Fracture in Irradiated Rat Femur: A Description of an Experimental Model and Evaluation of its Effectiveness / Fratura em fêmur irradiado de rato: Descrição de um modelo experimental e avaliação de sua eficácia

Abstract Objective We aim to describe an experimental model for studying femoral fractures in rats after exposure to ionizing radiation, demonstrating a way to apply a substance for analysis, the method for patterning fracture and irradiation, and how to evaluate its effectiveness based on radiographic studies. Methods We used 24 rats divided into 2 groups of 12 animals each. The STUDY group was exposed to ionizing radiation and treated with saline solution, and the CONTROL group was not exposed to radiation and was treated with saline solution. All animals were subjected to standardized fracture of the right femur that was fixed with intramedullary wire. The efficiency of the bone union was assessed by radiographic exam. Results Fracture healing was more efficient in bones not exposed to ionizing radiation (p = 0.012). All fractures met the criteria of being simple, diaphyseal, transverse or short oblique. Conclusion The experimental model presented is an efficient alternative for the study of fractures in irradiated bones in rats.

Resumo Objetivo Nosso objetivo é descrever um modelo experimental para estudo de fraturas de fêmur em ratos após exposição a radiação ionizante, demonstrando uma forma de aplicação de uma substância para análise, o método de padronização de fratura e irradiação e a forma de avaliação de sua eficácia com base em estudos radiográficos. Métodos Utilizamos 24 ratos divididos em dois grupos de 12 animais cada. O grupo ESTUDO foi exposto à radiação ionizante e tratado com soro fisiológico, enquanto o grupo CONTROLE não foi exposto à radiação e foi tratado com soro fisiológico. Todos os animais foram submetidos à fratura padronizada do fêmur direito e sua fixação com fio intramedular. A eficácia da consolidação óssea foi determinada por exame radiográfico. Resultados A cicatrização de fraturas foi mais eficiente em ossos não expostos à radiação ionizante (p = 0,012). Todas as fraturas atenderam aos critérios de serem simples, diafisárias, transversas ou oblíquas curtas. Conclusão O modelo experimental apresentado é uma boa alternativa para o estudo de fraturas em ossos irradiados em ratos.

Linfoma gástrico primario a células T, no asociado a HTLV1, con presentación inicial de fractura patológica. Reporte de caso

El linfoma de células T en adultos (ATLL) es una neoplasia agresiva de linfocitos T, por lo general asociada con el virus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1), de presentación clínica abigarrada. Los linfomas gástricos primarios son generalmente linfoma no Hodgkin (NH) tipo B, y un mínimo porcentaje por linfocitos T. Es escasa la literatura sobre linfomas gástricos primarios por células T con HTLV-1 Negativo y que hacen metástasis ósea. Para ilustrar esta situación, se presenta el caso de un adulto de 41 años, que ingresa por una fractura patológica. A los 15 días presenta diarrea, distensión abdominal, y una endoscopia alta encuentra "Lesiones ulceradas gástricas, aspecto neoproliferativo". La biopsia informó Linfoma No Hodgkin a células maduras linfocito T; y la prueba de HTLV1 fue negativa. Se realizaron tres sesiones de quimioterapia con esquema CHOEP. Hubo respuesta favorable, saliendo de alta; sin embargo, no retorna para proseguir la terapia. El paciente regresó dos meses después en mal estado general; luego presentó falla multiorgánica, produciéndose su deceso.

Adult T-cell lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive T-cell neoplasm, usually associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), with a variegated clinical presentation. Primary gastric lymphomas are generally non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NH) type B, and a minimal percentage are due to T lymphocytes. There is little literature on primary gastric lymphomas due to HTLV-1 Negative T cells that metastasize to bone. To illustrate this situation, the case of a 41-year-old adult who is admitted for a pathological fracture is presented. 15 days later, he developed diarrhea and abdominal distension, and an upper endoscopy found "gastric ulcerated lesions, neoproliferative appearance". The Biopsy reported Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma to mature T lymphocyte cells; and the HTLV1 test was negative. Three chemotherapy sessions were performed with the CHOEP scheme. There was a favorable response, and he was discharged; However, he did not return to continue therapy. The patient returned 2 months later in poor general condition. He then presented multiple organ failure, resulting in his death.

Multiple Myeloma (Part 2) - Update on The Approach to Bone Disease / Mieloma múltiplo (Parte 2) - Atualização sobre a abordagem da doença óssea

Abstract The increase in life expectancy of the world population has led to a concomitant increase in the prevalence of multiple myeloma (MM), a disease that usually affects the elderly population. Bone lesions are frequent in patients with this condition, demanding an early approach, from drug treatment, through radiotherapy to orthopedic surgery (prophylactic or therapeutic) with the objective of preventing or delaying the occurrence of fracture, or, when this event has already occurred, treat it through stabilization or replacement (lesions located in the appendicular skeleton) and/or promote stabilization and spinal cord decompression (lesions located in the axial skeleton), providing rapid pain relief, return to ambulation and resocialization, returning quality of life to patients. The aim of this review isto update the reader on the findings of pathophysiology, clinical, laboratory and imaging, differential diagnosis and therapeutic approach of multiple myeloma multiple myeloma bone disease (MMBD).

Resumo O aumento da expectativa devida da população mundial levou a incremento concomitante na prevalência de mieloma múltiplo (MM), patologia que geralmente afeta a população idosa. Lesões ósseas são frequentes nos portadores desta condição, demandando abordagem precoce, desde o tratamento medicamentoso, passando pela radioterapia até a cirurgia ortopédica (profilática ou terapêutica) com os objetivos de prevenir ou retardar a ocorrência de fratura, ou, quando este evento já ocorreu, tratá-la mediante estabilização ou substituição (lesões situadas no esqueleto apendicular) e/ou promover estabilização e descompressão medular (lesões situadas no esqueleto axial), proporcionando rápido alívio da dor, retorno à deambulação e ressocialização, devolvendo a qualidade de vida aos pacientes. O objetivo desta revisão é atualizar o leitor sobre a fisiopatologia, a clínica, exames laboratoriais e de imagem, diagnóstico diferencial e abordagem terapêutica da doença óssea no mieloma múltiplo (DOMM).

Etiopathogenesis of pathological mandibular fracture: literature review and case reports / Etiopatogenia da fratura patológica mandibular: revisão de literatura e relatos de caso

ABSTRACT Pathological mandibular fractures are fractures induced by pathologies affecting the mandible's base or those resulting from forces that would typically be tolerable if the bone were not compromised by an underlying condition. These fractures often present complex clinical scenarios owing to the compromised bone integrity caused by the pathology, which impedes resolution. Systemic changes may also diminish the capacity for bone neoformation, significantly limiting therapeutic options. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the published scientific literature and present clinical cases related to the treatment and prevention of pathological mandibular fractures. A literature review was conducted, focusing on case reports indexed in the MEDLINE and SCIELO databases using specific keywords as descriptors. The search yielded ten articles, which described the etiopathogenesis, classified as infectious, idiopathic, benign pathology, malignant pathology, and iatrogenic. The literature suggests that prioritizing surgery to address the underlying local pathology is crucial. Managing the remaining bone defect optimally may necessitate multiple surgical interventions. Furthermore, preventive measures should be implemented in potential iatrogenic cases. Notably, fractures of malignant, idiopathic, hereditary, and metabolic etiologies may indicate the initial manifestation of diseases.

RESUMO As fraturas patológicas mandibulares são aquelas provocadas por patologias que envolvem a base da mandíbula ou que ocorrem por forças de carga que seriam toleradas de forma normal caso o osso não fosse enfraquecido subjacentemente. Os pacientes com fraturas patológicas de mandíbula tendem a apresentar situações clínicas complexas, com limitação ou comprometimento ósseo causado pela patologia que dificulta a sua resolução bem como diminuição da capacidade de neoformação óssea pelas alterações de ordem sistêmica que podem restringir significativamente as alternativas terapêuticas. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é revisar a literatura científica publicada e apresentar casos clínicos sobre tratamento e prevenção de fratura patológica mandibular. Uma revisão de literatura foi realizada a partir de relatos de caso indexados nas bases de dados MEDLINE e SCIELO com palavras-chave utilizadas de acordo com seus descritores específicos. A pesquisa resultou em dez artigos descrevendo como etiopatogenia causas classificadas como de origem infecciosa, idiopática, patologia benigna, patologia maligna e iatrogenia. A literatura preconiza que a cirurgia para o tratamento da patologia local seja a prioridade e que o defeito ósseo remanescente seja administrado da melhor maneira que o caso permitir, podendo ser corrigido em mais de um tempo cirúrgico. Os possíveis casos iatrogênicos devem ter condutas preventivas. Fraturas de etiologia maligna, idiopática, hereditária e metabólica apresentam a possibilidade de sinalização da primeira manifestação das doenças.

Fractura con hundimiento de cráneo intrauterina espontánea: reporte de dos casos / Spontaneous intrauterine depressed skull fracture: report of two cases

Las fracturas con hundimiento de cráneo intrauterinas representan una entidad poco frecuente, generalmente secundaria a traumatismos (previos o durante el nacimiento) o de etiología desconocida. Suelen requerir evaluación y seguimiento por el servicio de Neurocirugía Pediátrica. A la fecha, es controversial la necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico y el momento oportuno para concretarlo. Se presentan dos casos clínicos de pacientes de término, nacidas porcesárea,condiagnósticoposnatalinmediatodehundimiento de cráneo de tipo ping-pong no traumático. Ambas pacientes presentaron examen neurológico normal. Se confirmó el diagnóstico a través de radiografía y tomografía de cráneo, sin observarse lesiones asociadas. Fueron valoradas por el servicio de Neurocirugía, que indicó corrección quirúrgica de la lesión en ambos casos, con buena evolución posterior.

Spontaneous intrauterine depressed skull fractures are a rare entity. They can appear secondarily to head trauma (before or during birth) or due to unknown etiology. They usually require a complete evaluation from pediatric neurosurgery specialists. Their optimal management, including timely surgical treatment remains controversial. We describe two cases delivered by cesarean section, with postnatal diagnosis of spontaneous intrauterine depressed skull fracture. Both had a normal neurological exam. A skull radiography and head CT were performed, and no associated lesions were found. Both cases required surgical correction, with positive results.

Fibroma no osificante / Non-ossifying fibroma

RESUMEN Fundamento: el fibroma no osificante es una tumoración ósea benigna que afecta a adolescentes y jóvenes, la presentación clínica varía de una forma asintomática hasta la presencia de fractura patológica. En la literatura nacional no existe mucha información sobre esta lesión ósea. Objetivo: actualizar los conocimientos en relación a esta afección ósea. Métodos: la búsqueda y análisis de la información se realizó en un periodo de cuatro meses (primero de junio 2020 al 30 de septiembre de 2020) y se emplearon las siguientes palabras: nonossifyng fibroma, y fibrous cortical defect. A partir de la información obtenida se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 247 artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote, de ellos se utilizaron 40 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, de ellas 38 de los últimos cinco años, además se consultaron cuatro libros. Resultados: se menciona la localización más frecuente, así como las formas de presentación clínica. Se describen los estudios imagenológicos y la interpretación de sus resultados. Con relación al diagnóstico diferencial se comparan una serie de enfermedades con características clínicas e imagenológicas muy similares. Se hace referencia a las características macro y microscópicas, además del tipo de tratamiento y complicaciones. Conclusiones: el fibroma no osificante es una enfermedad que se presenta con relativa frecuencia. Las características imagenológicas son típicas y resalta entre ellas la excentricidad de la lesión. El tratamiento depende de cada lesión y transita desde la simple observación a la intervención quirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Background: non-ossifying fibroma is a benign tumor that affects adolescents and young people, the clinical presentation varies asymptomatically until the presence of a pathological fracture. In the national literature there is not much information about this bone lesion. Objective: to update knowledge in relation to this bone lesion. Methods: the search and analysis of the information was performed over a period of four months (June 1st, 2020 to September 30th, 2020) and the following words were used: non-ossifying fibroma, and fibrous cortical defect. From the information obtained, a bibliographic review of a total of 247 articles published in the PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases was carried out using the search manager and EndNote reference manager, of which 40 selected citations were used to perform the review, 38 of them of the last five year, four books were consulted. Results: the most frequent location is mentioned, as well as the clinical presentation forms. Imaging studies and the interpretation of their results are described. In relation to the differential diagnosis, a series of entities with very similar clinical and imaging characteristics are compared. Reference is made to the macro and microscopic characteristics, in addition to the type of treatment and complications. Conclusions: the non-ossifying fibroma is an entity that presents itself with relative frequency. The imaging characteristics are typical and eccentricity of the lesion stands out among them. The treatment depends on the lesion and goes from the simple observation to the surgical one.

Pathological fracture after radiotherapy: systematic review of literature

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological data and available treatments for fractures secondary to radiotherapy treatment. METHODS: Identification of publications on pathological skeletal fractures previously exposed to ionizing radiation. RESULTS: The incidence of fractures after irradiation varies from 1.2% to 25% with a consolidation rate of 33% to 75%, being more frequent in the ribs, pelvis, and femur. The time elapsed between irradiation and fracture occurs years after radiotherapy. Risk factors include age above 50 years, female gender, extensive periosteal detachment, circumferential irradiation, tumor size, and anterior thigh location. The etiology is still uncertain, but cellular disappearance, reduction of bone turnover and activity were observed hematopoietic as possible causes of failure of consolidation. CONCLUSION: There is no consensus in the literature on the factors related to the development of fractures, with radiation dose, previous tumor size and periosteal detachment being suggested as potential factors.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar dados epidemiológicos e tratamentos disponíveis para fraturas secundárias ao tratamento radioterápico. MÉTODOS: Identificação de publicações sobre as fraturas patológicas ocorridas em esqueleto previamente exposto à radiação ionizante. RESULTADOS: A incidência de fraturas após irradiação varia de 1,2% a 25% com taxa de consolidação de 33% a 75%, sendo mais frequente em costelas, pelve e fêmur. O tempo decorrido entre a irradiação e a fratura ocorre anos após a radioterapia. Os fatores de risco incluem idade acima de 50 anos, sexo feminino, descolamento periosteal extenso, irradiação circunferencial, tamanho do tumor e localização anterior na coxa. A etiologia ainda é incerta, mas foram observados desaparecimento celular, redução do turnover ósseo e da atividade hematopoiética como possíveis causas da falha de consolidação. CONCLUSÃO: Não há consenso na literatura avaliada sobre os fatores relacionados ao desenvolvimento de fraturas, sendo a dose de radiação, o tamanho prévio do tumor e o descolamento periosteal sugeridos como fatores potenciais.

Metástasis óseas: enfoque ortopédico / Bone metastasis: orthopedic point of view

RESUMEN Fundamento: el cáncer constituye una causa frecuente de morbi-mortalidad a nivel internacional y nacional. Dentro de las formas de presentación se encuentran las metástasis óseas. Objetivo: profundizar los conocimientos de la enfermedad ósea metastásica enfocada en el manejo desde el punto de vista de la especialidad de Ortopedia y Traumatología. Métodos: la búsqueda de la información se realizó en un periodo de tres meses (primero de enero de 2018 al 31 de marzo de 2018) y se emplearon las siguientes palabras: bone metastasis, pathologic fracture, y metastasic bone disease, a partir de la información obtenida se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 259 artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote, de ellos se utilizaron 50 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, de ellas 41 de los últimos cinco años, se incluyeron diez libros. Desarrollo: se describen las metástasis óseas de acuerdo a su aspecto radiográfico en blásticas, líticas y mixtas; así como los principales sitios de origen. Se hace referencia a los principales estadios, con especial énfasis en el riesgo de fractura patológica, para lo que se plasman criterios, que permiten definir la conducta a seguir. Se mencionan las indicaciones y variantes del tratamiento quirúrgico, así como el pronóstico de estos enfermos. Conclusiones: la enfermedad ósea metastásica es un reto para el cirujano ortopédico, tiene indicaciones quirúrgicas específicas y uno de los elementos de más importancia es definir el riesgo de fractura patológica.

ABSTRACT Background: cancer is a common cause of morbidity-mortality affecting many people internationally and nationally. One way of presentation is bone metastases. Objective: to deepen the knowledge about the management of patients suffering from bone metastasis from a point of view of the Orthopedics and Traumatology specialties. Methods: a search of information was carried out in a period of three months (January 1st, 2018 to March 31st, 2018) in the databases PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline through the information locator EndNote by using the words bone metastasis, pathologic fracture, and metastatic bone disease, resulting in a total of 259 articles which 50 of them were selected for the review, 41 of them of the last five years, including ten books. Development: bone metastasis types were described according to radiographic aspects as: litic, blastic and mix, so like the most common origin sites. The main stages were shown, specially the one related to the risk of pathologic fracture, so that criteria were stated to define treatment. Indication and treatment modalities were described, as well as prognostic factors. Conclusions: metastatic bone disease is a great challenge for orthopedic surgeon, there are specific indications for surgery and one of the most important aspects to take in mind is the risk of pathologic fracture.

Bone metastasis as the first symptom of tumors: role of an immunohistochemistry study in establishing primary tumor / Metástase óssea como primeira manifestação de tumores: contribuição do estudo imuno-histoquímico para o estabelecimento do tumor primário

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the role of immunohistochemistry in identifying the primary site of tumors, and in establishing which bones are most frequently involved, their relationship with the primary tumor site, and the rate of pathologic bone fracture as the first symptom of a malignant tumor. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all medical records on bone metastases the cases treated between January 2006 and December 2011 at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology was performed. Results: Immunohistochemistry correctly determined the primary tumor site in 61.2% of cases analyzed. Regarding the metastatic site, the most affected bone was the femur, accounting for 49.6% of the sample. Bone metastasis was the first symptom of the tumor in only 20.2% of patients, and of these, 95% were admitted for pathologic bone fracture. Conclusion: The study showed that the primary sites and their incidence rate are consistent with the literature reviewed. It was noted that in this sample, most patients did not present with pathologic bone fracture as the first clinical symptom of neoplastic disease. However, analysis of those patients that had a metastasis as the first clinical symptom revealed that it manifested itself as a pathologic fracture in almost all cases. The immunohistochemical study was consistent with the primary tumor site in most cases, indicating the value of the method in the detection of the primary site.

RESUMO Objetivos: Determinar a contribuição do estudo imuno-histoquímico na identificação do sítio primário da neoplasia, além de estabelecer quais os ossos mais frequentemente comprometidos, sua relação com o sítio primário neoplásico e a frequência de fratura em osso patológico como primeira manifestação do tumor maligno. Métodos: Foram levantados, retrospectivamente, todos os prontuários de metástases ósseas de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2011 do Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. Resultados: O estudo imuno-histoquímico determinou corretamente o sítio primário neoplásico em 61,2% dos casos analisados. Com relação à localização metastática, o osso mais acometido foi o fêmur, correspondeu a 49,6% da amostra. A metástase óssea foi a primeira manifestação da neoplasia em apenas 20,2% dos pacientes; desses, 95% deram entrada com quadro de fratura do osso patológico. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou que os sítios primários e sua frequência de incidência são compatíveis com a literatura avaliada. Observou-se que, na presente amostra, a maior parte dos pacientes não apresentou a fratura do osso patológico como primeira manifestação clínica da doença neoplásica. Entretanto, quando analisados os pacientes que apresentaram como primeiro sintoma clínico a metástase, essa se manifestou por meio de fratura patológica em quase todos os pacientes. O estudo imuno-histoquímico foi compatível com o sítio primário neoplásico na maioria dos casos, demonstrou a relevância de tal método no auxílio da identificação do sítio primário.

Pathological Fracture of Femoral Neck Leading to a Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism. It chiefly has hepatic, neurological and ophthalmic manifestations. Although osteoporosis, rickets and early arthritis are common features of WD, they are under-recognized. Musculoskeletal manifestations very rarely lead to diagnosis of the disease. Here we present a case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with a 3-month-old pathological fracture of neck of femur. WD was diagnosed on investigating the cause of the pathological fracture, which was managed by performing a conventional McMurray's intertrochanteric osteotomy. At 6 months follow up, fracture had united and patient was able to ambulate with support. WD can be a rare cause of pathological fracture. A high index of suspicion must be maintained in patients of pathological fracture presenting with associated neuropsychiatric or hepatic manifestations.

Analysis of nutritional status in fragile fracture in hospitalized elderly patients / 中国基层医药

Objective To evaluate the relationship between fragile fracture sites in hospitalized geriatric and nutritional status.Methods On the basis of whether the fracture,293 cases were divided into fracture group(n =140)and normal control group(n =153),51 males(36.4%)and 89 females(63.6%)in 140 fracture patients. Results The age was (74.04 ±8.58)years in the fracture group,that in the normal control group was (74.77 ± 8.14)years,there was statistically significant difference between the two groups(t =-0.743,P >0.05).The femoral neck fracture was 51 cases(36.4%)and intertrochantetic fracture was 57 cases(40.7%),and other was 32 cases (22.8%).The patients were divided into the two groups according to the age:60 ~75 years group(n =62)and >75 years group(n =78),femoral neck fracture was 37.2%,and intertrochantetic fracture was 52.6% in the group that more than 75 years old,which were 35.5% and 25.8%,respectively in 60 ~75 years group,there was statistically significant difference between the two groups(χ2 =18.337,P 0.05).Conclusion The proportion of intertrochantetic fracture and femo-ral neck fracture were higher in hospitalized elderly patients,and malnutrition,such as lower hemoglobin,lower serum albumin,lower weight,and lower BMI were,important factors in the fragile fracture in the geriatric inpatients.

Bone Cement Augmentation Procedures for Spinal Pathologic Fractures by Multiple Myeloma

Efficacy and safety of bone cement augmentations for spinal pathologic fractures related to multiple myeloma, and usefulness of radionuclide studies for surgical decision were retrospectively evaluated. Forty eight vertebrae from 27 patients for bone cement augmentation procedures and 48 vertebrae from 29 patients for conservative treatment were enrolled. Clinical results using visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI), and radiologic results were assessed. For clinical decisions on treatment of spinal pathologic fracture, bone scan or single photon emission computed tomography was done for 20 patients who underwent surgery. Mean follow-up was 16.8 months. In terms of clinical results, immediate pain relief was superior in the operated group to that in the conservative group. ODI, maintenance of vertebral height and local kyphotic angle at the last follow-up were superior in the operated group in comparison to the conservative group. At one year follow-up, cumulative survival rate were 77.4% and 74.7% in the operated and conservative groups, respectively (log rank test> 0.05). Leakage of bone cement was noted at 10 treated vertebrae. Bone cement augmentations presented short-term pain relief for spinal pathologic fractures by myeloma with relative safety in highly selected patients, and radionuclide imaging studies were useful for the surgical decision on these procedures.

Mutiple Spontaneous Rib Fractures in Patient with Cushing's Syndrome

Glucocorticoid (GC) excess, including Cushing's syndrome, is a common cause of secondary osteoporosis. Thirty to fifty percent of Cushing's syndrome patients experience non-traumatic fractures, which is often the presenting manifestation of Cushing's syndrome. However, there have been rare cases of Cushing's syndrome diagnosed only based upon bone manifestations. We describe a case of Cushing's syndrome that was diagnosed in a 44-year-old woman who initially visited our hospital due to multiple non-traumatic rib fractures. She did not exhibit any other manifestations of Cushing's syndrome such as moon face, buffalo hump or abdominal striae. Initially, we evaluated her for bone metastases from a cancer of unknown origin, but there was no evidence of metastatic cancer. Instead, we found a left adrenal incidentaloma. As a result of the hormone study, she was diagnosed as having Cushing's syndrome. Interestingly, her bony manifestation of Cushing's syndrome, which was evident in the bone scan and bone mineral densitometry, completely recovered after a left adrenalectomy. Therefore, the possibility of Cushing's syndrome as a cause of secondary osteoporosis should be considered in young patients with non-traumatic multiple fractures, with or without any other typical features of Cushing's syndrome.

New adjuvant chemotherapy combined with limb salvage for osteosarcoma combined with pathologic fracture / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To analyze the curative effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with limb salvage for osteosarcoma with pathologic fracture.Methods The cases were divided into combined group (68 cases of osteosarcoma with pathologic fracture who received limb salvage after neoadjuvant chemotherapy),non-chemotherapy group (22 cases of osteosarcoma with pathologic fracture who received operation without concurrent chemotherapy or chemotherapy only after operation),non-fracture group (48 cases of osteosarcoma without synchronous pathologic fracture who received limb salvage after neoadjuvant chemotherapy) and amputation group (32 cases of osteosarcoma combined with pathologic fracture who received amputation).Survival rate,local recurrence rate,metastasis rate and quality of life were compared between groups.Results Average estimated survival period of the combined group was obviously longer than that of the non-chemotherapy group (P ＜ 0.05),but had no significant difference from the non-fracture group or amputation group.Of the 5-year survival rate between groups,the combined group was evidently higher than the non-chemotherapy group (P ＜ 0.05),but without significant difference from the non-fracture group or amputation group.Whereas,non-chemotherapy group showed a lower 5-year survival rate than the amputation group or non-fracture group (P ＜ 0.05).Localized recurrence rate and metastasis rate of the combined group were markedly decreased when compared to the nonchemotherapy group (both P ＜ 0.01),but were not significantly different from the non-fracture group or the amputation group.The combined group showed a significantly higher score of social function than the amputation group (P ＜0.01),a significantly higher score of biological pofession than the non-chemotherapy group or the amputation group (P ＜ 0.05),and a significantly higher score of general health than the nonchemotherapy group (P ＜ 0.05).However,no significant differences were observed between groups regarding the scores for other items.Conclusion New adjuvant chemotherapy combined with limb salvage is a rational treatment of osteosarcoma with pathologic fracture for it saves the limb after the guarantee of survival rate without increasing the localized recurrence rate or metastasis rate,and improves quality of life.

Diagnostic features of pathological fractures located in extremities caused by bone tumor or tumor like lesion / 中华骨科杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical characteristics of pathological fracture in extremities caused by bone tumors or tumor-like lesions. MethodsFrom August 2002 to December 2010, 139 patients with pathological fractures were entered in the study, including 79 males and 60 females with an average age of 31.1 years. Fractures included tumor-like lesion in 55 cases, benign tumor in 13, giant cell tumor (GCT)in 7, primary malignant tumors in 28, and metastatic tumors in 36. Forces induced to fractures were classified into four grades: spontaneous fracture, functional activity, minor injury, severe injury. Age, fracture location, histological results, fractures forces, prodromes, and misdiagnosis were all observed. Chi-square test were use to compare forces and prodromes within different tumors. ResultsThe highest morbidity rate is 32.4％(45/139) which lies in 11-20 years old. The cites of fractures including femurs in 71 cases, humerus in 36, tibia in 15, fingers in 7, radiuses in 4, fibula in 3, ulnas in 2, and metatarsus in 1. Fracture forces include spontaneous fractures in 29 cases, functional activity in 42, minor injuries in 65, and traumatic injuries in 3. Sixty-seven patients(48.2％) had local prodromes. The prodromes of both malignant tumors and metastatic tumors were more than benign tumors. Twenty cases experienced misdiagnosis with average delay time of 12 weeks. ConclusionMinor injury forces and local prodromes are clinical key features of pathological fractures. Both of them are key points of avoiding misdiagnosis.

Surgical technique of combined anterior-lateral and lateral approach in the management of bone tumor of femoral neck / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To explore surgical procedure of combined anterior-lateral and lateral approach for the treatment of bone tumors of femoral neck. Methods Forty patients with bone tumors of femoral neck treated in Tianjin Hospital were included from July 2005 to August 2009. Of the patients, 12 who were treated with curettage and bone graft through combined anterior-lateral and lateral incision were analyzed in this study. There were 7 males and 5 females with an average age of 34 years ranging from 17 to 68 years. 4 patients were diagnosed as chondroblastoma, 2 giant cell tumor, 3 fibrous dysplasia, and 3 single bone cysts. 7 patients suffered from pathologic fractures, and 5 had presented thin cortical bone because of tumor involvement. There were 1 tumor located in H1 zone, 4 in H2 zone and 7 in H1,2 zone according to ISOLS femoral neck classification. All patients were treated by curettage and bone graft via anterior-lateral approach, 10 cases underwent internal fixation with anatomical plate, and 2 cases with canulated screws with lateral approach. Results The follow-up time ranged from 10 to 68 months with an average of 35 months.Pain disappeared in all patients, and there were not recurrence of tumor, pathologic fractures and avascular necrosis. One case had complained of lateral femoral skin numbness which may be caused by injures of femoral lateral nerves. One case had difficulties in the valgus of hip joint. The mean MSTS score was 29.2 points ranging from 27 to 30 points. Conclusion Anterior approaches of "SP" incision is helpful to thorough curettage which decrease the risk of recurrence due to good visualization and intemal fixation is easy to perform via lateral approaches. The result suggested that combined anterior-lateral "SP" and lateral incision is liable option in treatment of bone tumors of femoral neck.

Importância do diagnóstico da fratura subcondral da cabeça do fêmur, suas diferenças com a necrose avascular e seu tratamento / The importance of the diagnosis of subchondral fracture of the femoral head, how to differentiate it from avascular necrosis and how to treat it

A fratura subcondral da cabeça femoral é afecção pouco conhecida e, consequentemente, pouco diagnosticada. O quadro clínico de dor aguda ou insidiosa com piora progressiva na região inguinal, exacerbada com carga e com alívio em repouso, deve levar à suspeita diagnóstica. O erro comumente feito com o diagnóstico de necrose avascular da cabeça do fêmur pode induzir a indicação de procedimentos invasivos desnecessários no quadril. Com o advento da ressonância nuclear magnética, o diagnóstico dessa afecção pode ser realizado observando os diferentes padrões de edema medular na cabeça do fêmur, possibilitando o tratamento precoce correto.

Subchondral fracture of the femoral head is an uncommon and underdiagnosed affection. The abrupt or gradual onset of groin pain with functional disability on weight-bearing that improves with a resting period should alert the orthopedic surgeon to the possibility of this diagnosis. The differential diagnosis from osteonecrosis of the femoral head can be provided by assessing the different patterns of bone edema on MRI studies of the hip, thus avoiding unnecessary invasive operations on the hip.

Complicações precoces no tratamento ortopédico das metástases ósseas / Early complications in the orthopedic treatment of bone metastases

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as complicações precoces do tratamento ortopédico de lesões ósseas metastáticas e os fatores associados a essas complicações. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 64 pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de metástases ósseas, analisando as complicações ocorridas no peroperatório e pós-operatório precoce e associando-as com a origem do tumor, o tipo de procedimento realizado, a necessidade de reposição de sangue no peroperatório, necessidade de novos procedimentos cirúrgicos e a mortalidade em decorrência das complicações. RESULTADOS: Complicações precoces do tratamento foram observadas em 17 (26,6 por cento); seis (35,2 por cento) evoluíram para óbito em decorrência dessa complicação. De acordo com o tipo, em 15 (23,8 por cento) casos foram complicações cirúrgicas, em quatro (6,3 por cento), clínicas e três (4,7 por cento) pacientes apresentaram tanto complicações clínicas quanto cirúrgicas. Não houve diferença significativa na frequência das complicações ou mortalidade quando avaliados o tipo de reconstrução ou o local acometido. Os tumores de origem renal necessitaram de maior reposição sanguínea e tiveram maior frequência de complicações (p = 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: As complicações ocorreram em 26,6 por cento. As complicações não estão associadas ao tipo de tratamento realizado, nem ao local acometido. Os tumores de origem renal apresentaram risco aumentado de hemorragia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the early complications in the orthopedic treatment of metastatic bone lesions and the factors associated with these complications. METHOD: There were assessed, retrospectively, 64 patients that underwent surgical treatment for bone metastases, analyzing the complications that occurred in the pre-operative and early post- operative period and associating them with the tumor origin, type of procedure done, the need of blood reposition before the surgery, the need of new surgical procedures and the mortality due to the complications. RESULTS: Early complications in the treatment were observed in 17 (26.6 percent) patients, of which six (35.2 percent) ended up dying due to these complications. Regarding the type, 15 (23.8 percent) cases were due to surgical complications, four (6.3 percent) clinical and three (4.7 percent) patients showed clinical and surgical complications. There was no significant difference in the frequency of complications or mortality when assessed the type of reconstruction or affected region. The tumors with a renal origin needed more blood reposition and showed a bigger frequency of complications. CONCLUSION: The complications occurred in 26.6 percent. The complications are not related to the kind of treatment performed or to the region affected. The renal origin tumors showed a higher risk of hemorrhage.