Reconstrucción mamaria inmediata con expansores tisulares / Immediate breast reconstruction with tissue expanders

RESUMEN Introducción: La reconstrucción mamaria postmastectomía es la forma habitual en nuestro país. En el Instituto de Oncología se realizan en la actualidad con sistematicidad de manera inmediata para disminuir el impacto psicológico de la mastectomía. Objetivo: Evaluar el comportamiento de la reconstrucción mamaria inmediata con el uso de expansores tisulares. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal, en pacientes ingresadas en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiología con criterios de reconstrucción mamaria inmediata con expansores tisulares, en el periodo comprendido entre octubre de 2015 a diciembre de 2018. El universo estuvo conformado por 51 paciente siendo la muestra 43. Resultados: Predominó la reconstrucción en mujeres entre 40 y 49 de color de la piel blanca. La mayoría con hábitos tóxicos de fumadoras. Se realizó como técnica quirúrgica la reconstrucción inmediata con expansión tisular, fue el más utilizado el anatómico. Las principales complicaciones estuvieron relacionadas con la radioterapia y hábitos tóxicos. Conclusiones: Todas las mujeres se reconstruyeron con expansor tisular, de forma inmediata, con bajo índice de complicaciones(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Postmastectomy breast reconstruction is the usual way in our country. At the Oncology Institute they are currently performed systematically immediately to lessen the psychological impact of mastectomy. Objective: To evaluate the behavior of immediate breast reconstruction with the use of tissue expanders. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study was carried out in patients admitted to the National Institute of Oncology and Radiology with criteria for immediate breast reconstruction with tissue expanders, in the period from October 2015 to December 2018. The universe it was made up of 51 patients, sample 43. Results: Reconstruction predominated in women between 40 and 49 of white skin color. Most with toxic smoking habits. Immediate reconstruction with tissue expansion was performed as a surgical technique, anatomical was the most used. The main complications were related to radiation therapy and toxic habits. Conclusions: All the women were reconstructed with a tissue expander, immediately, with a low rate of complications(AU)

Mastectomia: reconstruccion inmediata con colocacion de expansores mamarios / Mastectomy: immediate reconstruction with placement of mammary expansors

La reconstrucción mamaria es parte fundamental del tratamiento de la mujer mastectomizada por cáncer de mama. Tras comprobarse que la reconstrucción no influye negativamente sobre la enfermedad neoplásica, sino que es trascendental para la rehabilitación física y psicológica de la paciente, su desarrollo se ha visto favorecido. Este trabajo monográfco muestra el trababjo en equipo dentro del quirófano y el rol del isntrumentador(AU)

Mammary reconstruction is a fundamental part of the treatment of women mastectomized for breast cancer. After confrming that the reconstruction does not negatively influence the neoplastic disease, but is transcendental for the physical and psychological rehabilitation of the patient, its development has been favored. Tis monographic work shows teamwork within the operating room and the role of the isntrumentor(AU)

A reconstrução mamária é parte fundamental do tratamento de mulheres mastectomizadas para câncer de mama. Após confrmar que a reconstrução não influencia negativamente a doença neoplásica, mas é transcendental para a reabilitação física e psicológica do paciente, seu desenvolvimento tem sido favorecido. Este trabalho monográfco mostra o trabalho em equipe dentro da sala de cirurgia e o papel do instrumental(AU)

Uso de expansores tisulares en defecto de cuero cabelludo / Tissue Expanders for Craniofacial Defects

Los expansores cutáneos son una alternativa reconstructiva de los defectos craneofaciales. Su objetivo es la dilatación progresiva de una zona de piel hasta conseguir un tamaño suficiente para cubrir el defecto. Se presentó la evolución y resultado estético final de un paciente masculino de 32 años de edad con defecto craneofacial por quemaduras eléctricas y el cierre del defecto mediante expansores de tejidos, atendido de conjunto Servicio de Cirugía Reconstructiva y Neurocirugía del Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin se obtuvo resultado estético y funcional satisfactorio.

Tissue expanders are one alternative for craniofacial defects. Its objective is the progressive dilation of a region of skin until it achieves a sufficient size to cover the defect. The evolution and aesthetic results in one patient with craniofacial defects by electrical burns was presented. The patient was treated with tissue expanders by the Aesthetic and Neurosurgery Services of Vladimir Ilich Lenin Hospital. The aesthetic and functional results were satisfactory.

Reconstrucción inmediata con expansores anatómicos: un abordaje factible para obtener buenos resultados / Inmediate breast reconstruction with anatomical expanders: an approach feasible to obtain good results

Hay evidencia sobre los beneficios de la reconstrucción inmediata posterior a una mastectomía. Objetivo: Evaluar nuestra experiencia con expansores anatómicos en la reconstrucción mamaria inmediata. Métodos: Este estudio incluyó 60 pacientes consecutivos de la base de datos de CECLINES en Caracas-Venezuela(2009-2013), en los cuales se realizó una reconstrucción inmediata con expansor anatómico (RIEA). Información antropométrica y quirúrgica fue prospectivamente recolectada. La evaluación cosmética consistió en una escala de cinco puntos, registrada durante el seguimiento. La escala numérica análoga (ENA) asentó la sensación de dolor durante la expansión en una escala de diez puntos. Las indicaciones para una RIEA fueron: La necesidad de radioterapia (Rt), la necesidad de un implante >300cc para una reconstrucción de 1 etapa y en caso de un músculo pectoral mayor delgado que no permita la confección de una cobertura muscular total para un implante. Resultados:La edad promedio de los pacientes fue 48.5 años (DE 10.5). El seguimiento promedio fue de 23.5 meses (11-60). El tamaño promedio del tumor fue 40mm (DE 22). En 33.3% (20/60) de los pacientes se realizó una mastectomía con conservación del complejo areola-pezón, con una necrosis del CAP del 5%(1/20). El promedio del índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue de 26.3 Kg/m2(DE 4.5). El 90% de las puntuaciones cosméticas fueron 4-5 (bien-excelente), con una tasa de participación del 73%(44/60). En la puntuación recolectada por la ENA el 39% de las pacientes no presentó dolor y un 10% presentó dolor de fuerte intensidad o intolerable. La tasa global de complicación fue del 20% (12/60). Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron: Contractura capsular 5%, infección 6.6% y hematoma 3.3%. Un IMC >30 Kg/m2 estuvo relacionado con mayor probabilidad para complicaciones (OR = 4.6; CI 95%: 1.2 ­ 18.1, p=0.021). La Rt no fue una variable que atribuyera más riesgo para complicaciones (OR = 1.4; CI 95%: 0.4 ­ 4.9, p = 0.826). La tasa de extrusión de expansores fue del 10%. La colocación de un expansor >500 cc fue un factor de riesgo para extrusión sin significancia estadística (RR=6.0, IC 95% 0.74-48.59, p=0.0932; OR=6.8,IC 95% 0.74-61.88, p=0.088). La tasa de extrusión de implante en la segunda etapa de la reconstrucción fue 3.7%. Conclusión:La RIEA es un excelente abordaje en pacientes seleccionados,alcanzando una baja cifra de complicaciones, con baja tasa de extrusión y proporcionando un buen resultado estético. Los pacientes obesos deben ser advertidos sobre la elevada probabilidad de complicaciones dada su condición(AU)

There is evidence on the benefits of immediate breast reconstruction following a mastectomy. Objective:The aim of this study is to evaluate our experience with anatomical expanders in immediate breast reconstruction. Methods:This study included 60 consecutive patients from CECLINES ́ database in Caracas,Venezuela (2009-2013), in which an immediate breast reconstruction with anatomical expander (IBRAE) was performed.Anthropometric and surgical data was prospectively collected.Cosmetic evaluation consisted of a five-point scale, recorded during follow-up. Analog numerical scale (ENA) established the sensation of pain during expansion in a tenpoint scale. The instructions for IBRAE were: The need for radiotherapy (RT), the need for an implant> 300cc for a reconstruction of one stage and if a thin major pectoral muscle that does not allow making full muscle coverage for an implant-based reconstruction. Results: The mean age of patients was 48.5 years (SD 10.5). The average follow-up was 23.5 months (11-60). The average tumor size was 40 mm (SD 22). In 33.3% (20/60) of patients a nipple-sparing mastectomy was performed with a nipple-areola complex necrosis of 5% (1/20). The average body mass index (BMI) was 26.3 kg /m2 (SD 4.5). The 90% of cosmetic scores were 4-5 (good-excellent), with a participation rate of 73% (44/60). In the rating collected by the ENA 39% of the patients had no pain and 10%had high-intensity pain or intolerable. The overall complication rate was 20% (12/60). The most frequent complications were: capsular contracture to 5%, infection 6.6% and 3.3% hematoma.A BMI> 30 kg / m2 was associated with greater likelihood for complications (OR = 4.6; 95% CI: 1.2 - 18.1, p = 0.021). The Rt was not a variable that attributed risk for complications (OR = 1.4;95% CI: 0.4 - 4.9, p = 0.826). The extrusion rate was 10% for expanders. The placement of an expander > 500cc was a risk factor for extrusion without statistical significance (RR = 6.0, 95% CI0.74-48.59, p = 0.0932, OR = 6.8, 95% CI 0.74-61.88, p =0.088). The extrusion rate of implant in the second stage of reconstruction was 3.7%. Conclusion: IBRAE is an excellent approach in selected patients, reaching a low rate of complications, low extrusion rate and providing a good cosmetic outcome.Obese patients should be warned about the high likelihood of complications due to their condition(AU)

Reconstrução mamária em dois estágios com expansores de tecido e implantes de silicone / Breast reconstruction in two stages with tissue expanders and silicone breast implants

Introdução: A reconstrução mamária imediata com expansor/ implante permanece uma opção importante para mulheres submetidas à mastectomia. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os resultados de reconstrução mamária imediata com emprego expansores e implantes em pacientes submetidas à radioterapia e não submetidas à radioterapia no pós-operatório. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo consecutivo com 83 mulheres submetidas à reconstrução mamária imediata com expansores seguido de implantes no período de 2007 a 2012, totalizando 90 reconstruções. No primeiro tempo cirúrgico, o expansor foi colocado em uma bolsa submuscular sob os músculos peitoral maior e serrátil. No segundo tempo, o expansor foi substituído pela prótese. Dois grupos de pacientes foram comparados: (1) pacientes que receberam radioterapia no pós-operatório e (2) pacientes que não receberam radioterapia no pós-operatório. Os resultados foram avaliados em cada grupo nos dois tempos cirúrgicos. Resultados: Trinta e três pacientes receberam tratamento radioterápico (39,8%) no final da expansão. Observamos a ocorrência de 13,25% de complicações no primeiro tempo: deslocamento do expansor (4,8%), esvaziamento (2,4%), infecção (2,4%), deiscência de pele (2,4%) e extrusão (1,2%). No segundo tempo, as complicações foram 17,6%: contratura capsular (7%), extrusão (5,3%), e infecção (5,3%). Com relação aos grupos estudados no primeiro tempo, aqueles que fizeram radioterapia tiveram (18,18%) de complicações e o grupo não exposto à radioterapia apenas (10,0%). No segundo tempo, encontramos 7 (46,6%) complicações para radioterapia e apenas 3 (7,14%) para o grupo não irradiado. Conclusões: Pacientes que receberam radioterapia posteriormente à reconstrução apresentaram maiores índices de complicações.

Introduction: Immediate breast reconstruction with an expander/implant is a good option for women submitted to mastectomy. This study aimed to evaluate the results of immediate breast reconstruction with implants and expanders in patients who did or did not undergo postoperative radiotherapy. Methods: A consecutive prospective study that involved 83 women submitted to immediate breast reconstruction, was carried out by first performing breast reconstruction surgery with expanders and then with implants. The study was conducted between 2007 and 2012 and accounted for a total of 90 reconstructions. In the first surgery, an expander was placed in a submuscular bag under the pectoralis major and serratus muscles. In the second surgery, the expander was replaced by an implant. We compared the surgical outcomes of both types of surgeries (with implants and with expanders) in patients who underwent postoperative radiotherapy and those who did not. Results: After the first surgery, 33 patients (39.8%) received radiotherapy, and 13.25% experienced complications, including expander displacement (4.8%), emptying (2.4%), infection (2.4%), skin dehiscence (2.4%), and extrusion (1.2%). After the second surgery, 17.6% of the subjects experienced complications, including capsular contracture (7%), extrusion (5.3%), and infection (5.3%). With regard to the first surgery, 18.8% of the patients who underwent radiotherapy and 10.0% of those who did not, experienced complications. With regard to the second surgery, these prevalences were 46.6 % and 7.14%, respectively. Conclusion: Patients who received radiotherapy after breast reconstruction surgery experienced more complications.

Influência das fresas rotatórias e expansores ósseos na estabilidade primária dos implantes dentários em situações de pouca espessura óssea: estudo in vitro / Influence of drilling burs and bone expanders on primary implant stability in sites with reduced bone thickness: an in vitro study

Objetivos: avaliar a estabilidade primária dos implantes instalados em leitos cirúrgicos utilizando fresas rotatórias e dois tipos de expansores ósseos em condições de pouco volume ósseo (largura). Material e métodos: costelas de osso bovino fresco receberam implantes cilíndricos de hexágono externo (3,75 mm x 13 mm), formando os grupos de fresas rotatórias (I), Kit Expansor Master (II) e Kit de expansão óssea Split Control (III). Em cada grupo foram instalados sete implantes. As estabilidades primárias foram avaliadas por dois torquímetros manuais e pelo registro dos valores ISQ através da frequência de ressonância nos sentidos anteroposterior (A1) e mesiodistal (A2). Resultados: as variações nos torques foram: grupo I (10-80 Ncm), grupo II (10-45 Ncm) e grupo III (20-45 Ncm). As variações nas frequências A1 e A2 foram: grupo I (48-81 ISQ; 68-87 ISQ), grupo II (52-76 ISQ; 52-81 ISQ) e grupo III (52-63 ISQ; 67-82 ISQ). Não houve relação entre a frequência de ressonância e o torque de inserção. O número de roscas expostas nos grupos I, II e III foi seis, três e três, respectivamente. No grupo I, as fresas rotatórias subtrairam o tecido ósseo, deixando as paredes mais finas. No grupo II, a dificuldade de expansão foi frequente nas regiões mais corticais. No grupo III, a expansão óssea foi autorrosqueante. Conclusões: dentro dos limites de estudo, concluiu-se que nos três grupos estudados todos os implantes alcançaram estabilidades primárias, quando avaliadas pelo torque de inserção e pelo coeficiente de estabilidade do implante.

Objectives: to evaluate primary implant stability in surgical sites through drilling burs and two types of bone expanders under bone volume conditions. Material and methods: fresh bovine ribs received external hex, cylindrical implants (3.75 mm x 13 mm) and were divided according surgical protocols: drilling burs (group I), expansor Master Kit (group II), and Split Control (group III). Seven implants were placed in each group. Primary stability was evaluated by means of two torque meters and resonance frequency (Ostell) in the antero-posterior (A1) and mesio-distal (A2) directions. Results: the obtained torque ranges were: group I (10-80 Ncm), group II (10-45 Ncm), and group III (20-45 Ncm). Resonance frequency ranges at A1 and A2 were: group I (48-81 ISQ; 68-87 ISQ), group II (52-76 ISQ; 52-81 ISQ) and group III (52-63 ISQ; 67-82 ISQ). No relationship was found between insertion torques and resonance frequencies. The number of exposed implant threads for groups I, II, and III was 6, 3, and 3, respectively. In group I, drilling burs removed tissue generating thinner bone walls. In group II, diffi culties on bone expansion were frequent at more cortical regions. In group III, a self-tapping effect was achieved. Conclusions: within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that all implants reached primary stability according insertion torque and resonance frequency analyses.

Quemaduras de cuero cabelludo: serie de casos y revisión de la literatura / Scalp burns: experience in 11 cases

Background: The scalp is the most external and important barrier of the skull and brain. Its burns are often caused by high voltage injuries, fire, liquid or other heat sources. Aim: To report a series of cases of scalp burns seen during the last 10 years. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of patients that required hospital admission with a main diagnosis of scalp burn. Results: There were 2.266 consultations for head burns. Of these, 34 patients consulted with scalp burns and 11 were hospitalized. Four were due to electrical burns and four due to fire. As treatment in one case, a free flap was used but failed and required local advancement flaps. For the management of sequelae, expanders and then local advancement flaps were used. Conclusions: Only a small proportion of patients presenting with head burns, had scalp burns. Most were treated as outpatients and did not require further action. The four patients with electrical burns required more aggressive treatments. For the management the sequelae, expanders and local advancement flaps were used.

El cuero cabelludo es la barrera más externa e importante del cráneo y cerebro. Si bien, las quemaduras de éste son raras, son causadas frecuentemente por lesiones por alta tensión eléctrica, fuego, líquido u otras fuentes de calor. Objetivos: Presentar una serie de casos de quemaduras de cuero cabelludo de los últimos 10 años en el Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago y revisar la literatura de las alternativas terapéuticas. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Se analizó la información demográfica y terapéutica de los pacientes que requirieron hospitalización y se revisó la literatura. Resultados: Hubo 2.266 consultas por quemaduras de cabeza, de las cuales 34 pacientes consultaron con quemaduras del cuero cabelludo, 11 de ellos se hospitalizaron. La mayoría se debió a quemaduras eléctricas (4) y por fuego (4). En el tratamiento, destacó el uso en un caso de colgajo libre y colgajos locales de avance. En el tratamiento de secuelas, se utilizaron expansores y posteriormente colgajos locales de avance. Discusión y Conclusiones: Sólo una pequeña parte de los pacientes que consultan por quemaduras de cabeza, corresponden a quemaduras del cuero cabelludo. La mayoría fueron tratadas de manera ambulatoria y no requirieron mayores acciones. El grupo de pacientes con quemaduras eléctricas (4) requirieron tratamientos más agresivos. En el manejo de las secuelas, preferimos la utilización de expansores y colgajos de avance. Se presenta una revisión respecto a las alternativas terapéuticas para el enfrentamiento inicial del manejo de quemaduras de cuero cabelludo y manejo de sus secuelas.

On persistently positively expansive maps

In this paper, we prove that any C¹-persistently positively expansive map is expanding. This improves a result due to Sakai (Sakai 2004).

Neste artigo, mostramos que todo mapa C¹-persistentemente positivamente expansivo e expansor. Isto melhora um resultado devido a Sakai (Sakai 2004).

Expansión volumttrica y comportamiento del oligoamnoss / Volumetric expansion and behavior of the oligoamnios

Con el objetivo de demostrar la efectividad de la expansión volumétrica materna en el incremento del volumen de líquido amniótico en pacientes con tiempo de gestación de 28 a 39 semanas y oligoamnios, mediante la infusión endovenosa con soluciones isotónicas, se realizó una investigación de intervención-acción, analítica y de cohorte en el Hospital "Abel Santamaría" durante el año 2007. Se seleccionó un grupo estudio conformado por las embarazadas con tiempo de gestación de 28 a 39 semanas, con oligoamnios, a las que se les indicó expansión volumétrica (n=125) y dos grupos de control: el primero conformado por las embarazadas sin oligoamnios y que parieron en ese mismo período (n=125); el segundo, por las embarazadas con oligoamnios detectado a las 40 semanas y más de gestación y que no tuvieron posibilidad de la expansión volumétrica (n=125) y finalmente, la muestra quedó constituida por 375 gestantes. En el análisis estadístico se utilizó el porcentaje y el Ji cuadrado al 95% de certeza. Se obtuvo un incremento del índice de líquido amniótico (ILA) en el 96,8% de las gestantes posterior a 3 dosis de tratamiento, las principales causas de cesárea fueron: el sufrimiento fetal agudo, la presentación pelviana e inducción fallida asociado a bajo índice de inducciones y nacimientos pretérminos con morbilidad neonatal baja. Por lo que se concluye que la expansión volumétrica es una opción terapéutica eficaz en el tratamiento del oligoamnios, pues permitió prolongar el embarazo sin incremento de la morbilidad neonatal.

An intervention-action, analytical and cohort research was conducted at "Abel Santamaria Cuadrado" University Hospital-2007, aimed at showing the effectiveness of maternal volumetric expansion in the increase of the amniotic-fluid volume in 28-39 weeks-pregnant women presenting oligoamnios by means of intravenous infusion with isotonic solutions. The study group was comprised of 28-39 weeks-pregnant women presenting oligoamnios, to whom volumetric expansion was indicated (n=125) and two control groups: the first comprised of pregnant women without oligoamnios and delivering in the same period (n=125); the second group of pregnant women that presented oligoamnios detected at 40 weeks or more of pregnancy and without the possibility of volumetric expansion (n=125), 375 pregnant women were in the final sample. To the statistical analysis the percentage method and the chi-square test with 95% of certainty were used. An increase was obtained in the amniotic-fluid rate (AFR), 96, 8% of the pregnant women after the third dose of treatment, the main causes to perform the cesarean section were: acute fetal distress, pelvic presentation and failed labor induction associated to a low rate of induction and preterm births with low neonatal morbidity. Concluding that; volumetric expansion is an efficient therapeutic option in the treatment of oligoamnios, extending pregnancy without increasing neonatal morbidity.

Qual é a profundidade da pigmentação do nevus piloso gigante que acomete o dorso? / Congenital giant nevocellular nevus of the back with worsening deep extension to the fat and fascia?

A presença de pigmentação profunda no nevus piloso gigante dificulta sua ressecção completa e deve ser levada em consideração no plano de tratamento. Um caso clínico no qual a pigmentação foi encontrada atingindo a fáscia muscular levou-nos a avaliar as possibilidades terapêuticas disponíveis. A lesão foi removida cirurgicamente, com comprovação patológica de remoção completa de toda sua extensão na profundidade, com resultado estético-funcional favorável através da utilização de expansores de tecido. Técnicas atuais para a reconstrução cirúrgica após a remoção dos nevos pilosos incluem excisão seriada, enxertia de pele parcial, enxertia de pele total e retalhos cutâneos pré-expandidos. Qualquer que seja o método, a remoção completa do nevus piloso gigante que acomete o dorso é muitas vezes impossível sem mutilação, casos em que a melhor opção é a ressecção parcial da lesão seguida de acompanhamento clínico rigoroso. O avanço nas indicações de alguns tipos de laser tem possibilitado novas perspectivas no tratamento dessas lesões, mas o laser não remove os melanócitos sob a camada dérmica profunda e podem dificultar o monitoramento de malignizações. Atualmente, a cirurgia ainda permanece a forma mais segura de tratamento para o nevus piloso gigante que acomete o dorso.

Giant congenital nevi are melanocytic lesions that cover large areas of the body and are associated with the development of malignant melanoma. Recent numbers showed that the risk of malignancy is lower than previously reported, making the treatment based merely on oncologic anticipation no longer suitable. The presence of deep pigmentation makes certain treatment options not as effective as surgical ablation. A clinical case is presented here to raise treatment options when the deeper location of the pigmentation may alter the surgeon’s approach. The presence of deep pigmentation in a Giant Congenital Nevus makes its complete removal very difficult and should be taken into consideration when planning for treatment. A clinical case in which the pigmented lesion was found to extend deep into the muscle fascia is described. The lesion was surgically removed with an acceptable functional and aesthetic result through the utilization of tissue expansion. Modern techniques for surgical reconstruction after removal of the giant nevus include serial excision, partial skin graft, full- thickness skin graft and the utilization of previously expanded skin flaps. Whatever the method of treatment employed, complete removal might de impossible without mutilation, situation in which it is preferable partial removal followed by close clinical follow-up. The indications for utilization of lasers have opened a horizon of possibilities; however, the laser treatment does not remove pigmented cells located at the level of the deep dermis, and they may difficult the follow- up. The presence of deep pigmentation makes certain treatment options not as effective as surgical ablation.