Evidence-Based Dampness-Heat ZHENG (Syndrome) in Cancer: Current Progress toward Establishing Relevant Animal Model with Pancreatic Tumor / 中国结合医学杂志

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases affecting the health of human beings. With limited therapeutic options available, complementary and alternative medicine has been widely adopted in cancer management and is increasingly becoming accepted by both patients and healthcare workers alike. Chinese medicine characterized by its unique diagnostic and treatment system is the most widely applied complementary and alternative medicine. It emphasizes symptoms and ZHENG (syndrome)-based treatment combined with contemporary disease diagnosis and further stratifies patients into individualized medicine subgroups. As a representative cancer with the highest degree of malignancy, pancreatic cancer is traditionally classified into the "amassment and accumulation". Emerging perspectives define the core pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer as "dampness-heat" and the respective treatment "clearing heat and resolving dampness" has been demonstrated to prolong survival in pancreatic cancer patients, as has been observed in many other cancers. This clinical advantage encourages an exploration of the essence of dampness-heat ZHENG (DHZ) in cancer and investigation into underlying mechanisms of action of herbal formulations against dampness-heat. However, at present, there is a lack of understanding of the molecular characteristics of DHZ in cancer and no standardized and widely accepted animal model to study this core syndrome in vivo. The shortage of animal models limits the ability to uncover the antitumor mechanisms of herbal medicines and to assess the safety profile of the natural products derived from them. This review summarizes the current research on DHZ in cancer in terms of the clinical aspects, molecular landscape, and animal models. This study aims to provide comprehensive insight that can be used for the establishment of a future standardized ZHENG-based cancer animal model.

Advances in methodologies for evaluating cell-mediated immune responses / 生物工程学报

Cell-mediated immune response is an important part of machinery in maintaining the body's homeostasis. After the innate immune system selectively activates the adaptive immune system, the cell-mediated immunity exerts its killing and clearance functions. Therefore, evaluating the level of cell-mediated immune response is crucial in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, monitoring the immune status after organ transplantation, diagnosing and preventing viral diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of vaccines and other areas. From the initial overall assessment of the immune effects in vivo to the precise detection of the number and function of multiple immune cells, the evaluation methods of cell-mediated immune response have greatly advanced. However, cell-mediated immune response involves multiple levels in the body, and it's difficult to choose the numerous detection methods available. The article systematically compares the evaluation methods of cell-mediated immune response at four different levels: the organism, the tissue and organ, the immune cells and the immune molecules, with the aim to facilitate the applications of related technologies.

Research progress on evaluation methods for head-neck nail position in femoral intertrochanteric fractures / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize the research progress on the evaluation methods of head-neck nail positions in femoral intertrochanteric fractures.@*METHODS@#The literature about the evaluation methods of head-neck nail positions for femoral intertrochanteric fractures in recent years was extensively reviewed, and research progress in the aspects of evaluation methods, clinical applications, and limitations were summarized.@*RESULTS@#The position of head-neck nails in femoral intertrochanteric fractures is closely related to postoperative complications of head-neck nail cutting. Currently, the tip-apex distance (TAD) and femoral head zoning are widely used to evaluate the position of head-neck nails. The main opinion in the literature is that the use of TAD and femoral head zoning can effectively reduce the incidence of head-neck nails cutting. Parker's ratio, as one of the evaluation methods, has been controversial in subsequent studies and has not been widely used in clinical practice. The TAD as referenced to the calcar (CalTAD), which was modified based on TAD, has been gradually accepted by the clinic, but whether it is better than the TAD has not yet been conclusively determined. In recent years, new evaluation methods have been proposed to supplement the previous evaluation methods, such as the tip-neck distance ratio (TNDR) and the standardized TAD (STAD) to avoid the limitations of the TAD and the CalTAD by the volume of the femoral head, and the axis-blade angle (ABA) to supplement the direction of the head-neck nails channel, but at present the clinical application is relatively underutilized, and the validity of the method needs to be further verified.@*CONCLUSION@#Currently, there are many methods for evaluating the position of head-neck nails in femoral intertrochanteric fractures, TAD<25 mm combined with head-neck nails placed in the middle-middle quadrant or lower-middle quadrant of the femoral head division is currently a highly recognized assessment in the literature, but the optimal assessment is still controversial, and further research needs to be studied.

Introduction and Reflection on Novel Medical Device Regulatory Science Tool MDDT / 中国医疗器械杂志

In recent years, emerging technology medical devices have developed rapidly. How to more scientifically and more efficiently regulate these novel medical devices so as to improve access to advanced medical technology while ensuring safety and effectiveness is a new challenge faced by regulatory authorities, and is also the core topic of regulatory science. New tools, new standards and new methods are important means to achieve regulatory science. "Medical Device Development Tool" proposed by the U.S. FDA is a novel medical device regulatory science tool, which can help medical device developers to predict and evaluate product performance more efficiently. It is also helpful for regulatory authorities to make regulatory decisions more efficiently. This study introduces the concept, qualification process, role of MDDT in medical device regulation and MDDT examples, and makes some discussion on the device evaluation from the perspective of reliability and validity. MDDT can facilitate the developing of novel medical device.

Evaluation of the skill ，adherence and effectiveness of medication in asthma patients from a pharmacist perspective / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To analyze th e evaluation methods of the skill ，adherence and effectiveness of medication in bronchial asthma （hereinafter referred to as “asthma”）patients from a pharmacist perspective ，and to provide reference for pharmacists to carry out clinical intervention researches and management of asthma patients. METHODS Referring to diagnosis and treatment guidelines ，evidence-based medicine literature and clinical practice experience ，the evaluation methods of asthma patients ’ medication with clinical value were expounded from three aspects including medication skill （inhalation technology ），adherence and effectiveness. RESULTS Inhalation technique rating form was an important evaluation method of medication skills in asthma patients. Medication adherence could be evaluated by Morisky Medication Adherence Scale or the Medication Adherence Report Scale for Asthma. Effectiveness evaluation methods contained direct evaluation indexes （such as clinical manifestations ，situation of acute exacerbation and relieving medication ，examination indexes such as pulmonary function indexes and fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide ）and indirect evaluation tools （i.e. various scales ，including Asthma Control Test ，Children-Asthma Control Test，the Test for Respiratory and Asthma Control in Kids ，asthma related quality of life scales ，etc.）CONCLUSIONS The combination of the evaluation methods of medication skill ， adherence and effectiveness contributes to assessing the pharmacotherapy effect of asthma patients. Pharmacists should apply and perfect these evaluation methods in practice ，so as to conduct better pharmaceutical intervention on asthma patients.

Evaluation method of medicine nature of individual ginsenosides / 中国药理学通报

.Aim To establish the evaluation methods of the med¬icine nature of ginsenosides by eorrelation analysis between med¬icine nature and ginsenoside contents in five Panax herbs with different medicine nature and the measurement of their effects on Na + /K + -ATPase activities.Methods 'Hie contents of ginsen¬osides in Sanqi, red ginseng , ginseng , American ginseng and ginseng leaves in the existing literature were eolleeted.and the medicinal nature was assigned by vector methods.rI1ie medicine nature of ginsenosides and the contribution of ginsenoside to the medicine nature were evaluated through bivariate correlation a- nalysis and grey eorrelation degree respectively.'Hie effects of ginsenosides on the Na+ /K +-ATPase activities of L02 eells and in pig eerebral cortex were measured to evaluate the medicine na¬ture of ginsenosides.Results Correlation results indicated that the order of correlation coefficients of ginsenosides to the warm and hot medicine nature was Rf > R1 > Rg3 > Rg2 > Rbl > Ro, while the order of correlation coefficients of ginsenosides to the eool and eold medicine nature was Rb2 > Re > Rd > Fll.Grey eorrelation degree analysis showed that the contribution of ginsen¬oside to the medicine nature was F11 > Re > Kg2 > Rd > Rb2 >Rbl > Rgl > Rc > Rg3 > R1 > Rf > Ro.The effects of ginsen- osides on Na +/K +-ATPase activities showed that the substance basis of the warm medicine nature was ginsenoside Rbl, Rb3, Rc, Rf, Rg2, Rgl, Rhl, Rg3, R1 and Ro, which increased the activity of Na + /K + -ATPase.While the cold and cool medi- cine nature were ginsenoside Rh2, Rd, Rh2, Re and oleanolic acid, which inhibited the activity of Na+/K

Desenvolvimento de um método para avaliação de maturidade digital de instituições de saúde / Development of a method to digital maturity assessment for healthcare organizations / Desarrollo de un método para evaluación de la madurez digital de las instituciones de salud

Objetivos: Desenvolver um método de avaliação de maturidade digital para instituições de saúde. Métodos: Este trabalho caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva; a partir da revisão e da análise crítica de vários métodos, o Índice de Maturidade Digital para Instituições de Saúde (IMDIS) foi desenvolvido e validado por meio da aplicação em 107 instituições de saúde. Resultados: A análise da base resultou em um percentual médio de 44,4% de maturidade digital. Conclusão: As instituições de saúde devem melhor estruturar a sua jornada digital, não apenas adotando as tecnologias digitais, mas também possuindo uma estratégia, mudança de cultura, equipe capacitada, orçamento e apoio da diretoria. O IMDIS pode ser evoluído e servir de base para a criação de outros índices que, concreta e rotineiramente, avaliem a maturidade digital das instituições de saúde e acompanhem a evolução da Saúde Digital.

Objectives: Develop a method to digital maturity assessment for healthcare organizations. Methods: This paper is defined as exploratory and descriptive research. From revision and critical analysis of various methods, the Digital Maturity Index for Healthcare Organization (IMDIS) was developed and validated by its application for 107 healthcare organizations. Results: Database analysis presented 44,4% of percentage average of digital maturity. Conclusion: Healthcare organizations should improve the structure of its digital journey, not only adopting new digital technologies, but also having strategy, cultural change, well-trained team, budget and support from the board. The IMDIS can be evolved and serve as a basis to create other indexes that, concrete and routinely, evaluate digital maturity of healthcare organizations and following up digital health.

Objetivos: Desarrollar un método para evaluación de la madurez digital para instituciones de salud. Métodos: Este trabajo está caracterizado cómo una pesquisa exploratoria y descriptiva. A partir de la revisión y análisis crítico de varios métodos, se desarrolló y validó el Índice de Madurez Digital para Instituciones de Salud (IMDIS) mediante su aplicación en 107 instituciones de salud. Resultados: La análisis de la base de datos resultó en un porcentaje promedio del 44,4% de madurez digital. Conclusiones: Las instituciones de salud deberían estructurar mejor su jornada digital, no solo adoptando tecnologías digitales, sino también teniendo una estrategia, cambio de cultura, equipo calificado, presupuesto y apoyo de la junta directiva. El IMDIS puede evolucionar y servir de base para la creación de otros índices que, de manera concreta y rutinaria, podrían evaluar la madurez digital de las instituciones de salud y monitorear la evolución de la Salud Digital.

Monitoramento e Avaliação da Saúde Digital: atualização dos métodos e modelos de maturidade / Monitoring and Evaluation of Digital Health: methods and maturity models review / Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Salud Digital: actualización de los métodos y modelos de madurez

A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) define Saúde Digital (SD) como "o uso da tecnologia de informação e comunicação no apoio à Saúde e a áreas relacionadas à Saúde". Monitorar a progressão da SD é fundamental, conforme também estabelecido na resolução da OMS sobre SD. Este artigo de revisão foi elaborado com o intuito de identificar os atuais métodos de avaliação, modelos e índices de maturidade digital utilizados para avaliar e/ou monitorar diversos aspectos da SD. Foram identificados 32 métodos, categorizados e descritos neste artigo. A partir dessa revisão, ficou evidente a necessidade do estabelecimento de critérios objetivos para melhor avaliar se tais métodos e modelos de maturidade são mesmo capazes de avaliar e monitorar a SD ou não.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Digital Health (DH) as "the use of information and communications technology in support of health and health-related fields". Monitoring the progression of DH is essential, in according to the resolution of WHO about DH. This paper was elaborated aiming to identify current evaluation methods, models and digital maturity indexes used to evaluate and monitor many aspects of DH. It was evaluated 32 methods, categorized and described in this article. From this review, it was clear the need for establishment of objective criteria to better evaluation whether such methods and maturity models are really able to evaluate and monitor DH progression or not.

La Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) define la Salud Digital (SD) como "el uso de la tecnología de la información y la comunicación para apoyar las áreas de salud y relacionadas con la salud". El seguimiento de la progresión del SD es fundamental, em acuerdo con la resolución de la OMS acerca de SD. Este artículo de revisión he preparado con el objectivo de identificar los métodos de evaluación actuales, los modelos y los índices de madurez digital utilizados para evaluar y / o monitorear varios aspectos de la SD. En este artículo se identificaron, categorizaron y describieron 32 métodos. A partir de esta revisión, se hizo evidente la necesidad de establecer criterios objetivos para evaluar mejor si dichos métodos y modelos de madurez son capaces de evaluar y monitorear el SD o no.

Literature Review on Prevalence, Risk Factors and, Evaluation of Acute Lower Back Pain

Background: Acute back pain is any pain located at the back that lasts for less than 4 weeks duration. Theprevalence is fair with as many as 84% of the adult population around the globe experience back pain at somepoint in life and is often self-limiting. However, in few selected patients it may serve as indicator of a seriousunderlying disease making it crucial to properly evaluate, characterize and address this concern. Objectives: Inthis review we intend to explore the prevalence, risk factors and highlight the available methods using diagnosticimaging modalities to evaluate and address this condition. Materials and Methods: A review of relevant articlespublished from 1987 onwards in English language was done using the electronic databases of PubMed Pico and,Google Scholar with preset keywords. Conclusion: Acute back pain prevalence range between 22 to 48 percentand risk factors are non-modifiable such as advanced age and female gender while modifiable risk factors areobesity, smoking, low education, sedentary lifestyle, etc. Employment related factors such as physically strenuouswork also increase the risk of developing back pain. Notably, under-appreciated risk factors includingpsychological risk factors such as anxiety should be screened for while evaluating patients. Evaluation of backpain mostly relies on comprehensive history and physical examination, as most cases are self-limited. Diagnosticimaging is only recommended in cases presenting with red flag symptoms.

Research progress on animal models of chronic pain and its application in traditional Chinese medicine research / 中国中药杂志

The classification of chronic pain is complex and its pathogenesis is not clear, which led to the limited progress of treatment measures.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has certain advantages in the treatment of chronic pain, and its mechanism needs further exploration. The ideal animal model is helpful to elucidate the key mechanism of the occurrence and development of chronic pain and play an important role in the discovery of new drug targets, the development of new therapies and the research on the analgesic mechanism of TCM.In recent years, many scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research to explore the pathogenesis of chronic pain and the mechanism of TCM, which have achieved some results. On this basis, this study summarizes the selection of experimental animals for chronic pain and the commonly evaluation methods of animal models. According to the latest international classification of diseases, this review organizes the induced methods, evaluation indicators, advantages and disadvantages of seven kinds of chronic pain animal models, such as chronic primary pain, chronic cancer-related pain and so on. Next, this review introduces the chronic pain animal models commonly used in TCM research, in order to provide guidance for the targeted selection of animal models when carrying out relevant experiments in the future.

Reliability, Accuracy, and Use Frequency of Evaluation Methods for Amount of Tongue Coating / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To classify the evaluation methods for amount of tongue coating (TC) and investigate their reliability, accuracy, and frequency of use.@*METHODS@#Articles published from 1985 to 2015 were searched for evaluation methods for the amount of TC in PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Only clinical researches were included except protocol articles. The methods were classified according to their characteristics.@*RESULTS@#Finally, 113 articles were selected. The evaluation method for the amount of TC from the articles was classified into 4 types: intuitive, specificative, computerized, and weighing TC. The reliability in the intuitive and specificative methods (κ =0.33-0.92) showed varying levels among the studies. In general, the amount of TC calculated by the specificative method (Spearman's r=0.68-0.80) was more strongly related to the directly measured value than to the value estimated by the computerized method (Pearson's r=0.442). The number of articles published on this topic has increased consistently, and the specificative method was the most frequently used. Despite the higher reliability of the computerized method, it has not been widely used.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The high prevalence of the specificative method would continue in clinical practice because of its convenience and accuracy. However, to establish higher reliability, the limitation of the subjectivity of the assessors should be overcome through calibration training. In the computerized method, novel algorithms are needed to obtain a higher accuracy so that it can help the practitioners confidently estimate the amount of TC.

Review of Zuoguiwan on Animal Models and Evaluation in Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Zuoguiwan is a classic prescription for replenishing vital essence, tonifying kidney-Yin and nourishing the bone marrow. Zuoguiwan is one of the effective prescriptions for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (OP), which reflects the thought of Reinforcing Yang from Yin. The OP animal model simulates the pathological state and pathogenesis of OP in human, which is an important means to research the pathogenesis of OP and verify the effect of drugs. In this paper, two kinds of animal models and characteristics of Zuoguiwan in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis were discussed in details. They are the primary osteoporosis animal models, including ovariectomized animal models and spontaneous elderly osteoporosis animal models, and the secondary osteoporosis models, including glucocorticoid-induced animal models, cyclophosphamide-induced animal models and subtotal nephrectomy animal models. The evaluation methods of Zuoguiwan in preventing and treating OP, including bone absorption markers and bone formation markers analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), bone mineral density detected with dual-energy X-ray, the number of trabeculae, trabecular segregation, trabecular thickness, bone volume/tissue volume ratio and bone surface/volume ratio analyzed using micro-CT, bone pathological morphology observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, bone biomechanical properties, such as the maximum load force based on biomechanical test. In order to provide scientific reference for the basic and clinical research of Zuoguiwan, the OP animal models and the pharmacodynamic effect of Zuoguiwan are evaluated comprehensively with five different and objective evaluation methods. However, the animal model of OP needs to be further optimized to highlight the pathogenesis and syndrome characteristics of Zuoguiwan in the treatment of OP.

O Modelo Lúdico em crianças com Síndrome de Down / The Ludic Model in children with Down's Syndrome / El Modelo Lúdico en los niños con el síndrome de Down

O Modelo Lúdico é um referencial teórico para a intervenção clínica, desenvolvido por Francine Ferland, terapeuta ocupacional, que tem como foco de investigação o brincar na prática clínica com crianças com deficiência física. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar possíveis contribuições do modelo e de autores da Psicologia para análise do brincar de crianças com Síndrome de Down. O estudo incluiu oito crianças de ambos os sexos com diagnóstico de Síndrome de Down, com idade entre seis e dez anos, além de seus responsáveis legais. As crianças apresentaram interesse principalmente por estímulos sonoros, espontaneidade e prazer ao brincar. No entanto, nem todas apresentaram senso de humor, gosto por desafios e iniciativa, demonstrando uma forma de brincar mais passiva. Foi possível caracterizar alguns aspectos e interesses da criança com Síndrome de Down no brincar, oferecendo-se subsídios para que os profissionais de educação ou da saúde possam determinar focos de intervenção.

The Ludic Model is a theoretical reference for the clinical intervention, developed by the occupational therapist Francine Ferland, whose research investigates how children with physical disabilities play in the clinical setting. The aim of the study was to determine possible contributions of the model and authors in Psychology for the analysis of how children with Down Syndrome play. The study included eight children of both sexes diagnosed with Down Syndrome, with ages between six and ten years and their legal guardians. The children demonstrated interest mainly by listening to stimuli, spontaneity and pleasure to play. However, not all of them demonstrated a sense of humour or an interest in challenges and taking initiative. They displayed more passivity while playing. It was possible to characterize some aspects and interests of the child with Down Syndrome as they played, offering assistance to education or healthcare professionals so they can then determine their intervention focuses.

El modelo lúdico es un referencial teórico para la intervención clínica, desarrollado por Francine Ferland, terapeuta ocupacional, que tiene como enfoque de investigación el jugar en la práctica clínica con niños con discapacidad física. El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar posibles contribuciones del modelo y de autores de la Psicología para el análisis del juego de niños con Síndrome de Down. El estudio incluyó a ocho niños de ambos sexos con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Down, con edades entre seis y diez años, además de sus responsables legales. Los niños presentaron interés principalmente por estímulos sonoros, espontaneidad y placer al jugar. Sin embargo, la mayoría de ellos presentaron una forma de jugar mas pasiva, donde no demostraron sentido del humor, interés por desafíos e iniciativa. Fue posible caracterizar algunos aspectos e intereses del niño con Síndrome de Down en el juego, contribuyendo para que los profesionales de la educación o de la salud puedan determinar enfoques de intervención.

Research progress on animal models of postpartum depression and their behavior evaluation methods / 中国实验动物学报

Postpartum depression(PPD)is one of the most common types of postpartum psychiatric syndromes. Because of the complex and changeable characteristics in PPD disease and the special period after childbirth, there are many clinical limitations in the study of this disease. Therefore,the preparation and establishment of a proper animal model closed to clinical and behavioral evaluation method plays an important role in study of its pathogenesis. This review mainly introduces the commonly used postpartum depression animal models and the behavioral evaluation method. It is hoped to provide a reference for further study of PPD pathogenesis and for the drug research and development.

Evaluation of swallowing function after cricohyoidoepiglottopexy / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To investigate the evaluation ways and effects of swallowing function after cricohyoidoepiglottopexy(CHEP). Methods Selected 92 patients of glottic carcinoma who were admitted into hospital from February 2014 to January 2017,and all the patients were given cricohyoidoepiglottopexy(CHEP)therapy and function reconstruction.Modified barium swallow(MBS),modified penetration as-piration scale(MPAS),and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing(FEES)were applied after the surgery.And the prognosis of patients was followed up.Results There was one patient who was not able to extubate,and the extubation time of tracheaostomy tube and stomach tube were respectively(12.04 ±5.42)week and(8.00 ±2.19)d among the remaining 91 cases.Three months after operation,the laryngeal function were good in 84 cases,moderate in 6 cases and poor in 2 cases,the incidence of complications was 6.5%.The fundamental frequency and fundamental frequency perturbation three months after operation were significantly lower than thos before operation(P<0.05). With the extension of postoperative time,the MPAS score of patients with MBS and FEES evaluation were obviously decreased(P<0.05). The MBS assessment score were respectively(3.87 ±0.98)points,(1.64 ±0.65)points,(1.09 ±0.33)points at 15 days,30 days and 60 days after operation.The FEES evaluation score were respectively(3.27 ±1.33)points,(1.73 ±1.11)points,(1.18 ±0.89)points at 15 days,30 days and 60 days after operation.With the MBS assessment as the gold standard,the sensitivity of FEES assessment to normal,false aspiration and aspiration were 100%,76.7%and 86.7%,respectively,and the specificity were 86.7%,97.1% and 98.3%,respectively. Conclusion The cricohyoidoepiglottopexy and laryngeal defect repair in the treatment of glottic carcinoma can effectively preserve the laryn -geal function,reduce the incidence of postoperative complications,improve pronunciation function,and the FEES and MBS evaluation of laryn-geal function have good accuracy,and they have good clinical significance to understand the degree of postoperative aspiration.

The Safety Evaluation Method of Herb-Drug Combination: Manifestation-Target Alliance / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

The herb-drug combination is becoming more and more common. The safety evaluation method is a complex evaluation system. This paper analyzed Pubmed database from 2008 to 2018, and summarized the characteristics of safety evaluation method, and the characteristics are listed as below: (1) Exposure safety issues in real world; (2) The combination use is complex and difficult to evaluate. There are the existing safety assessment methods including literature induction, prospective test, questionnaire survey, etc. Although safety evaluation has been carried out from different angles, there is still a lack of comprehensive and reasonable safety evaluation method. The team tried to combine clinical phenotype and mechanism characteristics to provide more reasonable methodological support for clinical safety evaluation.

Evaluation methods of vascular remodeling / 基础医学与临床

Until now,the evaluation methods of vascular remodeling mainly included the related enzymes and bio-chemical markers,imaging feature,pulse conduction velocity measurement,etc.

Validación de la Encuesta de Percepción de Enfermedad Revisada (Illness Perception Questionnaire) entre pacientes con patologías crónicas médicas y psiquiátricas / Validation of Illness Perception Survey Revised (Illness Perception Questionnaire) among patients with medical and psychiatric chronic diseases

MARCO TEÓRICO: La Percepción de Enfermedad es una variable importante en la evolución de los pacientes. Existen métodos de evaluación cualitativa de éste parámetro, sin embargo, no son aplicables a la población chilena por no estar adaptados al lenguaje local y cotidiano. OBJETIVO: Realizar una traducción del Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised, conservando la validez y fiabilidad original. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Traducción y retraducción de la escala por experto. Piloteo de evaluación a 33 pacientes con enfermedades crónicas. Encuesta a 112 pacientes (49 diabéticos, 37 hipertensos y 33 esquizofrénicos) todos pertenecientes al CRS Hospital El Pino. CONCLUSIONES: En base al porcentaje de concordancia obtenido (95%) entre la versión original y la traducida a la lengua española y al reporte de los entrevistadores con respecto a la comprensibilidad manifestada por los pacientes, podemos concluir que la traducción por nosotros aplicada cumple con los criterios de validez.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The perception of disease is an important variable in the patient evolution. There are methods of qualitative evaluation of this parameter, however, are not applicable to the Chilean people for not being adapted to the local and everyday language. OBJECTIVE: A translation of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire, preserving the original set reliability and validity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Translation and back translation of the scale by an expert. Piloting assessment to 33 patients with chronic diseases. Survey of 112 patients (49 diabetic and 33 hypertensive schizophrenics 37) all belonging to the CRS Hospital Pino. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the percentage of concordance obtained (95%) between the original version and the translated version in the Spanish language and the interviewers' report regarding the comprehensibility expressed by the patients, we can conclude that the translation applied by us meets the criteria of validity

Os testes de aptidão física na educação física: da justiça como equidade ao direito à educação / The physical fitness tests in physical education: from justice as equality to the right to education / Las pruebas de aptitud física en la educación física: de la justicia como equidad al derecho a la educación

É justo limitar a entrada de alunos em cursos de Educação Física devido ao insucesso nos testes físicos? O presente ensaio apresenta reflexões iniciais sobre a legitimidade e as limita-ções da exigência dos testes de habilidade específica para o ingresso discente nos cursos supe-riores em Educação Física, trazendo à baila questões sobre justiça e direito à educação. A par-tir da teoria de justiça rawlsiana, os testes foram mobilizados para problematizar as condições mínimas necessárias para ingresso discente e as próprias identidades profissionais em torno da Educação Física. Notou-se que a exigência de competências mínimas colidia com o processo plural de construção identitária da área e servia, de certo modo, como um limitador da própria condição humana: o direito à educação.

Is it fair to limit the students admission in Physical Education courses due to unsuccess ful-ness in the physical fitness tests? This paper presents initial reflections on the legitimacy and limits of the requirement of specific skill tests for student admission in Physical Education university courses, bringing up questions about justice and right to education. Based on Rawls' theory of justice, the tests were used to problematize the minimum necessary condi-tions for student admission and their own professional identities of Physical Education. It was noted that the requirement of minimum competencies was contrary to plural process of identi-ty construction in the field, and it served, in a sense, as a restrictive action of the own human condition: the right to education.

¿Es justo limitar la entrada de alumnos a cursos de Educación Física debido al fracaso en las pruebas de habilidades físicas? El artículo presenta reflexiones iniciales sobre la legitimidad y los límites de la exigencia de pruebas de habilidades específicas para la admi-sión discente a los cursos de Educación Física, colocando en tela de juicio interrogaciones sobre justicia y el derecho a la educación. A partir de la teoría de justicia rawlsiana, se movi-lizaron las pruebas de habilidades físicas para discutir las condiciones mínimas necesarias para la admisión discente y las propias identidades profesionales acerca de la Educación Físi-ca. Se observó que la exigencia de habilidades mínimas chocó con el proceso plural de cons-trucción de identidad del área y se usan, en cierto sentido, como un limitador de la condición humana: el derecho a la educación.

Mapping the different methods adopted for diagnostic imaging instruction at medical schools in Brazil / Mapeamento dos métodos adotados para o ensino de diagnóstico por imagem nas escolas médicas brasileiras

Abstract Objective: To map the different methods for diagnostic imaging instruction at medical schools in Brazil. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was sent to each of the coordinators of 178 Brazilian medical schools. The following characteristics were assessed: teaching model; total course hours; infrastructure; numbers of students and professionals involved; themes addressed; diagnostic imaging modalities covered; and education policies related to diagnostic imaging. Results: Of the 178 questionnaires sent, 45 (25.3%) were completed and returned. Of those 45 responses, 17 (37.8%) were from public medical schools, whereas 28 (62.2%) were from private medical schools. Among the 45 medical schools evaluated, the method of diagnostic imaging instruction was modular at 21 (46.7%), classic (independent discipline) at 13 (28.9%), hybrid (classical and modular) at 9 (20.0%), and none of the preceding at 3 (6.7%). Diagnostic imaging is part of the formal curriculum at 36 (80.0%) of the schools, an elective course at 3 (6.7%), and included within another modality at 6 (13.3%). Professors involved in diagnostic imaging teaching are radiologists at 43 (95.5%) of the institutions. Conclusion: The survey showed that medical courses in Brazil tend to offer diagnostic imaging instruction in courses that include other content and at different time points during the course. Radiologists are extensively involved in undergraduate medical education, regardless of the teaching methodology employed at the institution.

Resumo Objetivo: Mapear os diferentes métodos para o ensino de diagnóstico por imagem nas escolas médicas brasileiras. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado por meio de envio de questionários para os coordenadores de 178 escolas médicas brasileiras. As seguintes características foram questionadas: modelo de ensino; carga horária; infraestrutura; número de alunos e profissionais envolvidos; temas expostos; modalidades e políticas de ensino em diagnóstico por imagem. Resultados: Dos 178 questionários encaminhados, 45 (25,3%) foram respondidos, sendo 17 (37,8%) de escolas públicas e 28 (62,2%) de escolas privadas. O método de ensino de diagnóstico por imagem foi o modular em 21 (46,7%) escolas, o clássico (disciplina independente) em 13 (28,9%), o híbrido (clássico e modular) em 9 (20,0%) e outro método em 3 (6,7%). A disciplina diagnóstico por imagem é parte do currículo formal em 36 (80,0%) das escolas, curso eletivo em 3 (6,7%) e outra modalidade em 6 (13,3%). Os docentes envolvidos no ensino de diagnóstico por imagem são radiologistas em 43 (95,5%) das escolas. Conclusão: O levantamento mostrou que os cursos de medicina no Brasil tendem a oferecer o conteúdo de diagnóstico por imagem em unidades curriculares que associam outros conteúdos e em diferentes momentos do curso. Há um grande envolvimento de radiologistas no ensino de graduação, independentemente do método de ensino disponível na instituição.