Biopsia estereotáxica digital y su correlación histopatológica con la biopsia/cirugía radioquirúrgica / Vacuum-assisted stereotactic breast biopsy and histopathological correlation with biopses and radiosurgical surgeries

Introducción La biopsia percutánea con guía estereotáxica digital (bed) ha permitido disminuir el número de cirugías innecesarias y planificar con mejores resultados las biopsias y cirugías radioquirúrgicas. Objetivos El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la tasa de subestimación de la punción biopsia percutánea con guía estereotáxica digital y correlacionar la imagen mamográfica con la histopatología. Material y método Se evaluaron 247 pacientes con lesiones mamarias subclínicas diagnosticadas por mamografía y sometidas a una bed (suros) durante el período mayo 2013 a diciembre 2015. Se registró de cada paciente la edad, clasificación de bi-rads, la morfología radiológica de las lesiones, los informes histopatológicos de las bed y de posteriores biopsias y/o cirugías radioquirúrgicas (bp/cxrdq). Se analizaron 237 biopsias (Bp). La edad promedio fue de 52 años. De 237 Bp realizadas, obtuvimos 168 lesiones benignas, 25 lesiones de alto riesgo histológico (larh) y 44 malignas. La sensibilidad de las bed fue del 97,7% y la especificidad del 100%; la tasa de subestimación del método fue del 4% para larh y del 26% para cdis. Las lesiones radiológicas predominantes fueron las microcalcificaciones. Conclusiones La bed ha demostrado ser un excelente método de diagnóstico, con múltiples ventajas respecto de la bprdq, con una buena correlación histopatológica y muy baja tasa de subestimación en larh

Introduction Vacuum-assisted stereotactic breast biopsy (dvab) allowed to reduce the number of unnecessary surgeries and plan with better results biopsies and radiosurgical surgeries. Objectives The aim was to analyze the underestimation rate of dvab and correlate the mammographic image with histopathology. Materials and method 247 patients with subclinical breast lesions diagnosed by mammography and subjected to a dvab (suros) during the period May 2013 - December 2015 were evaluated. The age of each patient, bi-rads classification, radiological morphology of lesions, dvab histopathologic reports and subsequent biopsies and/or radiosurgical surgeries (bp/cxrdq) were registered. 237 biopsies were analyzed. The average age was 52 years. Of 237 Bp realized, we obtained 168 benign lesions (lb), 25 high risk histologically lesions (hrhl) and 44 malignant lesions (lm). The dvab sensitivity and specificity was 97.7% and 100%, respectively. The rate of underestimation of the method was 4% for hrhl and 26% for dcis. Microcalcifications were the predominant radiological lesions. Conclusions The dvab has proved to be an excellent method of diagnosis, with multiple advantages over the BpRDQ, with a good correlation histopathological and very low rate of underestimation in hrhl.

Experiencia inicial en biopsias mamarias bajo guía mamográfica digital con sistema de vacío / Initial experience with vacuum assisted breast biopsies under stereotactic guidance

Objetivos Describir la experiencia inicial en el uso de un sistema de biopsia por vacío con guía estereotáxica digital para lesiones mamarias. Material y método Se evaluaron retrospectivamente las biopsias bajo estereotaxia mamográfica con sistema de vacío (bav) realizadas en el Centro de Imagenología Mamaria (imad) de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca desde marzo de 2016 a julio de 2017. En el período analizado, se recibieron 329 pedidos de punción, de los cuales 112 correspondieron a biopsias bajo estereotaxia mamográfica con sistema de vacío y 217 a biopsias bajo ecografía. Se realizaron 99/112 (89%) bav, no pudiéndose completar el procedimiento en 13/112 (11%) de los casos. Resultados Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados patológicos: 20% (20/99) Maligno, 7% (7/99) Alto riesgo y 73% (72/99) Benigno. Se produjeron complicaciones leves que no requirieron ningún tipo de tratamiento posterior en el 8% de los casos: 7/99 reacción vasovagal y 1/99 dolor que dificultó el procedimiento, aunque en todos los casos se pudo finalizar el mismo. Conclusiones Se diagnosticaron lesiones malignas o de alto riesgo en el 27% de los procedimientos realizados.

Objectives To describe our initial experience with vacuum assisted breast biopsies under stereotactic guidance for non-palpable lesions. Materials and method We retrospectively review the vacuum assisted breast biopsies performed at Centro de Imagenología Mamaria (imad) between march 2016 and july 2017. 329 patients requested a breast biopsy. Of them, 112 were vacuum assisted biopsies under stereotactic guidance and 217 were ultrasound guided. We succesfully completed 99/112 (89%) of vacuum assisted biopsies, not being able to reach the target in the remaining 11%. Results The following pathological results were obtained: 20% (20/99) Malignant, 7% (7/99) High risk and 73% (72/99) Benign lesions. Minor complications, which did not require any further treatment, occurred in 8% of cases: 7/99 vasovagal reactions, 1/99 pain during the procedure. Conclusions Malignant and high-risk lesions were diagnosed in 27% of the procedures performed.

Procedimientos neuroquirúrgicoscerebrales guiados por estereotaxiarealizados en el Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio (HUSI): evolución a corto y mediano plazo / Neurosurgical Brain Estereotactic- Guided Procedures Performed at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI): Development in the Short and Medium Term

Objetivo: Describir los resultados postoperatorios de los pacientes a los que se lesrealizaron procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos cerebrales guiados por estereotaxia enel Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio durante el periodo julio del 2009-julio del2011. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 78 pacientes,sus características clínicas, la localización de las lesiones en las neuroimágenes,el tipo de procedimiento, los resultados funcionales y los desenlaces a corto ymediano plazo. Resultados: 78 pacientes tuvieron procedimientos neuroquirúrgicosguiados por estereotaxia entre julio del 2009 y julio del 2011. El 64,1 % (n = 50)eran hombres. La localización de las lesiones fue en orden de frecuencia: gangliossubtalámicos, lóbulo frontal, lóbulo temporal, tálamo, unión córtico-subcortical, tallocerebral, ubicación frontotemporal, lóbulo occipital, ubicación parieto-occipital ybase del cráneo. Discusión: La implementación de procedimientos neuroquirúrgicosguiados por estereotaxia sigue siendo una de las mejores opciones en el abordaje depatologías cerebrales profundas o de difícil acceso. Tanto en Colombia como en elresto del mundo son procedimientos con una baja tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad.Conclusiones: Independientemente del tipo de procedimiento guiado por estereotaxiala tasa de complicaciones no excede el 5 %, tasas similares a las obtenidas en laliteratura mundial...

Objective: Retrospective description of postoperativeoutcomes of patients who underwentneurosurgical brain stereotactic guided proceduresat the Hospital Universitario San Ignacioduring the period July 2009-July 2011. Materialsand Methods: A review of medical recordsof 78 patients who were taken to neurosurgicalstereotactic guided procedures at the HospitalUniversitario San Ignaci. We reviewed the clinicalcharacteristics of patients, the location of thelesions on neuroimaging, management, type ofprocedure of each patient, functional results andoutcomes in the short and medium term. Results:78 patients who underwent neurosurgical brainstereotactic guided procedures between July2009 to July 2011 at the Hospital UniversitarioSan Ignacio. The 64.1 % (n = 50) were men. Thelocation of the lesions were in order of frequencysub-thalamic ganglia, frontal lobe, temporallobe, thalamus, cortico-subcortical junction, brainstem,fronto-temporal location, occipital lobe,parieto-occipital location, and at the skull’s base.Discussion: Implementing guided stereotacticneurosurgical procedures remains one of the bestoptions in dealing with deep brain pathologies ordifficult access. In both Colombia and the rest ofthe world, these are procedures with low morbidityand mortality. It must, however, developmulticenter studies that allow us to observe thedevelopment of stereotactic neurosurgery in ourcountry, also develop studies with a larger continuityto assess the long-term outcomes. Conclusions:Whatever type of stereotactic guidedprocedure the rate of complications does not exceed5 %, similar rates to those obtained from theglobal literature...

Correlación y características de microcalcificaciones: en pacientes clase III, IV, V con resultados histológicos / Micro calcification correlation and characteristics: in parients class III, IV, V with histological results

Analizar las características de las microcalcificaciones en un grupo de pacientes clasificados como clase III, IV y V; y correlacionarlos con los resultados histológicos. Entre mayo 2004 y mayo 2009 se biopsiaron 165 pacientes bajo guía estereotáxica de las cuales 7 fueron clase III, 142 clase IV y 16 clase V. Se analizaron: por número, área, forma y distribución para establecer la clase mastológica y se correlacionaron con la histología. La clase mastológica predominante fue clase IV 142 pacientes (86,06 por ciento), clase V 16 pacientes (9,70 por ciento) y clase III 7 pacientes (4,24 por ciento), las características morfológicas predominantes fueron las microcalcificaciones amorfas (43,03 por ciento), el resultado histopatológico de las microcalcificaciones amorfas agrupadas se relacionan en mayor porcentaje con lesiones benignas 58,9 por ciento, mientras que las microcalcificaciones granulares segmentarias se relacionan predominantemente con lesiones proliferativas malignas 85,61 por ciento y 80 por ciento respectivamente, el fibroadenoma mamario fue el más frecuente con 20 casos (22,47 por ciento), de las lesiones proliferativas típicas la adenosis esclerosante fue predominante en 40 casos (59,70 por ciento), de lesiones proliferativas atípicas, la atipia epitelial plana tuvo mayor incidencia 7 (58,33 por ciento) y la patología maligna el carcinoma intraductal con 27 casos (50,94 por ciento). Existe correlación entre la morfología y distribución de las microcalcificaciones con respecto al resultado de anatomía patológica, microcalcificaciones amorfas agrupadas se relacionan con patología benigna, mientras que microcalcificaciones granulares segmentarias y amorfas segmentarias se correlacionan con patología proliferativa y maligna.

Analyzing the characteristics of micro calcifications biopsy under stereotactic guidance in group of patients classified class III, IV, V, correlate with histological results. In service imaging and intervention of unit Mastology, Barcelona period May 2004-May 2009 biopsied 206 patients were guided by stereotaxic micro calcifications which 7 were class III 142 class IV 16 class V. Analyzed number, area, shape, and distribution to establish the class mastologic and correlated with histological. 181 patients with diagnosis of microcalcifications, which are considered suspect classification BIRADS. The class was predominant s IV 142 patients (86.06 percent), followed by class V 16 patients (9.70 percent) class III and 7 patients (4.24 percent), the predominant morphological feature were clustered amorphous micro calcifications (43.03 percent), with regard to histopathologic results are clustered amorphous microcalcifications associated with greater percentage benign lesions 58.9 percent, while the segmental granular and amorphous microcalcifications relate predominantly segmental proliferative and malignant lesions and 80 percent 85.61 percent respectively, of the lesions found fibroadenoma was the most frequent with 20 cases (22.47 percent), proliferative lesions typical of sclerosing adenosis was predominant 40 cases (59.70 percent) atypical proliferative lesions, flat epithelial atypia had higher incidence 7 (58.33 percent) malignant pathology the intraductal carcinoma 27 cases (50.94 percent). Correlation between morphology distributions of micro calcifications on the outcome pathologic clustered amorphous micro calcifications associated with benign disease, while segmental granular amorphous micro calcifications correlated with segmental proliferative and malignant.

Cerebral biopsy: comparison between frame-based stereotaxy and neuronavigation in an oncology center / Biópsia cerebral: comparação entre estereotaxia com arco e neuronavegação em um centro de oncologia

Treatment of intracranial tumoral lesions is related to its correct histological diagnostic. We present a retrospective analysis of 32 patients submitted to 36 cerebral biopsies using neuronavigation and 44 patients using frame-based stereotaxy. Mean age was 46.6 and 49.3 years old respectively. Sex distribution in both groups was 50 percent for each. Most of lesions were lobar in both groups. Diagnostic yielding was 91.7 percent and 83.4 percent, respectively (p=0.26). We found in the postoperative CT scans intracranial hemorrhages in 13.8 percent cases of the first group and 9.8 percent cases in the second. Most of them were mild post-operative hemorrages in the biopsy site. There was one death related to the procedure in each group. Astrocytomas and metastatic adenocarcinomas were the most frequent diagnosis. Diagnostic yielding and the number of postoperative hemorrhage and death were similar on both groups and the same found in the literature.

O manejo das lesões intracranianas tumorais está relacionado ao seu diagnóstico histológico adequado. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo com 32 pacientes submetidos a 36 biópsias cerebrais por neuronavegação e 44 pacientes por estereotaxia com arco. A idade média foi 46,6 e 49,3 anos respectivamente. Nos dois grupos a distribuição por sexo foi 50 por cento para cada. A maioria das lesões biopsiadas eram lobares nos dois grupos. A positividade diagnóstica foi 91,7 por cento para neuronavegação e 83,4 por cento para a estereotaxia com arco, respectivamente (p=0,26). Identificou-se hemorragia intracraniana na TC pós-operatória em 13,8 por cento dos casos no primeiro grupo e em 9,8 por cento no segundo, a maioria de pequena monta sem provocar piora neurológica. Ocorreu uma morte relacionada ao procedimento em cada grupo. Os diagnósticos mais freqüentes foram astrocitomas e adenocarcinomas metastáticos. A positividade diagnóstica, taxas de hemorragia pós-operatória e de mortalidade foram equiparáveis estatisticamente entre os dois métodos e se assemelham com as descritas na literatura.

Stereotactic biopsies of brain lesions / Biópsia estereotáxica de lesões encefálicas

OBJECTIVE: In the majority of cases, the correct treatment of brain lesions is possible only when the histopathological diagnosis is made. Several deep-seated lesions near eloquent areas are not safely approached by the classical neurosurgical procedures. These patients can get benefit by a minimally invasive procedure. METHOD: We present a series of 176 consecutive patients submitted to stereotactic biopsies due to a great variety of brain lesions. RESULTS: Histological diagnosis found in this series: glioma in 40.1 percent of the patients, other neoplasms in 12.2 percent and infectious or inflammatory diseases in 29.1 percent. The result was inconclusive in 5.2 percent of the procedures. One patient died (0.6 percent) and two (1.2 percent) presented operative complications. The criteria, advantages and risks of the stereotactic biopsies are discussed. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of the method is adequate and morbid-mortality rates were low.

OBJETIVO: O diagnóstico anatomopatológico das lesões encefálicas é muitas vezes necessário para a instituição do tratamento adequado. Entretanto, muitas lesões localizadas profundamente no encéfalo ou em centros nervosos de grande importância funcional não podem ser acessadas sem riscos, com a aplicação dos procedimentos neurocirúrgicos habituais. MÉTODO: Apresentamos uma série de 176 doentes submetidos a biópsias estereotáxicas de lesões encefálicas. RESULTADOS: Em 40,1 por cento dos casos, o diagnóstico foi de glioma, em 12,2 por cento de outras neoplasias e em 29,1 por cento, de doenças infecciosas ou inflamatórias. O resultado foi inconclusivo em 5,2 por cento dos doentes. Um (0,6 por cento) doente faleceu e dois (1,2 por cento) apresentaram graves complicações operatórias. Os critérios de seleção, as vantagens e os riscos da biópsia estereotáxica são discutidos. CONCLUSÃO: A eficácia do método é boa e a morbimortalidade das biópsias estereotáxicas é baixa.

Uso de estereotaxia en tuberculosis cerebral / Steeotactic use in cerebral tuberculosis

La Tuberculosis Cerebral es la presentación más inusual de tuberculosis extrapulmonar en países en vías de desarrollo, donde esta enfermedad tiene alta incidencia y prevalencia. La amplia presentación clínica y poca especificidad, dificultan el diagnóstico precoz, relacionándose directamente con mayor morbimortalidad en pacientes afectados. La estereotaxia es una técnica neuroquirúrgica mínimamente invasiva que permite la localización y acceso preciso a estructuras intracraneanas. Se presenta un caso de una mujer de 34 años con clínica de crisis epilépticas y cuya imagenología muestra lesión parietal quística cerebral profunda. Debido a los múltiples diagnósticos diferenciales, se realiza biopsia-aspiración estereotáxica, llegando al diagnóstico de tuberculosis cerebral. El tratamiento adecuado muestra resolución completa del cuadro a los 8 meses.

Cerebral Tuberculosis is the most unusual presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, in developing countries where this disease has high incidence and prevalence. The broad clinical presentation and poor specificity difficult early diagnosis, related directly with higher lethality in affected patients. Stereotactic is a modern neurosurgery minimally invasive that allows accurate localization and access to intracranial structures. Case of a 34 years-old woman with seizures and imagenology that present intraparietal cystic deep brain lesión. Due multiple differential diagnoses an aspiration-biopsy stereotactic is made, reaching the diagnostic of cerebral tuberculosis. Treatment after 8 months shows complete resolution.

Radiocirugía psiquiátrica con Gamma Knife

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Abstract: Today, psychosurgery is a minimally invasive and highly selective treatment performed only on some patients with severe, refractory treatment, affective, anxious, or obsessive-compulsive disorders. Recent advancements in technology and functional neuroanatomy as well as economic pressures to lower the cost of caring for the chronically ill may provide an opportunity for psychosurgery to become a more attractive option in the treatment of psychiatric disease. In recent years, the rapid adoption of computer-based techniques for surgical planning and visualization and image-guided surgery have made possible a number of impressive advances in functional neurosurgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the acquisition of highly detailed structural information of soft tissues in the brain. Minute pathological alterations can be visualized even before they are detected by other means. Stereotaxic atlases based on this information are now used to achieve an extraordinary precision in the placement of electrodes and probes and to plan the operation. Functional imaging is currently possible with special metabolic markers and MRI, as well as computerized techniques for the mathematical processing and visualization of images. Thus, non-invasive evaluation of brain function can be performed with extraordinary precision and sensitivity. Bloodless stereotaxic surgery without opening the skull (even the patient's head does not need to be shaved) is possible thanks to a revolutionary technique called radiosurgery. The destruction of nervous or vascular tissue inside the brain is achieved by projecting thin and powerful beams of ionizing radiation, which come from several angles around the patient's head. These beams produced by sources of radioactive cobalt (the "gamma knife" developed in the 60's by the Swedish neurosurgeon Lars Leksell). With this modality, radiation energy concentrates in a single small point inside the brain. Gamma Knife radiosurgery was first used in our country in 1996 to treat patients diagnosed with treatment-refractory psychiatric diseases. This treatment modality requires a multidisciplinary effort on the part of psychiatrists, neuropsychologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons and medical physicists. This should also be in accordance with the psychiatric neurosurgical protocol and ethics code of Medica Sur, as well as following the guidelines established by the National Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Radiosurgery and Stereotaxic Radiotherapy Section of the Mexican College of Neurological Surgery. Ten patients have been treated with several procedures like cingulotomy, anterior capsulotomy, subcaudate tractotomy and limbic leukotomy in order to aid them in obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, pathological aggression, and Asperger and Tourette Syndromes. In this paper we disclose our experience with follow-ups ranging from six months to seven years in accordance with the most usual evaluation scales for mental disease and multiaxial evaluation framework of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). In our cases, the most common indications have been refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), pathologic aggression and major depression after at least two years of treatment and with the involvement of at least two psychiatrists. According to the basal diagnosis, psychological tests are used by the neuropsychology specialist from our group and /or the neuropsychologists who have given medical treatment along with the psychiatrists. Six males and four females were treated with an age range of 13 to 52 years, and an average age of 28.2 years. The first patient had impulsive disorder and hetero-aggression, with a history of two bilateral prefrontal lobotomies with no stereotaxic planning and without a good response. The patient had gamma radiosurgery with bilateral anterior capsulotomy and continued his antipsychotic treatment. For two years, the patient had a good response and was able to go back to his wife and mother. After those two years, he developed a hypersexuality syndrome that led to a divorce from his wife and the patient was lost to clinical follow-up. The second patient was an adolescent with corpus callosum lipoma and hetero-aggression and compulsive syndrome refractory to medical treatment including carbamazepine levels above the therapeutic level. Three persons had to continuously watch him at home during 24 hours a day. He had a history of bilateral stereotaxic cingulotomy with thermocoagulation without a good response. Under general anesthesia, a gamma bilateral stereotaxic capsulotomy was performed. After 2 months of latency period and three years of follow-up, the hetero-aggression has been under control. Carbamazepine treatment is still used. The third patient had physical hetero-aggression towards his parents for more than seven years. He underwent gamma radiosurgery for bilateral capsulotomy and after a latency period of three months and a three year follow-up the patient has had no aggression episodes. The fourth patient had hetero-aggression since his teenage years, with a course of more than 6 years of this disorder and major depression with suicidal attempts. He had an electroconvulsive therapy session that led to a minor improvement lasting 2 months. Gamma radiosurgery was used for a limbic leukotomy in the cingula and the anterior arm of the internal capsules. His aggressiveness has significantly improved and his depression has been fluctuating under medical supervision. The patient has anxiety crisis that the patient's mother helps to control by giving him marijuana. The fifth patient had OCD of more than 10 years of course and a predominance of contamination fobias and bleeding hands because of frequent washing. She was treated with bilateral gamma capsulotomy and after two months of latency she stopped using gloves and after two years of follow-up the fobias have disappeared and has been able to work with no limitations in a company office. The sixth adolescent patient is the son of a neurosurgeon colleague and has symptoms of hetero and self-aggression, impulsivity and destructive behavior associated with mental retardation. The patient underwent a bilateral anterior capsulotomy under general anesthesia. The suggested treatment protocol was to combine the procedure with bilateral limbic leukotomy and hypothalamic procedure in a second surgical stage to control the self-aggression outbreaks. The patient had significant improvement of his impulsivity during the first two months and before the end of his minimum latency period of 6 to 8 months developed a zone of radionecrosis. He had an open cingulotomy after five months of radiosurgery in another hospital and his current clinical course is unknown. The seventh patient with Asperger and Tourette syndrome and impulsivity and hetero-aggression had a bilateral anterior gamma capsulotomy with significant improvement and after one year of follow-up he had a less severe clinical recurrence and underwent bilateral gamma cingulotomy to complete limbic leukotomy. He has early shown improvement but his follow-up is only two months. The eighth patient had schizophrenic disorder displayed as impulsivity crisis, obsessive ideas and hetero-aggression towards his family fluctuating with periods of depression. He had a limbic leukotomy and has good control of his aggression and is still under medical treatment as most of the patients are. The nineth patient in the series had major depression, suicidal attempts and chronic anxiety refractory to medical treatment. She was operated two years before and had a bilateral capsulotomy by thermocoagulation and because her clinical picture prevailed, she had bilateral anterior capsulotomy with gamma knife. In her six month follow-up, her anxiety has improved, and she has had no new major depression crisis and her follow-up neuropsychological tests are pending to be made in her home town.

La neurocirugía en los trastornos de la alimentación: ¿una alternativa posible?

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Abstract: Composition and quantity of food in-taken varies considerably between one meal and another, or between one day and the following. Non biological factors -such as emotional, social, day time, feasibility in the type of food, and cost- are, among others, factors that in some way affect the degree of energy in-take by food, which generally is not related with daily energy expenditure. These phenomena represent an active process of regulation that is characterized by the balance between signs that stimulate hunger, called orexigenics and those that produce satiation to stop in-take, called anorexigenics, that promotes the stability in the quantity of corporal energy manifested as fat. In this feeding regulatory process there are many molecular signs that participate and regulate the in-take of behaviour food for homeostasis. There are two hypothalamic centers related with the food in-take control: the hunger centre in the lateral hypothalamus and the satiation centre in the ventromedial nucleus. In this control many impulses participate, regulated by substances called neurotransmitters, such as: neuropeptide Y, galanine, orexines for the hunger centre and nor epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine for the satiation centre. Insulin reaches the brain through circulation and acts reducing the contribution of energy, it was the first hormonal sign that was implicated in weight control by CNS. The second identified hormone, secreted by the adiposity, was leptin. Both hormones circulate in levels proportional to the corporal fat and get to the CNS in proportion to its plasmatic concentrations. Receptors as leptin and insulin are expressed by brain neurons involved in the contribution of energy, and the administration of any of both peptides directly to the brain, reduce the in-take of food. The lack of any of these hormones produces the opposite. Leptin has a more important role than insulin in the control of the energetic homeostasis in the CNS. For example, the lack of leptin causes severe obesity with hyperfagia that persists regardless the levels of elevated insulin. In contrast, obesity isn't induced by the lack of insulin. Insulin has a critic role to promote the storage of fat and the synthesis of leptin through the fat cellule. The neuropeptide Y, produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus has an anabolic effect. The gene of expression and secretion of this peptide in the hypothalamus increases during depletion, in the storage of corporal fat and/or when the signs of leptin/insulin are decreased in the brain. Leptin inhibits the gene of expression of the neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus and the genetic "knockout" of the NPY reduces hyperfagia and obesity in mice ob/ob, indicating that the total response to the lack of leptin requires the signs of the NPY. Other substances like the Agouti protein (AGRP), the orexines (hypocretines A and B) and the concentrations of the melancortin hormone have been added to the molecule candidate list with anabolic effects. Also in the adjoining neurons of the arcuate nucleus, are originated anorexigenic peptides like alfa-MSH (a derivated of the pro-opiomelancortin, POMC) and CART (transcript protein related with cocaine and amphetamine). Both types of neurons (NPY/AGRP and POMC/CART) coexpress the leptin receptors. In those situations in which the levels of leptin or insulin are low, the NPY/AGRP neurons activate and the POMC/CART are inhibited. This suggests that the main site of adiposity signs transformation is a neuronal response in the arched nucleus. The link between the lateral hypothalamus and the elevated centers of the brain that regulate hunger and satiation is a very important aspect of the regulation system. There have been typified two types of neuropeptides linked to neurons, that appear to be exclusively of the lateral hypothalamus area: the concentrated melanin hormone (MCH) and the orexines. At the lateral zone, there have been specified two types of hypothalamic neuropeptides, the orexines A and B, also known as hypocretines 1 and 2, which are cellular bodies of the hypothalamus, especially at the lateral hypothalamus and the perifornical area, which stimulate the appetite in an independent way to other neuropeptides known. On the other hand, the orexines A and B derive (by proteolysis) of a common precursor, and are capable of activating their two respective receptors that work in conjunction with proteins G. The central administration of orexines stimulates the in-take and production of orexines' increase with fasting. These neuropeptides match with the hypocretines described by other authors, with expression in late ral hypothalamus, arched nucleus, septal nucleus and forebrain. Monoaminergic neurotransmitters. Noradrenalin Noradrenalin is synthesized in different areas of the brain such as the dorsal nucleus of the vague and the locus coeruleus.Noradrenalin shares the same place with NPY and the injection of both inside the preventricular nucleus increase the in-take of food. The repeated injection can result in weight increase; leptin can inhibit noradrenalin secretion. Dopamine Critic dependence of the in-take of food in the CNS is given by the dopamine sign, which is implicated in the voluntary lack of the food in-take. Motor alterations associated with the lack of dopamine affect also the alimentary behavior. The dopamine effect over the alimentary behavior varies depending of the studyied area. For example the routes of dopamine in the mesolimbic area contribute to the reward of the in-take of savory food. SerotoninThe 5HT2c receptor of serotonin is implicated in the decrease of the in-take of food and the weight increase, due to its effect in the impulse of the satiation centre. To maintain the homeostasis of normal energy it is necessary that the serotonin sign be intact. New alternative hypothesis. On one hand, the knowledge of regulation of the appetite-satiety neuroendocrine cycle, and on the other, the new techniques of neuromodulation through stereotaxic surgery, allow to offer an extraordinarily interesting field of research in certain patients with feeding disorders of difficult control and with an increase in the mortality risk. The alternative of controlling specific centers of hunger/satiation regulation, is still a hypothesis, though there are some data that allow us to assume that it could be feasible and we will mention them after. Current experience. Stereotaxic (Latin: stereo, three-dimensional; taxis, positioning) is a modern technique of neurosurgery that allows the localization and precise access to intra-cerebral structures, through a small orifice in the skull. If we have identified the places that regulate the intake of food or satiety, it is feasible that through this technique we can stimulate or inhibit this function and offer the patient an alternative that in theory could be feasible. Some of its possible advantages will be that we are talking about a minimum invasive surgery, generally performed using local anesthesia; patients need a minimum hospitalization stay and surgical risks are minimized. This allows us to predict in the majority of the patients a satisfactory evolution of weight decrease. The current experience of stereotaxic used in eating disorders is null; everything about it is hypothetic. However, the use of this proceeding for other accepted indications where there is previous experience, has allowed us to obtain interesting data of the evolution of these patients that shows indirectly, that the procedure has influenced in the corporal weight. We present these indirect results, which motivate us to continue considering its possible use in patients that show the approved profile according to an ethic committee properly authorized. In depression or bipolar disorder cases, the use of the stereotaxic surgery applying electrodes in the bottom pedunculo thalamic region (ITP), independently that they show an improve in their basal alteration, the patients show a weight increase, inferring a relationship of this area and the one of the hypothalamus for the appetite/satiation control, situation that hypothetically could benefit patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia. In the cases with Parkinson Disease, the stereotaxic procedure has been made in the pre-lemniscal (RAPRL) or the subtalamic region (STN) in a unilateral or bilateral way, and although the response hasn't been uniform, the weight changes showed a decrease, making this a possible alternative to be used in some patients with morbid obesity according to the inclusion criteria. Final comments. The expectative of stereotaxic surgery in handling patients with difficult to control feeding disorders or with high risk of morbid-mortality, is shown as an hypothesis, that should consider the specific rules of good clinical practices and adjust to the rules of an approved ethics committee, for these procedures.

Nucleotratotomia trigeminal estereotáxica no tratamento da dor facial atípica / Stereotactic trigeminal nucleotractotomy for treatment of atypical facial pain

As características funcionais e morfológicas da face, aliadas à complexidade do fenômeno doloroso, tornam favorável a existência de inúmeras fontes de dor facial, como procuraram demonstrar as várias classificações existentes a respeito. A nucleotratotomia trigeminal consistena ablação cirúrgica de núcleos trigeminais de segunda ordem e tratos.Dois casos de dor facial atípica refratários ao tratamento medicamentoso ou a outras formas nãooperatórias são discutidos. A intensidade da dor pré e pós-operatória foi avaliada pela Escala Visual Analógica. A técnica operatória é descrita. Os resultados imediatos foram satisfatórios em ambos os casos. Um doente teve recidiva da dor, com menor intensidade, dois meses após o procedimento e o outro estava assintomático oitomeses depois. Um doente apresentou ataxia transitória que regrediu em dois meses; o outro teve meningite bacteriana no pós-operatório. Aspectos terapêuticos e as bases fisiopatológicas da indicação cirúrgica são apresentados.

The functional and morphologic peculiarities of the face justify the occurrence of varied sources of pain. The trigeminal nucleotractotomy consists in a surgical lesion of secundary trigeminal nuclei and tracts.Two cases of atypical facial pain refractory to clinical treatments are discussed. The intensity of pain was evaluated by the Visual Analogic Scale. The surgical technique is described. The immediate results were satisfactory. One patient developed recurrent pain two months later,and the other was asymptomatic for eight months. One patient presented transitory ataxia and the other developed bacterial meningitis. The physiopathological basis of this procedure is discussed.

Biopsia cerebral a mano alzada guiada por tomografía / Cerebral biopsy by a handfree procedure

Se presenta la experiencia del Servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl con un procedimiento alternativo para realizar una biopsia cerebral, el cual se lleva a cabo a mano alzada y guiado por tomografía sin utilizar un marco estereotáxico. Se resalta su utilidad en los casos de lesiones supratentoriales y con tamaño mayor de 3 centímetros, en centros donde no se disponga de los métodos estereotáxicos tradicionales.

Correlaçäo anátomo-radiológica nas lesöes mamárias através de "CORE" biopsia

Durante o período de 10 de fevereiro de 1995 a 31 de janeiro de 1996 foram realizadas 105 "core" biópsias no Centro de Mastologia do Rio de Janeiro, sendo 90 guiadas por estereotaxia e 15 guiadas por ultra-sonografia. As lesões biopsiadas foram classificadas como provavelmente benignas (PB), suspeitas (S) e altamente suspeitas (AS). Em 1 caso, a lesão não apresentou expressão radiológica (mamografia classificada como negativa), então o diagnóstico foi realizado pelo exame físico e pela ultra-sonografia, que mostrou sinais indicativos de malignidade. O resultado histopatológico das "core" biópsias foi benigno em 89 casos e maligno em 16. Todas as lesões classificadas como "PB" confirmaram benignidade; das 20 lesões classificadas como "S", 15 foram benignas e 5 foram malignas; das 14 lesões classificadas como "AS", 11 foram malignas e 3 foram benignas. O caso em que a suspeita de malignidade foi através da ultra-sonografia, o resultado histopatológico da "core" biópsia foi benigno. Os 19 casos discordantes (15 lesões classificadas como "S", 3 lesões classificadas como "AS" e 1 lesão com suspeita de malignidade pela ultra-sonografia - todas com resultado benigno na "core" biópsia) foram analisados para determinar a conduta, sendo indicado controle radiológico para as 15 pacientes com lesões "S" I biópsia cirúrgica para as 3 pacientes com lesões "AS", assim como para o caso suspeito pela ultra-sonografia. A comparação dos resultados da "core" biópsia com os resultados da biópsia cirúrgica ou do controle radiológico nos casos discordantes permitiu obter os seguintes valores para análise do desempenho da "core" biópsia: sensibilidade = 88%, especificidade = 100%, valor preditivo positivo = 100%, valor preditivo negativo = 97% e acurácia = 97%

One hundred and five biopsies were performed between February 1st" 1995 and January 31, 1996. Ninety of these were under stereotactic guidance and ffifteen were performed using ultrasonographic control. The lesions were classified as "probably benign" (PB), "suspicious" (S) and "highly suspicious" (AS). The result of mammography was "negative" (NEG) in one paciente, but the clinical examination and ultrasound suggested the malignant. The histopathological results of these core biopsies were benign in 89 cases and malignant in 16 cases. Ali the lesions classified as "PB" were confirmed as being benign; of the 20 lesions classified as "S", 15 were benign and 5 were malignant; of the 14 classified as "AS", 11 were being malignant and 3 were benign. The case where the malignant origin of the disease was suggested by ultrasound, the histopathologic result was of a benign lesion. There was no agreement in 19 cases. These cases were analysed to determine their management. The lesions wich were "s" were followed with further radiografic control. For those classified as "AS" and the case where the malignant origin was suggested by ultrasound, surgical biopsy was undertaken. A comparison of the results of the core biopsy with surgical biopsy and radiologic follow up in these patients in wich there was no agreement allowed us to obtain the following estimates of the value of the core biopsy: sensitivity = 88%, specificity = 100%, predictive positive value = 100%, predictive negative value = 97% and accuracy = 97%