de columna vertebral y brazos. Resultados: El 60,9 % de los encuestados perteneció al sexo femenino. La edad promedio fue de 35,9 años, moda de 39 y la desviación estándar de 9,2 años. Prevalecieron las lesiones en espalda alta y baja, cuello y ambos hombros. En cuanto a la satisfacción respecto a la postura corporal adoptada y las condiciones ergonómicas del mobiliario, el 73,9 % refirió que era poco satisfactorio. Conclusiones: Los riesgos ergonómicos que influyen en el personal de Enfermería de esta institución ocasionan daños físicos y mentales al personal debido a la sobrecarga del aparato músculo-esquelético y la función cognitiva que tienen que desempeñar para realizar sus actividades diarias.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Works in hospital institutions in several countries is performed under inadequate working conditions. Concerning the ergonomic risk, this situation leads to illnesses in workers, such as musculoskeletal injuries, causing absenteeism in workers due to medical exemption certificates. Objective: To describe the arising musculoskeletal injuries and absenteeism-illness, also the working conditions that caused on the health personnel request for extended medical exemption certificates. Method: An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out, during the period September throughout October 2021, on 23 nursing professionals with extended medical exemption certificates, all of them associated to a public institution at the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The Standardized Nordic Questionnaire and the Questionnaire of Ergonomic Situation for working environment were used. The following variables were analyzed: working environment conditions, ergonomic risks and occupational hazards, musculoskeletal symptoms, absenteeism, body posture according to the spine and arms position. Results: The 60.9% of personnel surveyed were female. The mean age was 35.9 years, mode ≈39 and standard deviation 9.2 years. Injuries at the upper and lower back, neck and both shoulders prevailed. Concerning satisfaction on the ergonomic conditions of the furniture and the adopted body posture, 73.9% reported that it was not very satisfactory. Conclusions: The ergonomic risks that impact the nursing staff at this institution cause physical and mental damage due to the overload of the musculoskeletal apparatus and the cognitive function they have to perform in order to carry out their daily activities.

RESUMO Introdução: O trabalho em instituições hospitalares em vários países é realizado em condições inadequadas de trabalho. No caso da ergonomia, essa situação leva a doenças nos trabalhadores, como lesões musculoesqueléticas, com consequente absenteísmo por licença médica. Objetivo: Descrever a ocorrência de lesões musculoesqueléticas e absenteísmo-doença e as condições de trabalho que levaram ao pedido de afastamento prolongado do pessoal de saúde. Método: Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, realizado em 23 profissionais de Enfermagem com licença de longa duração, de uma instituição pública da Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, no período de setembro a outubro de 2021. O Questionário Nórdico Padronizado e o Questionário de Situação Ergonômica do Ambiente de Trabalho. As variáveis analisadas foram: condições do ambiente de trabalho, riscos ergonômicos e ocupacionais, sintomas osteomusculares, absenteísmo, postura corporal de acordo com a posição da coluna e dos braços. Resultados: 60,9% dos entrevistados eram do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 35,9 anos, a moda de 39 e o desvio padrão de 9,2 anos. Lesões na parte superior e inferior das costas, pescoço e ambos os ombros prevaleceram. Em relação à satisfação com a postura corporal adotada e as condições ergonômicas do mobiliário, 73,9% relataram que era insatisfatória. Conclusões: Os riscos ergonômicos que influenciam a equipe de Enfermagem desta instituição causam danos físicos e mentais à equipe devido à sobrecarga do aparelho musculoesquelético e da função cognitiva que têm que desempenhar para realizar suas atividades diárias.

Overview of advances in evaluation methods for ergonomic exposure / 环境与职业医学

Ergonomic exposure is one of the important causes of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Accurate measurement and evaluation of ergonomic exposure level and implementation of ergonomic intervention are of great significance to the prevention and control of WMSDs. Ergonomic exposure can be divided into external exposure and internal exposure, and its evaluation methods include subjective judgment method, systematic observation method, and direct measurement method. This paper summarized the internal exposure assessment methods based on musculoskeletal dynamics and biomarkers, introduced the overall design concept of ergonomic exposure assessment system, used the Ergonomic Assessment Worksheet (EAWS) as an example, and discussed the development trend of automation, intelligence, and compounding of ergonomic exposure assessment methods and the factors considered in the selection of ergonomic exposure assessment methods.

Relationship between ergonomic exposures and work-related musculoskeletal disorders of assembly workers in assembly manufacturing enterprises / 环境与职业医学

Background China's manufacturing industry is still labor-intensive, and assembly employees in manufacturing industry are facing a great risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Objective To investigate and analyze the prevalence and distribution of WMSDs among assembly workers in manufacturing enterprises and explore the relationship between WMSDs and ergonomic exposure factors such as posture load and mental load. Methods From July to September 2017, by convenient sampling, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to select 670 workers engaged in electronic accessories assembly and railway vehicle manufacturing in three manufacturing enterprises in two cities in northern China as the research participants. The posture load assessment was based on the Chinese Musculoskeletal Questionnaire independently developed by our research group. The mental load assessment was based on a revised Chinese version of the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique. An unconditional logistic regression model was used to explore the relationship between ergonomic exposure and WMSDs. Results The overall prevalence rate of WMSDs was 39.6% (265/670) with 43.8% in males and 25.2% in females; the highest prevalence rate was 47.7% in the group aged 40 years and over. The prevalence rate of WMSDs in the electronic accessories assembly workers was 16.9%, that in the railway vehicle manufacturing workers was 57.3%, and the difference was statistically significant (\begin{document}$ {\chi

Riesgo biomecánico por sobrecarga estática y presencia de trastornos musculoesqueléticos en odontólogos durante su práctica clínica asistencial. Una revisión narrativa / Ergonomic risk by static overload and musculoskeletal disorders in dental practice: a review / Risco biomecânico devido a sobrecarga estática e presença de distúrbios musculosqueléticos em dentistas durante sua prática clínica de assistência. Uma revisão narrativa

Resumen Los trastornos musculoesqueléticos son lesiones que afectan el movimiento corporal, incluyendo músculos, tendones, ligamentos, entre otros. Estos trastornos son unos de los problemas más importantes en la práctica clínica odontológica, ocasionados en su mayoría por sobrecarga física tanto dinámica como estática, en particular para esta última, toma relevancia la postura mantenida en posición bípeda o sedente durante la realización de procedimientos extremadamente precisos en un espacio de trabajo tan pequeño como lo es la cavidad oral; por esto, se pretende con base en la literatura existente, describir el riesgo biomecánico por sobrecarga estática y los trastornos musculoesqueléticos en odontólogos. Con esta intención se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica al respecto en español e inglés de productos de investigación de los últimos diez años, utilizando descriptores DeCS y MeSH, en fuentes académicas y científicas de Pubmed, Medline, Scopus y Google académico en donde se seleccionaron 50 artículos teniendo como resultado principal que si existe una relación entre riesgo biomecánico y sobrecarga estática con la aparición de trastornos musculoesqueléticos.

Abstract Musculoskeletal disorders are injuries that affect body movement, including muscles, tendons, ligaments, among others. These disorders are one of the most important problems in dental clinical practice, caused mostly by static overload due to prolonged posture in a standing or sitting position when performing extremely precise procedures in a workspace as small as the oral cavity; For this reason, based on the existing literature, it is intended to describe the biomechanical risk due to static overload and musculoskeletal disorders in dentists. With this intention, a narrative review of the scientific literature on the matter in Spanish and English of research products of the last ten years was carried out using DeCS and MeSH descriptors, in academic and scientific sources of PubMed, Medline, Scopus and academic Google in where 50 articles were selected, the main result being that there is a relationship between biomechanics factors and static overload with the use appearance of musculoskeletal disorders.

Resumo As desordens musculoesqueléticas são lesões que afetam os movimentos do corpo, incluindo músculos, tendões, ligamentos, entre outros. Esses distúrbios constituem um dos problemas mais importantes na prática clínica odontológica, ocasionados principalmente pela sobrecarga física, tanto dinâmica quanto estática, em particular para esta última, torna-se relevante a postura mantida na posição bípede ou sentada durante procedimentos extremamente precisos. tão pequeno quanto a cavidade oral; Portanto, pretende-se, com base na literatura existente, descrever o risco biomecânico devido à sobrecarga estática e distúrbios musculoesqueléticos em dentistas. Com esse intuito, foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da produção científica sobre o assunto, em espanhol e inglês, de produtos de pesquisa dos últimos dez anos, utilizando os descritores DeCS e MeSH, em fontes acadêmicas e científicas do Pubmed, Medline, Scopus e Google acadêmico onde foram selecionados 50 artigos, sendo que o principal resultado é que existe uma relação entre o risco biomecânico e a sobrecarga estática com o aparecimento de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos.

Features of an Ergonomic Chair Designed for Surgeons Performing Microscopic Surgeries

@#Introduction: This study aimed at ergonomic assessment of the risk of musculoskeletal disorders among microscopic surgeons , investigate the specification of ergonomic chairs and designing one for use during microscopic surgeries. Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 27 micro surgeons out of 4 surgeons (ear, nose and throat), eye surgery, neurosurgery and plastic surgery in Khalili, Namazi, Shahid Chamran and Shahid Faghihi hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. The study was carried out in 4 steps. Objective evaluations included posture assessment by RULA and assessment of postural angles of the body (during performing microscopic surgeries) by Digimizer software. Subjective evaluation included the assessment of pain intensity and chair comfort using a visual analogue scale. next step was to determine the necessary anthropometric dimensions of the micro-surgeons. The fourth step was 3D modeling of the initial idea using Sketch Up 2017. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the final RULA scores of the surgeons’ postures were obtained 6.75 ± 0.5 and 6.5 ± 0.57 for the right and left sides of the body, respectively. Pain VAS scores after using normal chairs for microscopic surgeries were 5.32 (low-back pain), 4.42 (right shoulder/ arm pain) and 4.15 (left shoulder/ arm pain) which were their highest pain scores. The results of the assessment of postural angles by Digimizer software also showed a high risk of musculoskeletal disorders in the arm, forearm, wrist, neck, and trunk. Conclusion: In terms of ergonomics, the chair with the specifications listed may reduce physical fatigue and a potentially safer working environment for surgeons to create.

Evaluación de carga física en los procesos de empacado de fruta en empresas de la provincia de río negro en la patagonia, argentina

Introducción. Este estudio observacional de corte transversal describió el análisis realizado con una población de ocho operarios, para valorar la exposición a carga física de los trabajadores de la actividad de empaque de fruta en la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Métodos. El análisis que se efectuó con los métodos manuales RULA y Check List OCRA, favoreció la evaluación de la exposición a factores de riesgo que pueden ocasionar trastornos en miembros superiores. Resultados. La carga física en las actividades de selección y empaque de fruta alcanzan niveles críticos en movimientos y esfuerzos, están relacionados con más de 15 enfermedades de acuerdo con la OIT y la legislación argentina. Para disminuir el nivel de riesgo, se recomendaron tiempos de descanso, rotación de personal, apoyos corporales adecuados, entre otros. Conclusión. Se recomienda evaluar el proceso de manera sistémica para proponer una intervención integral que mejore el bienestar de los operarios.

Introduction. This cross-sectional observational study described the analysis carried out with a population of eight operators to assess the exposure of fruit packing workers to a physical load in the Rio Negro province, Argentina. Materials and methods. The analysis carried out with the RULA and OCRA Checklist manual methods favored assessing exposure to risk factors that can cause upper limb disorders. Results. According to the ILO and Argentine legislation, the physical load in the fruit selection and packing activities reaches critical levels in movements and efforts; they are related to more than 15 diseases. Breaks, staff rotation, adequate body support, among others, are recommended to reduce the level of risk. Conclusion. It is advisable to assess the process systemically to propose a comprehensive intervention that improves the operators' well-being.

Variaciones fisiológicas y antropométricas en trabajadores según su residencia en tres altitudes geográficas del Perú / Physiological and anthropometric variations in workers due to their residence in three geographic altitudes in Peru

Introducción: El organismo se adapta al lugar donde reside, pero este tema no ha sido estudiado en la población laboral peruana. Objetivo: Determinar las variaciones fisiológicas y antropométricas en trabajadores según su residencia en tres altitudes geográficas del Perú. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación transversal analítica, con los datos fisiológicos (6 parámetros de laboratorio) y antropométricos (peso y talla) de 7500 trabajadores en 3 altitudes diferentes: Lima (nivel del mar), Arequipa (2500 m sobre el nivel del mar) y Cerro de Pasco (4300 m sobre el nivel del mar). Estas mediciones fueron estándares, realizadas por clínicas ocupacionales con certificaciones de calidad. Se obtuvo los coeficientes y valores p para las diferencias según cada altitud y ajustados por el sexo y la edad de cada participante. Resultados: Todos los parámetros fisio-antropométricos variaron según la altitud de residencia (todos los valores p fueron menores a 0,005). Los que se incrementaron a mayor altitud fueron la hemoglobina, el colesterol total y el colesterol HDL; en cambio, disminuyeron a mayor altitud el peso y la glucosa en ayunas. En los hombres aumentaron todas las variables menos en el colesterol HDL (que disminuyó significativamente) y el colesterol LDL (que no tuvo variación estadística), en comparación con las mujeres. Conclusiones: Son evidentes las variaciones en las mediciones de los trabajadores según el lugar donde residían, lo que muestra que no se debe tomar parámetros fijos para su valoración laboral. Esto debe servir a los médicos del trabajo y las autoridades, para tener en cuenta al momento de la valoración de la aptitud médica y luego para la vigilancia ocupacional(AU)

Introduction: The human body adapts to its place of residence, but this topic has not been studied in the Peruvian working population. Objective: Determine physiological and anthropometric variations in workers due to their residence in three geographic altitudes in Peru. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted of physiological data (6 laboratory parameters) and anthropometric data (weight and height) of 7 500 workers from three different altitudes: Lima (sea level), Arequipa (2 500 m above sea level) and Cerro de Pasco (4 300 m above sea level). The measures were standard and taken by occupational clinics with quality certifications. Coefficients and p values for differences between the altitudes were obtained and adjusted according to the sex and age of participants. Results: All the physio-anthropometric parameters varied with the altitude of the place of residence (all p values were under 0.005). The parameters which increased at a higher altitude were hemoglobin, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, whereas the ones which decreased at a higher altitude were weight and fasting glucose. Among men all variables increased except for HDL cholesterol (which decreased significantly) and LDL cholesterol (which did not show any statistical variation), in comparison with women. Conclusions: Variations in measurements taken from workers from different places of residence are obvious, which shows that fixed parameters should not be used for their labor assessment. This should be taken into account by occupational doctors and authorities for medical attitude assessment and occupational surveillance(AU)

Riesgo ergonómico y estrés laboral de fisioterapeutas del Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Paraguay, 2019 / Ergonomic risk and work stress of physiotherapists at the clinics hospital, Faculty of medical sciences. Paraguay, 2019

Introducción: El riesgo ergonómico y el estrés laboral, además de otros aspectos impactan en la salud del trabajador, el desempeño y productividad dependen del estado de salud. Objetivos: El objetivo de la investigación es determinar el nivel de riesgo ergonómico y estrés laboral de los fisioterapeutas que ejercen funciones en el Hospital de Clínicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal, con una muestra de 49 fisioterapeutas del Hospital de Clínicas, no probabilístico por conveniencia. Resultados: de 49 profesionales, 32 son mujeres y 17 varones. El promedio de edad 36,7 ± 9,8. El promedio de la antigüedad dentro de la institución, 8 años. El 67% de los fisioterapeutas presenta nivel 4, riesgo alto y el 33% presenta un nivel 5, riesgo muy alto. En relación al nivel de estrés el 78% presenta nivel bajo. Conclusión: El riesgo ergonómico hallado se encuentra entre alto y muy alto, requiriendo una intervención inmediata para evitar lesiones musculo esqueléticas y la posterior discapacidad física para el ejercicio profesional.

Introduction: Ergonomic risk and work stress, in addition to other aspects impact on worker health, performance and productivity depend on the state of health. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the level of ergonomic risk and occupational stress of the physiotherapists who works at Clinicas Hospital. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive cross-sectional study, with a sample of 49 physiotherapists, not probabilistic for convenience. Results: of 49 professionals, 32 are women and 17 are men. The average age 36.7 ± 9.8. The average of years working at the institution is 8 years. 67% of physical therapists have level 4, high risk and 33% have level 5, very high risk. Regarding the stress level, 78% have a low level. Conclusion: The ergonomic risk found is between high and very high, requiring immediate intervention to avoid musculoskeletal injuries and subsequent physical disability for professional skills.

Riesgos ergonómicos del personal de enfermería: central de esterilización del hospital de especialidades Dr. Abel Gilbert pontón, Guayaquil 2019 / Ergonomic risks of nursing staff: central de esterilización del hospital de especialidades Dr. Abel Gilbert Pontón, Guayaquil 2019

Los problemas de salud que afectan al personal de enfermería en el entorno hospitalario están directamente relacionados con los riesgos laborales a los que están expuestos diariamente, lo que resulta en accidentes laborales y enfermedades para el personal de enfermería. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de los riesgos ergonómicos en el estado de salud del personal de enfermería de la central de esterilización del Hospital de Especialidades Guayaquil Dr. Abel Gilbert Pontón 2019. Metodología: el diseño fue cuantitativo. El estudio fue descriptivo, observacional y transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 24 individuos correspondientes al centro de esterilización, las técnicas de recolección de la información fueron la encuesta y el instrumento fue el cuestionario. Resultados: el 54% de los encuestados manifestaron que el ambiente es irregular y solo un 33% ex-presaron que era bueno, evidenciándose que en el ambiente de trabajo no existen condiciones adecuadas para el desempeño óptimo de sus labores diarias debido a la falta de iluminación, cambios bruscos además de las lesión es que muestran los enfermeros el 29% presentan dolores en la espalda y en los hombros, el 13% tiene dolores en la cintura, brazos y cuello y solo un 4% dolor en las piernas, lo que indica que todos estos trabajadores se encuentran expuestos a problemas musculares. Conclusiones: los riesgos ergo-nómicos interfieren con la productividad ya que ocasionan daños físicos y mentales al personal de enfermería, debido a la sobrecarga del aparato músculo esquelético y a la función cognitiva del trabajador(AU)

The health problems that affect nursing personnel in the hospital environment are directly related, to the occupational risks they are exposed daily, resulting in occupational accidents and diseases for nursing personnel. Objective: To analyze the influence of ergonomic risks on the health status of the nursing staff of the Central de Esterilización of the Hospital de Especialidades Guayaquil Dr. Abel Gilbert Pontón 2019. Methodology: the design was quantitative. The study was descriptive, observational and cross-sectional. The population consisted of 24 individuals corresponding to the Central de Esterilización, the information collection techniques were the survey and the instrument was the questionnaire. Results: 54% of the respondents stated that the environment is irregular, and only 33% expressed that it was good. Showing that in the work environment there are no adequate conditions for the optimal performance of their daily tasks due to the lack of lighting, sudden changes in temperature, poor air quality. In addition, to the injuries shown by the nurses, 29% have pain in the back and shoulders, 13% have pain in the waist, arms and neck and only 4% pain in the legs, indicating that all of these workers are exposed to muscle problems. Conclusions: ergonomic risks interfere with productivity since they cause physical and mental damage to nursing personnel, due to the overload of the skeletal muscle apparatus and the cognitive function of the worker(AU)

Criterios Ergonómicos para el Diseño de Quirófanos / Ergonomic Criteria for Operating Room Design

Resumen El personal involucrado en el área quirúrgica se ve afectado con lesiones musculoesqueléticas por esfuerzos y movimientos repetitivos acumulados. La gravedad de sus lesiones está dada en función de las posturas de trabajo, la especialidad quirúrgica y la disposición de los elementos con los que interactúa. La ergonomía ha tomado relevancia ya que ha hecho aportes muy importantes para las condiciones de trabajo en diferentes áreas. Aun cuando en la literatura se pueden encontrar diversas investigaciones de la frecuencia y los efectos de las lesiones ocupacionales en el personal del área quirúrgica, escasos estudios han propuesto pautas para el diseño ergonómico de quirófanos. El presente estudio engloba cuatro criterios ergonómicos que deben considerarse para el diseño de quirófanos.

Abstract Personnel involved in the surgical area are affected with musculoskeletal injuries due to accumulated repetitive stress and movements. The severity of the injuries is given according to the work postures, the surgical specialty and the arrangement of the elements in the operating room. Ergonomics has become relevant since it has made very important contributions to working conditions in different areas. Although in the literature investigations of the frequency and effects of occupational injuries on surgical staff can be found, few studies have proposed guidelines for the ergonomic design of operating rooms. The present study encompasses four ergonomic criteria that should be considered for the design of operating rooms.

Awareness among Post-Graduate Students about Ergonomic Practice in Vidarbha Region

In recent times ergonomics has become a popular term. The term has been used with most professions but increasingly in the dental profession. Dentistry is a profession in which all the dentists worldwide are commonly affected with health hazards like musculoskeletal disorders which hinders their clinical practice resulting in early retirements. So, to evaluate workplace efficiency and prevalence of musculoskeletal problems in practicing local dentists this study was planned. We wanted to assess the awareness about proper ergonomic practice among the post-graduate dental students in Vidarbha region.METHODSThe study was undertaken at Sharad Pawar Dental College between 2018-2019. Study comprised of 50 post-graduate students. Each student was asked to fill self-administered questionnaire regarding ergonomics. The questionnaire consisted of a total of 10 questions. Results were assessed accordingly.RESULTSOut of all the participating post-graduate students, 84% have knowledge of the term ergonomics and its applications in dental practice. 52% of them responded positively to taking micro breaks while performing a procedure. 88% of them are aware of the posture related musculoskeletal disorders. 84% of them responded positively about experiencing symptoms during working. 68% of them responded positively about knowing some exercises to strengthen their back, shoulders or hands. 36% of the participants are practicing four handed dentistry.CONCLUSIONSAwareness about dental ergonomics can enable the post-graduate students and other dental practitioners to have a better work-life, and provide their patients with the quality of service they need.

Does Prolonged Standing at Work Among Teachers Associated With Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)?

@#In order to accomplish a wide range of duties and responsibilities that may be done under unpleasant working conditions, prolonged standing posture is common with school teachers. Nevertheless, standing upright for a long time or otherwise regarded as prolonged standing frequently contributes to body pain and discomfort, muscle fatigue and even health problems such as musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The aim of this paper is to review MSDs arising from prolonged standing and spread information on existing ergonomic and non-ergonomic interventions to alleviate prolonged standing discomfort. Systematic review on prolonged standing school teachers with specific keywords were recognized to discover the appropriate studies and information in a systematic search. The informations in this review may be helpful to guide teacher, school management and researchers to implement the suitable interventions in order to minimise the health issue due to MSDs among school teachers.

Preliminary Study On The Ergonomic Design Of Motorcycle Seat For Comfort Usage

@#Motorcycle seats undeniably provides good comfort to motorcyclists but there are some that offers less affirmation on ushering comfort, whilst some even results in harm to users, resulting in back pains, neck, shoulders, and other parts of the body over prolonged riding periods. This research aims to investigate the discomforts faced by motorcyclist and the best seat concept based on an ergonomic design, fit for the masses through a subjective evaluation. A study that includes a survey was conducted to study the subjective assessment against the motorcycle seat comfort. The study is divided into two parts, where in part 1, the anthropometric data were collected from a total of 100 respondents, representing 88 males and 12 females. Mean from the anthropometric data was used for two new seat redesigns, designated Seat A and Seat B. For part 2, sets of questionnaire were distributed to 130 respondents to measure their perception of seat design A and design B. Based on the results produced, 86.2% respondents suffered discomforts while riding a motorcycle. Most suffered discomforts at particular body areas: lower back, buttock and shoulder, while no discomfort reported around leg, feet and thigh. Results also proved that current seat designs needed an improvement with a majority of respondents opting an added backrest and to increase surface around buttock area. Based on the evaluation of designs, Seat B was selected as a better option as compared to seat A in terms of comfort usage.

Muscle Contraction During Maneuvering Steering Wheel Using Surface Electromyograpyhy

@#Driving posture is one of the factors that need to be emphasized in ensuring driver’s comfort and to avoid road accidents and injuries. Meanwhile, fatigue has a strong relationship with comfortable posture and it contributes 15.7% of the total road accidents in Malaysia. Fatigue can reduce driving concentration and performances, thus increases the risk of road accidents and injuries. In order to determine the driver’s comfort, this study had measured muscle contraction using the objective measurement for comfortable and optimum driving posture angles. The equipment used for conducting objective measurement on 14 respondents was sEMG. The researcher had used sEMG equipment to evaluate muscles activities at upper extremities, which comprises of Biceps Brachii (BB), Deltoid Anterior (DA) and Trapezious Upper (TU) that were involved during controlling the car steering. It involves three driving postures parameters according to the fixed elbow and shoulder angles. The results from this study showed the BB muscle increased positively when turning the steering wheel to the right within 3 to 6 times value increased. Meanwhile, DA and TU muscles experience a contraction in the opposite direction with steering wheel turning action, which shows higher right side DA and TU muscle contraction when the driver turn the steering to the left with around 80% decrease for DA and within 60% to 80% decrease value for TU. BB muscle also shows an increasing value of muscle contraction with higher elbow flexion, meanwhile DA and TU muscles contraction also show an increment in-line with greater shoulder abduction. The results showed that posture B with elbow angle at 36° and shoulder angle at 134° are the most comfortable driving postures, hence the lowest muscle contraction value of 15.67μV (BB), 19.31μV (DA) and 12.36μV (TU) compared to the other two measured postures. The results of muscle contraction from this study is capable of assisting researchers and car manufacturers to understand the relationship of steering maneuvering when developing more comfortable and suitable vehicle’s driver seat compartment.