Reconstrucción mamaria inmediata con expansores tisulares / Immediate breast reconstruction with tissue expanders

RESUMEN Introducción: La reconstrucción mamaria postmastectomía es la forma habitual en nuestro país. En el Instituto de Oncología se realizan en la actualidad con sistematicidad de manera inmediata para disminuir el impacto psicológico de la mastectomía. Objetivo: Evaluar el comportamiento de la reconstrucción mamaria inmediata con el uso de expansores tisulares. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal, en pacientes ingresadas en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiología con criterios de reconstrucción mamaria inmediata con expansores tisulares, en el periodo comprendido entre octubre de 2015 a diciembre de 2018. El universo estuvo conformado por 51 paciente siendo la muestra 43. Resultados: Predominó la reconstrucción en mujeres entre 40 y 49 de color de la piel blanca. La mayoría con hábitos tóxicos de fumadoras. Se realizó como técnica quirúrgica la reconstrucción inmediata con expansión tisular, fue el más utilizado el anatómico. Las principales complicaciones estuvieron relacionadas con la radioterapia y hábitos tóxicos. Conclusiones: Todas las mujeres se reconstruyeron con expansor tisular, de forma inmediata, con bajo índice de complicaciones(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Postmastectomy breast reconstruction is the usual way in our country. At the Oncology Institute they are currently performed systematically immediately to lessen the psychological impact of mastectomy. Objective: To evaluate the behavior of immediate breast reconstruction with the use of tissue expanders. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study was carried out in patients admitted to the National Institute of Oncology and Radiology with criteria for immediate breast reconstruction with tissue expanders, in the period from October 2015 to December 2018. The universe it was made up of 51 patients, sample 43. Results: Reconstruction predominated in women between 40 and 49 of white skin color. Most with toxic smoking habits. Immediate reconstruction with tissue expansion was performed as a surgical technique, anatomical was the most used. The main complications were related to radiation therapy and toxic habits. Conclusions: All the women were reconstructed with a tissue expander, immediately, with a low rate of complications(AU)

Mastectomia: reconstruccion inmediata con colocacion de expansores mamarios / Mastectomy: immediate reconstruction with placement of mammary expansors

La reconstrucción mamaria es parte fundamental del tratamiento de la mujer mastectomizada por cáncer de mama. Tras comprobarse que la reconstrucción no influye negativamente sobre la enfermedad neoplásica, sino que es trascendental para la rehabilitación física y psicológica de la paciente, su desarrollo se ha visto favorecido. Este trabajo monográfco muestra el trababjo en equipo dentro del quirófano y el rol del isntrumentador(AU)

Mammary reconstruction is a fundamental part of the treatment of women mastectomized for breast cancer. After confrming that the reconstruction does not negatively influence the neoplastic disease, but is transcendental for the physical and psychological rehabilitation of the patient, its development has been favored. Tis monographic work shows teamwork within the operating room and the role of the isntrumentor(AU)

A reconstrução mamária é parte fundamental do tratamento de mulheres mastectomizadas para câncer de mama. Após confrmar que a reconstrução não influencia negativamente a doença neoplásica, mas é transcendental para a reabilitação física e psicológica do paciente, seu desenvolvimento tem sido favorecido. Este trabalho monográfco mostra o trabalho em equipe dentro da sala de cirurgia e o papel do instrumental(AU)

Reconstrucción inmediata con expansores anatómicos: un abordaje factible para obtener buenos resultados / Inmediate breast reconstruction with anatomical expanders: an approach feasible to obtain good results

Hay evidencia sobre los beneficios de la reconstrucción inmediata posterior a una mastectomía. Objetivo: Evaluar nuestra experiencia con expansores anatómicos en la reconstrucción mamaria inmediata. Métodos: Este estudio incluyó 60 pacientes consecutivos de la base de datos de CECLINES en Caracas-Venezuela(2009-2013), en los cuales se realizó una reconstrucción inmediata con expansor anatómico (RIEA). Información antropométrica y quirúrgica fue prospectivamente recolectada. La evaluación cosmética consistió en una escala de cinco puntos, registrada durante el seguimiento. La escala numérica análoga (ENA) asentó la sensación de dolor durante la expansión en una escala de diez puntos. Las indicaciones para una RIEA fueron: La necesidad de radioterapia (Rt), la necesidad de un implante >300cc para una reconstrucción de 1 etapa y en caso de un músculo pectoral mayor delgado que no permita la confección de una cobertura muscular total para un implante. Resultados:La edad promedio de los pacientes fue 48.5 años (DE 10.5). El seguimiento promedio fue de 23.5 meses (11-60). El tamaño promedio del tumor fue 40mm (DE 22). En 33.3% (20/60) de los pacientes se realizó una mastectomía con conservación del complejo areola-pezón, con una necrosis del CAP del 5%(1/20). El promedio del índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue de 26.3 Kg/m2(DE 4.5). El 90% de las puntuaciones cosméticas fueron 4-5 (bien-excelente), con una tasa de participación del 73%(44/60). En la puntuación recolectada por la ENA el 39% de las pacientes no presentó dolor y un 10% presentó dolor de fuerte intensidad o intolerable. La tasa global de complicación fue del 20% (12/60). Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron: Contractura capsular 5%, infección 6.6% y hematoma 3.3%. Un IMC >30 Kg/m2 estuvo relacionado con mayor probabilidad para complicaciones (OR = 4.6; CI 95%: 1.2 ­ 18.1, p=0.021). La Rt no fue una variable que atribuyera más riesgo para complicaciones (OR = 1.4; CI 95%: 0.4 ­ 4.9, p = 0.826). La tasa de extrusión de expansores fue del 10%. La colocación de un expansor >500 cc fue un factor de riesgo para extrusión sin significancia estadística (RR=6.0, IC 95% 0.74-48.59, p=0.0932; OR=6.8,IC 95% 0.74-61.88, p=0.088). La tasa de extrusión de implante en la segunda etapa de la reconstrucción fue 3.7%. Conclusión:La RIEA es un excelente abordaje en pacientes seleccionados,alcanzando una baja cifra de complicaciones, con baja tasa de extrusión y proporcionando un buen resultado estético. Los pacientes obesos deben ser advertidos sobre la elevada probabilidad de complicaciones dada su condición(AU)

There is evidence on the benefits of immediate breast reconstruction following a mastectomy. Objective:The aim of this study is to evaluate our experience with anatomical expanders in immediate breast reconstruction. Methods:This study included 60 consecutive patients from CECLINES ́ database in Caracas,Venezuela (2009-2013), in which an immediate breast reconstruction with anatomical expander (IBRAE) was performed.Anthropometric and surgical data was prospectively collected.Cosmetic evaluation consisted of a five-point scale, recorded during follow-up. Analog numerical scale (ENA) established the sensation of pain during expansion in a tenpoint scale. The instructions for IBRAE were: The need for radiotherapy (RT), the need for an implant> 300cc for a reconstruction of one stage and if a thin major pectoral muscle that does not allow making full muscle coverage for an implant-based reconstruction. Results: The mean age of patients was 48.5 years (SD 10.5). The average follow-up was 23.5 months (11-60). The average tumor size was 40 mm (SD 22). In 33.3% (20/60) of patients a nipple-sparing mastectomy was performed with a nipple-areola complex necrosis of 5% (1/20). The average body mass index (BMI) was 26.3 kg /m2 (SD 4.5). The 90% of cosmetic scores were 4-5 (good-excellent), with a participation rate of 73% (44/60). In the rating collected by the ENA 39% of the patients had no pain and 10%had high-intensity pain or intolerable. The overall complication rate was 20% (12/60). The most frequent complications were: capsular contracture to 5%, infection 6.6% and 3.3% hematoma.A BMI> 30 kg / m2 was associated with greater likelihood for complications (OR = 4.6; 95% CI: 1.2 - 18.1, p = 0.021). The Rt was not a variable that attributed risk for complications (OR = 1.4;95% CI: 0.4 - 4.9, p = 0.826). The extrusion rate was 10% for expanders. The placement of an expander > 500cc was a risk factor for extrusion without statistical significance (RR = 6.0, 95% CI0.74-48.59, p = 0.0932, OR = 6.8, 95% CI 0.74-61.88, p =0.088). The extrusion rate of implant in the second stage of reconstruction was 3.7%. Conclusion: IBRAE is an excellent approach in selected patients, reaching a low rate of complications, low extrusion rate and providing a good cosmetic outcome.Obese patients should be warned about the high likelihood of complications due to their condition(AU)

Reconstrução mamária em dois estágios com expansores de tecido e implantes de silicone / Breast reconstruction in two stages with tissue expanders and silicone breast implants

Introdução: A reconstrução mamária imediata com expansor/ implante permanece uma opção importante para mulheres submetidas à mastectomia. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os resultados de reconstrução mamária imediata com emprego expansores e implantes em pacientes submetidas à radioterapia e não submetidas à radioterapia no pós-operatório. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo consecutivo com 83 mulheres submetidas à reconstrução mamária imediata com expansores seguido de implantes no período de 2007 a 2012, totalizando 90 reconstruções. No primeiro tempo cirúrgico, o expansor foi colocado em uma bolsa submuscular sob os músculos peitoral maior e serrátil. No segundo tempo, o expansor foi substituído pela prótese. Dois grupos de pacientes foram comparados: (1) pacientes que receberam radioterapia no pós-operatório e (2) pacientes que não receberam radioterapia no pós-operatório. Os resultados foram avaliados em cada grupo nos dois tempos cirúrgicos. Resultados: Trinta e três pacientes receberam tratamento radioterápico (39,8%) no final da expansão. Observamos a ocorrência de 13,25% de complicações no primeiro tempo: deslocamento do expansor (4,8%), esvaziamento (2,4%), infecção (2,4%), deiscência de pele (2,4%) e extrusão (1,2%). No segundo tempo, as complicações foram 17,6%: contratura capsular (7%), extrusão (5,3%), e infecção (5,3%). Com relação aos grupos estudados no primeiro tempo, aqueles que fizeram radioterapia tiveram (18,18%) de complicações e o grupo não exposto à radioterapia apenas (10,0%). No segundo tempo, encontramos 7 (46,6%) complicações para radioterapia e apenas 3 (7,14%) para o grupo não irradiado. Conclusões: Pacientes que receberam radioterapia posteriormente à reconstrução apresentaram maiores índices de complicações.

Introduction: Immediate breast reconstruction with an expander/implant is a good option for women submitted to mastectomy. This study aimed to evaluate the results of immediate breast reconstruction with implants and expanders in patients who did or did not undergo postoperative radiotherapy. Methods: A consecutive prospective study that involved 83 women submitted to immediate breast reconstruction, was carried out by first performing breast reconstruction surgery with expanders and then with implants. The study was conducted between 2007 and 2012 and accounted for a total of 90 reconstructions. In the first surgery, an expander was placed in a submuscular bag under the pectoralis major and serratus muscles. In the second surgery, the expander was replaced by an implant. We compared the surgical outcomes of both types of surgeries (with implants and with expanders) in patients who underwent postoperative radiotherapy and those who did not. Results: After the first surgery, 33 patients (39.8%) received radiotherapy, and 13.25% experienced complications, including expander displacement (4.8%), emptying (2.4%), infection (2.4%), skin dehiscence (2.4%), and extrusion (1.2%). After the second surgery, 17.6% of the subjects experienced complications, including capsular contracture (7%), extrusion (5.3%), and infection (5.3%). With regard to the first surgery, 18.8% of the patients who underwent radiotherapy and 10.0% of those who did not, experienced complications. With regard to the second surgery, these prevalences were 46.6 % and 7.14%, respectively. Conclusion: Patients who received radiotherapy after breast reconstruction surgery experienced more complications.

Influência das fresas rotatórias e expansores ósseos na estabilidade primária dos implantes dentários em situações de pouca espessura óssea: estudo in vitro / Influence of drilling burs and bone expanders on primary implant stability in sites with reduced bone thickness: an in vitro study

Objetivos: avaliar a estabilidade primária dos implantes instalados em leitos cirúrgicos utilizando fresas rotatórias e dois tipos de expansores ósseos em condições de pouco volume ósseo (largura). Material e métodos: costelas de osso bovino fresco receberam implantes cilíndricos de hexágono externo (3,75 mm x 13 mm), formando os grupos de fresas rotatórias (I), Kit Expansor Master (II) e Kit de expansão óssea Split Control (III). Em cada grupo foram instalados sete implantes. As estabilidades primárias foram avaliadas por dois torquímetros manuais e pelo registro dos valores ISQ através da frequência de ressonância nos sentidos anteroposterior (A1) e mesiodistal (A2). Resultados: as variações nos torques foram: grupo I (10-80 Ncm), grupo II (10-45 Ncm) e grupo III (20-45 Ncm). As variações nas frequências A1 e A2 foram: grupo I (48-81 ISQ; 68-87 ISQ), grupo II (52-76 ISQ; 52-81 ISQ) e grupo III (52-63 ISQ; 67-82 ISQ). Não houve relação entre a frequência de ressonância e o torque de inserção. O número de roscas expostas nos grupos I, II e III foi seis, três e três, respectivamente. No grupo I, as fresas rotatórias subtrairam o tecido ósseo, deixando as paredes mais finas. No grupo II, a dificuldade de expansão foi frequente nas regiões mais corticais. No grupo III, a expansão óssea foi autorrosqueante. Conclusões: dentro dos limites de estudo, concluiu-se que nos três grupos estudados todos os implantes alcançaram estabilidades primárias, quando avaliadas pelo torque de inserção e pelo coeficiente de estabilidade do implante.

Objectives: to evaluate primary implant stability in surgical sites through drilling burs and two types of bone expanders under bone volume conditions. Material and methods: fresh bovine ribs received external hex, cylindrical implants (3.75 mm x 13 mm) and were divided according surgical protocols: drilling burs (group I), expansor Master Kit (group II), and Split Control (group III). Seven implants were placed in each group. Primary stability was evaluated by means of two torque meters and resonance frequency (Ostell) in the antero-posterior (A1) and mesio-distal (A2) directions. Results: the obtained torque ranges were: group I (10-80 Ncm), group II (10-45 Ncm), and group III (20-45 Ncm). Resonance frequency ranges at A1 and A2 were: group I (48-81 ISQ; 68-87 ISQ), group II (52-76 ISQ; 52-81 ISQ) and group III (52-63 ISQ; 67-82 ISQ). No relationship was found between insertion torques and resonance frequencies. The number of exposed implant threads for groups I, II, and III was 6, 3, and 3, respectively. In group I, drilling burs removed tissue generating thinner bone walls. In group II, diffi culties on bone expansion were frequent at more cortical regions. In group III, a self-tapping effect was achieved. Conclusions: within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that all implants reached primary stability according insertion torque and resonance frequency analyses.

Quemaduras de cuero cabelludo: serie de casos y revisión de la literatura / Scalp burns: experience in 11 cases

Background: The scalp is the most external and important barrier of the skull and brain. Its burns are often caused by high voltage injuries, fire, liquid or other heat sources. Aim: To report a series of cases of scalp burns seen during the last 10 years. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of patients that required hospital admission with a main diagnosis of scalp burn. Results: There were 2.266 consultations for head burns. Of these, 34 patients consulted with scalp burns and 11 were hospitalized. Four were due to electrical burns and four due to fire. As treatment in one case, a free flap was used but failed and required local advancement flaps. For the management of sequelae, expanders and then local advancement flaps were used. Conclusions: Only a small proportion of patients presenting with head burns, had scalp burns. Most were treated as outpatients and did not require further action. The four patients with electrical burns required more aggressive treatments. For the management the sequelae, expanders and local advancement flaps were used.

El cuero cabelludo es la barrera más externa e importante del cráneo y cerebro. Si bien, las quemaduras de éste son raras, son causadas frecuentemente por lesiones por alta tensión eléctrica, fuego, líquido u otras fuentes de calor. Objetivos: Presentar una serie de casos de quemaduras de cuero cabelludo de los últimos 10 años en el Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago y revisar la literatura de las alternativas terapéuticas. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Se analizó la información demográfica y terapéutica de los pacientes que requirieron hospitalización y se revisó la literatura. Resultados: Hubo 2.266 consultas por quemaduras de cabeza, de las cuales 34 pacientes consultaron con quemaduras del cuero cabelludo, 11 de ellos se hospitalizaron. La mayoría se debió a quemaduras eléctricas (4) y por fuego (4). En el tratamiento, destacó el uso en un caso de colgajo libre y colgajos locales de avance. En el tratamiento de secuelas, se utilizaron expansores y posteriormente colgajos locales de avance. Discusión y Conclusiones: Sólo una pequeña parte de los pacientes que consultan por quemaduras de cabeza, corresponden a quemaduras del cuero cabelludo. La mayoría fueron tratadas de manera ambulatoria y no requirieron mayores acciones. El grupo de pacientes con quemaduras eléctricas (4) requirieron tratamientos más agresivos. En el manejo de las secuelas, preferimos la utilización de expansores y colgajos de avance. Se presenta una revisión respecto a las alternativas terapéuticas para el enfrentamiento inicial del manejo de quemaduras de cuero cabelludo y manejo de sus secuelas.

Difusión de cotrimoxazol a través de un expansor tisular: Estudio in vitro / Cotrimoxazole diffusion through a tissue expanders: In vitro study

Introducción: La principal complicación del uso de los expansores titulares (ET) son las infecciones. Una alternativa para evitarla, es agregar antibióticos que se difundan a través de la pared de un ET y eviten la colonización bacteriana. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la eficacia de una presentación nacional de cotrimoxazol, para difundirse a través de un ET en diferentes volúmenes de expansión. Material y método: Se realizó un experimento longitudinal con 12 ET, llenados a 50,100, 150 o 200% de su capacidad nominal, con solución fisiológica y cotrimoxazol a una concentración de 800/4000 ug/mL de trimetoprin/sulfametoxazol (TMX/SMX), sumergidos posteriormente en un sistema cerrado. Se midió la presión en el interior del ET, al inicio y al final del experimento. En los cuatro grupos se cuantificó la concentración de cotrimoxazol en la solución del contenedor, durante nueve días consecutivos. Los resultados se compararon mediante ANOVA de dos vías. Resultados: El SMX se precipitó dentro del ET. Las concentraciones de TMX en la solución del contenedor fueron diferentes en función del tiempo y el porcentaje de expansión. No hubo correlación entre el porcentaje de expansión y la presión dentro del ET. Conclusiones: La sinergia de cotrimoxazol de uso endovenoso disponible en nuestro país, no es una buena opción a emplearse en un ET a las dosis utilizadas, ya que el coeficiente de solubilidad de SMX se saturó y se formaron cristales. El incremento de difusión de TMX estuvo asociado con un mayor porcentaje de expansión, lo que es una ventaja, considerando que las infecciones son más frecuentes al final del proceso de expansión.

Introduction: Infection associated with tissue expansion is one of the main complications and force to take away the tissue expander. An alternative to avoid this action is to dilute antibiotics inside it. The aim of this experiment was to quantify the concentration of cotrimoxazole diffused through a tissue expander at different expansion and pressure volumes. Material and methods: A test was performed with 12 tissue expanders immersed in a closed system. These were divided in 4 sets according to the introduced expansion rate. Three independent variables were considered: percentage of lumen volume introduced into the expander, pressure inside the expander, and experiment duration. The concentration of the drug diffused through the expander was taken as dependent variable. The solution in which the expander was immersed was continuously sampled and drug concentration was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). ANOVA was used to determine differences between concentrations measured of every variable applied. Results: Only trimethoprim (TMX) diffused. No lineal correlation was observed between expansion rate and pressure inside the expander. The difference with respect to time and concentration of the drug outside the expander was statistically significant among the 4 sets of expanders (p = 0.0000). Conclusion: Sulfametoxazole (SMX) did not diffuse and crystallized inside the expander because of the different pk of the two drugs (SMX-TMX) respect to pH of dilution which was similar to pK of trimethoprim. The expansion rate had a proportional effect on TMX concentration outside the expander: an over-expansion of the system greater than 200% increases diffusion highly.

Manual control for continuous and constant pressure skin expansion / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To investigate a safe, highly efficient and rapid skin expansion method. Methods Syringe pump and pump control of automatic (PCA) replacemented normal affusion were used with shorter and vertical skin professional jargon for continuous and constant pressure skin expansion. Twenty cases (23 expanders) were carried out in this way. Results The maximum area of defect was 16 cm?20 cm, and the minimum area of defect was 3 cm?3 cm. The expanders were used for 18 days and the volume of expanders were 40-900 ml . It was more rapidly than normal affusion. There were no more complications except a case of expander leakage, and others expressed their satifactions Conclusion This modification of the skin expansion is a safe, comfortable, convenient to carry with. It is worth recommendation.