Research status of correlation between myopia and accommodative function / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Ocular accommodation refers to the process by which the ciliary muscle creates a clear image of the object in the retina by changing the refractive power of the lens. When the accommodation ability of the eye is insufficient, the imaging focus falls on the region behind the retina and hyperopic defocus is easily formed, resulting in axial growth and leading to the development of myopia, and it is found that most myopic patients usually have some accommodation dysfunction. Myopia has become a public health problem in China, and the prevalence of adolescents has increased dramatically. How to prevent and stop the occurrence and development of myopia is a major challenge. Previous studies have found that ocular accommodation dysfunction is associated with the occurrence and development of myopia, and the measurement of parameters related to accommodation function has certain guiding significance for the prevention and control of myopia. The purpose of this paper is to review the correlation between myopia and ocular accommodation function, with a view to providing new ideas for the prevention, control and treatment of myopia.

Vulnerabilidad de la infraestructura sanitaria en relación a la Covid-19 en el distrito de Castilla-Piura 2021- 2022

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre la infraestructura sanitaria: equipos y suministros, ambientes construidos, humanización de la atención y la COVID-19 dentro del Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible en el distrito de Castilla - Piura en el año 2022. Métodos: Adopta el paradigma hermenéutico, con un diseño de tipo transversal, de tipo cualitativo, en base a encuestas aplicadas a una muestra estadística del sector de Castilla; a su vez, se realizaron entrevistas no estructuradas, dirigidas a expertos profesionales de la salud. Resultados: Se observa que el 100% de los hospitales de II y III nivel y centros de salud en Piura, se encuentran en condiciones inadecuadas para lograr la eficiencia y la efectividad en la atención, tanto en infraestructura sanitaria, equipos y suministros, como en los ambientes construidos y humanizados. Conclusión: El estado deficiente de los establecimientos de salud, ha determinado el incremento de casos de COVID-19, durante la pandemia, porque no cuentan con ambientes adecuados para atender diferentes patologías así como por la inadecuada zonificación de las áreas de aislamiento respiratorio y de vectores, las que deben responder a la realidad de esta región; esta situación plantea la necesidad de formular un plan de contingencia regional, la misma que garantice atención prioritaria y de calidad frente a situaciones de emergencia, así como la vivida durante la pandemia.

Objective: The relationship between the sanitary infrastructure, considering three aspects such as: equipment and supplies; built environments; humanization of care against COVID-19 in the district of Castilla - Piura in the year 2022. Methods: It adopts the Hermeneutic paradigm, with a cross-sectional, qualitative design, based on surveys applied to a statistical sample from the Castilla sector, unstructured interviews were conducted, aimed at health professional experts. Results: It is observed that 100% of the II and III level hospitals and health centers in Piura are in inadequate conditions to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in care, both in infrastructure-equipment, in built environment and humanized. Conclusion: The deficient state of health establishments has determined the increase in cases of COVID 19, during the pandemic, because they do not have adequate environments to treat different pathologies, as well as due to inadequate zoning of respiratory and vector isolation areas, those that must respond to the reality of this Region; This situation raises the need to formulate a regional contingency plan, the same one that guarantees priority and quality care in emergency situations, as well as life during the pandemic.

Vacinação contra covid-19 em pessoas idosas: informações veiculadas pela mídia jornalística / Vaccination against covid-19 in older people: information provided by the news media

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o conteúdo midiático produzido acerca da vacinação contra a covid-19 direcionada à pessoa idosa no Brasil. Método Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental a partir da análise de 19 matérias veiculadas pelos jornais Estadão, Folha de S. Paulo, O Globo e GAÚCHAZH, publicadas entre dezembro de 2020 e setembro de 2021. Os dados foram submetidos ao Resultados O corpus originou cinco classes temáticas. Nestas, verifica-se a difusão das informações sobre a vacinação contra a covid-19 para idosos como uma medida necessária à saúde dessa população, o que justifica a intensa veiculação de notícias acerca da campanha vacinal. As matérias evidenciaram a organização das políticas de imunização, bem como os benefícios da mesma para o referido público, sobretudo àqueles que se encontravam institucionalizados. Além disso, a vacina emergiu como protagonista na luta para conter a disseminação do coronavírus, aumentando a proteção dos residentes das instituições de longa permanência para idosos e, inegavelmente, diminuindo a mortalidade dos mais velhos. Conclusão Os achados salientam a indispensabilidade de fomentar políticas para promoção da saúde pelos meios de comunicação mais diversos, permitindo o acesso a informações em saúde por todos os públicos e reforçando a urgência de práticas coletivas de cuidado ofertadas às pessoas idosas, incluindo àquelas residentes em instituições.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the media content produced about vaccination against covid-19 aimed at the older population in Brazil. Method A desk research study based on the analysis of 19 articles published by the newspapers Estadão, Folha de S. Paulo, O Globo and GAÚCHAZH between December 2020 and September 2021. The data were processed by the Iramuteq software, analyzed using Descending Hierarchical Classification (DHC) and interpreted by Content Analysis. Results The corpus yielded five thematic classes. These classes revealed the dissemination of information about vaccination against covid-19 for older people as a necessary measure for the health of this population, justifying the intense reporting of news on the vaccination campaign. The articles highlighted the organization of immunization policies, as well as their benefits for the older population, especially institutionalized individuals. In addition, the vaccine emerged as a key element in the fight to contain the spread of the coronavirus, increasing the protection of older residents of long-term care facilities and, undeniably, reducing the mortality of this population. Conclusion The findings highlight the importance of disseminating health promotion policies across a wide variety of communication channels, allowing access to health information by all audiences and reinforcing the urgency of collective care practices offered to older people, including those residing in institutions.

Fatores associados ao empoderamento psicológico da enfermagem em serviços de hemodiálise / Factores asociados al empoderamiento psicológico de enfermería en servicios de hemodiálisis / Factors associated with the psychological empowerment of nursing in hemodialysis services

Resumo Objetivo Explorar as associações entre o empoderamento psicológico de profissionais de enfermagem e o ambiente da prática, o clima de segurança e as variáveis sociodemográficas e laborais. Métodos Estudo quantitativo e correlacional. A população foi constituída por 64 profissionais de enfermagem atuantes em quatro serviços de hemodiálise localizados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para a coleta de dados, foram aplicados: questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e laboral, as versões brasileiras do Psychological Empowerment Instrument, do Practice Environment Scale e o domínio Clima de segurança do Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, testes de associação e regressão linear. Resultados A média geral do empoderamento psicológico foi 68,7 (DP=10,8), do ambiente da prática 2,9 pontos (DP=0,8) e do clima de segurança 71,1 (DP=19,5). Foram encontradas evidências de associações positivas e de forte intensidade do empoderamento psicológico e o ambiente da prática (r=0,57; p<0,001) e o clima de segurança (r=0,62; p<0,001). Cada ponto no domínio do clima de segurança e no ambiente da prática elevou, respectivamente, 0,24 (p<0,001) e 4,17 (p=0,021), em média, os valores do empoderamento psicológico. Simultaneamente, os valores do ambiente da prática e do clima de segurança influenciaram o empoderamento psicológico em 44%. Os sensos de autodeterminação (p=0,007) e de impacto (p=0,019) foram mais elevados entre os enfermeiros. Conclusão O empoderamento psicológico dos profissionais de enfermagem é influenciado pelas características do ambiente da prática, pelo clima de segurança e pela categoria profissional.

Resumen Objetivo Estudiar las relaciones entre el empoderamiento psicológico de profesionales de enfermería y el ambiente de la práctica, el clima de seguridad y las variables sociodemográficas y laborales. Métodos Estudio cuantitativo y correlacional. La población fue formada por 64 profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en cuatro servicios de hemodiálisis ubicados en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para la recopilación de datos se aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos: cuestionario de caracterización sociodemográfica y laboral, las versiones brasileñas de Psychological Empowerment Instrument, Practice Environment Scale y el dominio Clima de seguridad del Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva, pruebas de asociación y regresión lineal. Resultados El promedio general del empoderamiento psicológico fue 68,7 (DP=10,8), del ambiente de la práctica 2,9 puntos (DP=0,8) y del clima de seguridad 71,1 (DP=19,5). Se encontraron evidencias de asociaciones positivas y de fuerte intensidad entre empoderamiento psicológico y el ambiente de la práctica (r=0,57; p<0,001) y el clima de seguridad (r=0,62; p<0,001). Cada punto del dominio del clima de seguridad y del ambiente de la práctica elevó en promedio 0,24 (p<0,001) y 4,17 (p=0,021), respectivamente, los valores del empoderamiento psicológico. Al mismo tiempo, los valores del ambiente de la práctica y del clima de seguridad influyeron en el empoderamiento psicológico un 44 %. El sentido de autodeterminación (p=0,007) y de impacto (p=0,019) fueron más elevados entre los enfermeros. Conclusión El empoderamiento psicológico de los profesionales de enfermería está influenciado por las características del ambiente de la práctica, por el clima de seguridad y por la categoría profesional.

Abstract Objective To explore the associations between psychological empowerment of nursing professionals and the practice environment, safety climate and sociodemographic and labor variables. Methods This is a quantitative and correlational study. The population consisted of 64 nursing professionals working in four hemodialysis services located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. For data collection, the following were applied: sociodemographic and labor characterization questionnaire, the Brazilian versions of the Psychological Empowerment Instrument, the Practice Environment Scale and the Safety climate domain of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, association tests and linear regression. Results The overall mean of psychological empowerment was 68.7 (SD=10.8), of the practice environment, 2.9 points (SD=0.8), and of safety climate, 71.1 (SD=19.5). Evidence of positive and strong associations between psychological empowerment and the practice environment (r=0.57; p<0.001) and safety climate (r=0.62; p<0.001) were found. Each point in the domain of safety climate and in the practice environment increased, respectively, 0.24 (p<0.001) and 4.17 (p=0.021) in mean the values of psychological empowerment. At the same time, the practice environment and safety climate values influenced psychological empowerment by 44%. Self-determination (p=0.007) and impact (p=0.019) were higher among nurses. Conclusion The psychological empowerment of nursing professionals is influenced by the practice environment characteristics, safety climate and professional category.

Cuidados de enfermagem em instituição de longa permanência para pessoas idosas no contexto da covid-19: revisão de escopo / Nursing care in a long-term care facility for older people in the context of COVID-19: scoping review

Resumo Objetivo Identificar as evidências científicas sobre os cuidados de enfermagem à pessoa idosa em instituição de longa permanência no contexto da pandemia covid-19. Método Trata-se de revisão de escopo baseada nas orientações do Manual para Revisões do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). A formulação da questão ocorreu a partir do acrônimo PCC, em que o "P" correspondeu a "pessoa idosa", o "C" a "cuidados de enfermagem" e o "C" a "covid-19". A busca das evidências cientificas foi realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE®, CINAHL® e Web of ScienceTM. Foram analisados artigos recuperados ao se empregar os descritores controlados e não controlados, e aqueles provenientes da literatura cinzenta, sites e repositórios. A análise deu-se por estatística descritiva e crítica dos estudos. Resultados A amostra final do estudo foi composta por 14 evidências cientificas. Verificou-se que a maioria das produções pertenciam a modalidade relatório técnico (35,7%) publicadas no Brasil (64,28%). Os cuidados de enfermagem foram organizados em: intervenções gerenciais; intervenções educacionais; intervenções assistenciais em especial aquelas voltadas à prevenção e controle da disseminação do SARS-CoV-2, residentes com quadro suspeito ou confirmado de covid-19 e ao corpo em caso de óbito; intervenções voltadas a facilitar a comunicação entre os residentes e seus familiares/amigos e entre esses e o enfermeiro; além de intervenções de apoio emocional aos profissionais/cuidadores e aos residentes. Conclusão Diante da pandemia covid-19, os cuidados de enfermagem são imprescindíveis para prevenir e controlar a disseminação do SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract Objective To Identify the scientific evidence on nursing care for older people in a long-term care facility in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method This scoping review was based on the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual guidelines. The question was formulated from the acronym PCC, in which "P" corresponded to "older people, "C" to "nursing care" and "C" to "COVID-19". The search for scientific evidence was carried out on the LILACS, MEDLINE®, CINAHL® and Web of ScienceTM databases. Articles retrieved using controlled and uncontrolled descriptors, and those from gray literature, websites and repositories were analysed. Descriptive and critical analysis of statistics from the studies was performed. Results The final study sample consisted of 14 scientific publications. Most of the output constituted technical reports (35.7%) published in Brazil (64.28%). Nursing care was categorized under: managerial interventions; educational interventions; care interventions, especially those forts preventing and controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2, residents with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, and handling the corpse in the event of death; interventions facilitating communication between residents and their family/friends and between this group and the nurse; in addition to emotional support interventions for professionals/caregivers and residents. Conclusion Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, nursing care is essential to prevent and control the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Functionality and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in institutionalized older adults / Funcionalidade e níveis de 25-hidroxivitamina D em idosos institucionalizados

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the frequency of hypovitaminosis D among older adults and its association with the level of functionality. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study of older adults residing in a non-profit long-term care facility assessed functionality with the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living. Vitamin D levels were classified as: deficient (< 20 ng/mL), insufficient (21-29 ng/mL), or normal (≥ 30 ng/mL). We used the chi-square test and Student's t-test to compare dichotomous and continuous variables, respectively. Analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test was used to assess differences between groups. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 63 individuals whose mean age was 81 (61-113) years: 36 (55.4%) women and 27 (44.6%) men. The mean vitamin D level was 18.6 ng/mL, being < 30 ng/mL in 84.1%. The level was normal in 10 (15.9%), insufficient in 17 (27%), and deficient in 36 (57.1%). Vitamin D deficiency was present in 76.5% of those with total functional dependence (Katz = 5-6). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high frequency of hypovitaminosis D, especially vitamin D deficiency, which was very common among those with significant functional dependence.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a frequência de hipovitaminose D em idosos de uma instituição filantrópica de longa permanência e sua associação com grau de funcionalidade. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal, observacional e analítico de idosos de uma instituição filantrópica de longa permanência. A funcionalidade foi avaliada pela Escala de Katz. Os níveis de vitamina D foram classificados em: deficiência (valores menores que 20 ng/mL); insuficiência (valores entre 21 - 29 ng/mL) e normais (valores igual ou superior a 30 ng/mL). Empregamos teste qui-quadrado e t de student, para compararmos variáveis dicotômicas e contínuas, respectivamente; e análise de variância (ANOVA) com teste post hoc de Tukey, para avaliarmos as diferenças entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e três indivíduos foram analisados com média de idade de 81 anos (61 - 113), sendo 36 (55,4%) mulheres e 27 (44,6%) homens. A média de vitamina D foi 18,6 ng/mL, 84,1% com níveis menores que 30 ng/mL; dez apresentaram níveis normais (15,9%), 17 com insuficiência (27%) e 36 com deficiência (57,1%); ainda, 76,5% dos portadores de dependência funcional total (Katz = 5 - 6) apresentam deficiência de vitamina D. CONCLUSÕES: Observamos uma alta frequência de hipovitaminose D, especialmente deficiência, muito frequentes naqueles com dependência funcional importante

An assessment on the implementation of same day antiretroviral therapy initiation in eThekwini clinics, KwaZulu­Natal, South Africa

The World Health Organization (WHO) recom mends same day initiation (SDI) of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all individuals diagnosed with HIV irrespective of CD4+ count or clinical stage. Implementation of program is still far from reaching its goals. This study assessed the level of implementation of same day ART initiation. A longitudinal study was conducted at four primary healthcare clinics in eThekwini municipality KwaZulu Natal. Data was collected between June 2020 to October 2020 using a data extraction form. Data on individuals tested HIV positive, number of SDI of ART; and clinicians working on UTT program were compiled from clinic registers, and Three Interlinked Electronic Registers.Net (TIER.Net). Non governmental organisations (NGO) supporting the facility and services information was collected. Among the 403 individuals who tested HIV positive, 279 (69.2%) were initiated on ART on the same day of HIV diagnosis from the four facilities. There was a significant association between health facility and number of HIV positive individuals initiated on SDI (chi square=10.59; P value=0.008). There was a significant association between facilities with support from all NGOs and ART SDI (chi square=10.18; P value=0.015. There was a significant association between staff provision in a facility and SDI (chi square=7.51; P value=0.006). Urban areas clinics were more likely to have high uptake of SDI compared to rural clinics (chi square=11,29; P value=0.003). Implementation of the Universal Test and Treat program varies by facility indi cating the need for the government to monitor and standardize implementation of the policy if the program is to yield success.

Investigation on present state of radiation protection of a 60Co irradiation facility / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To explore the present state of radiation protection in an operational large-sized irradiation facility and the distribution of incurred radiation doses in the controlled area under abnormal conditions, and to analyze the acompanied radiation risk.Methods:With an irradiation facility in operation as the research object, the radiation doses were measured using AT1121 X and gamma dose rate meters for the soruce both in working and storage. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were used to measure the dose distribution in an irradiation field under abnormal conditions. The radiation safety features were checked against the several relevant national standards, with the radiation risks evaluated.Results:The radiation dose rates were in the range of 0.09-0.11 μSv/h, lower than the environmental background level whether in storage or working. Under abnormal working conditions, the radiation dose values from high to low were 1.0-101.3 Sv, 32.7-514.0 mSv and 8.7-183.2 μSv in the irradiation field, respectively. At the outside maze, the doses were close to the background level.Conclusions:The protection features of the irradiation facility meet the requirements of the relevant national standards. Under abnormal conditions, radiation could cause serious damages to the persons staying in the irradiation field. These persons were suggested to access to maze as soon as possible to reduce the exposure time, and activate the emergency protection equipments to deescalate the 60Co source onto the well.

Investigation of COVID-19 vaccination among elderly adults in long-term care facilities and analysis of influencing factors / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To understand the status of COVID-19 vaccination among elderly adults in long-term care facilities and analyze the influencing factors so as to provide scientific basis for improving the policy of COVID-19 vaccination. 【Methods】 The socio-demographic characteristics, disease-related data, disability, and COVID-19 vaccination status of 575 elderly adults who resided in long-term care facilities in Shaanxi Province were collected via Sojumpin in January 2022. Factors that affected non-vaccinated elderly adults were analyzed by using the SPSS 25.0 software. 【Results】 Of the included 575 participants, 199 (34.6%) were not vaccinated against COVID-19. Univariate analysis showed that COVID-19 vaccination was associated with age, room type, length of stay, marital status, number of children, chronic diseases (i.e., diabetes, stroke, dementia), disability degree, and long-term medication use. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age of 90 years or above (OR=4.25), triple room (OR=6.17), moderate disability (OR=2.94), severe disability (OR=6.67), long-term medication use (OR=1.81), and stroke (OR=1.74) were independent risk factors for not injecting COVID-19 vaccine. 【Conclusion】 The COVID-19 vaccination coverage rate of elderly adults in long-term care facilities needs to be improved, and more attention should be paid to the high-risk groups (e.g., who are older, and have disability, long-term medication use, or stroke).

Methods for the analysis of uranium aerosol concentration in the workplace of uranium processing and fuel fabrication facilities / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To establish a method for uranium aerosol sample collection, dry ashing treatment, and laboratory laser-fluorescence measurement in the workplace of uranium processing and fuel fabrication facilities. Methods Through optimization experiments, the effects of sampling flow, sample pH value, and test temperature on uranium aerosol concentration results were studied, and the detection limit, precision, and recovery rate of the method were tested. Results Under the optimal test conditions, the detection limit of the method was 0.025 ng/mL; the minimum detectable concentration of 1 m3 of aerosol samples was 1.25 × 10−3 μg/m3; the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the measurement results was less than 5%; the recovery rate was between 96% and 104%. Conclusion The detection limit, precision, and accuracy of the method meet the testing requirements for uranium aerosol samples in the workplace of uranium processing and fuel fabrication facilities.

Ambiente de prática profissional e Burnout em instituições hospitalares no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 / Professional practice environment and Burnout in hospital institutions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

O ambiente de trabalho interfere na qualidade e na segurança do cuidado fornecido, bem como situações e transformações no mundo do trabalho são precursoras do burnout, afetando a qualidade do serviço e o bem-estar geral dos profissionais de saúde, especialmente durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Esse estudo buscou analisar o ambiente da prática profissional, e os níveis de Burnout percebido pelos enfermeiros e explorar a associação entre o ambiente de prática profissional e a Síndrome de Burnout (SB) de instituições hospitalares no contexto pandêmico. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, analítico, transversal, realizado nas unidades de internação clínicas e cirúrgicas de uma instituição hospitalar de grande porte, a população constituída por 187 enfermeiros assistenciais, na maioria mulheres (80,6%). Utilizou-se questionários autoaplicáveis e as variáveis de interesse foram mensuradas pelos instrumentos, Practice Environment Scale (PES) - Versão brasileira, e pelo Inventário de Burnout de Copenhagen (Copenhagen Burnout Inventory - Brazilian version- CBI-Br), características demográficas foram coletadas. Verificou-se que a instituição hospitalar estudada é um local de trabalho misto, pontuando o PES em 2,5 em duas subescalas. O valor médio do total das escalas CBI-Br foi ligeiramente inferior ao ponto médio (50), indicando que os enfermeiros não experienciam o Burnout, sendo limítrofe (47,9). Houve associação significativa na análise bivariada entre as subescalas da PES, e as variáveis sexo com o teste de associação pelo x2, sendo a participação dos enfermeiros na discussão dos assuntos hospitalares (p=0,017), fundamentos de enfermagem voltados para a qualidade do cuidado (p=0,008), adequação da equipe e de recursos (p=0,035), habilidade, liderança e suporte dos coordenadores (p=0,022). Para o instrumento o CBI e o sexo utilizando o mesmo teste de associação indicou diferença significativa, em todas as subescalas Burnout Pessoal (BP) (p<0,001), Burnout relacionado ao Trabalho (BT) (p=0,001), Burnout relacionado ao Colega (BC) (p=0,031). O teste Mann-Whitney indicou associação significativa entre o tempo de experiencia na instituição para as subescalas BC (p=0,031). Houve ainda associação significativa entre todas as subescalas do PES e do CBI por meio do teste de associação pelo x2. Ambientes considerados não favoráveis para a prática profissional, independente da subescala da PES, apresentaram quantitativo maior de profissionais que experienciavam o BT e o BP, menor BC nos ambientes considerados favoráveis. Para estatística inferencial, foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Spearman, que indicou correlação significativa e negativa entre as cinco subescalas do PES, e os três domínios do CBI-Br (p < 0,001 em todos os casos), logo quanto maior participação dos enfermeiros nos assuntos hospitalares, maior o uso de fundamentos de enfermagem para a qualidade do atendimento, melhor a capacidade dos gerentes de enfermagem, liderar e apoiar os enfermeiros e equipe, quanto mais adequado forem os recursos e melhores as relações entre enfermeiros e médicos, ocorre redução dos níveis de Burnout em relação ao trabalho, colegas e pessoal. Constatou-se assim que o ambiente de trabalho do enfermeiro está associado a presença do Burnout e que medidas que aprimorem o ambiente de trabalho das instituições podem suportar e garantir o bem-estar da enfermagem nas instituições de saúde.

The work environment has an impact on the quality and safety of provided care. Additionally, changes and developments in the world of work act as precursors of burnout, affecting the quality of service and the overall well-being of healthcare professionals, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess the professional practice environment and levels of perceived Burnout among nurses, as well as explore the relationship between the professional practice environment and Burnout Syndrome (BS) within hospital institutions during the pandemic. This was an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study conducted in the clinical and surgical inpatient units of a large hospital institution. The population consisted of 187 clinical nurses, the majority being women (80.6%). Self-administered questionnaires were used, measuring the variables of interest through the Practice Environment Scale (PES) - Brazilian version, and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (Copenhagen Burnout Inventory - Brazilian version- CBI-Br). Demographic characteristics were also collected. It was found that the studied hospital institution is a mixed workplace, scoring 2.5 on the PES in two subscales. The mean value of the total CBI-Br scales was slightly below the midpoint (50), suggesting that nurses did not experience Burnout significantly, but were borderline (47.9). In the bivariate analysis, there was a significant association between the PES subscales and gender variables using the x2 association test. Participation of nurses in hospital discussions (p=0.017), focus on nursing fundamentals for quality care (p=0.008), adequacy of the team and resources (p=0.035), and leadership and support from coordinators (p=0.022) were all positively associated with the PES subscales. Regarding the CBI instrument, there was a significant difference in all subscales: Personal Burnout (BP) (p<0.001), Work-related Burnout (BT) (p=0.001), and Colleague-related Burnout (BC) (p=0.031), when analyzed in relation to gender using the association test. The Mann-Whitney test indicated a significant association between the length of experience at the institution and the BC subscales (p=0.031). Additionally, there was a significant association between all PES and CBI subscales using the x2 association test. Unfavorable work environments, regardless of the PES subscale, were linked to higher levels of Personal and Work-related Burnout, and less Colleague-related Burnout in favorable environments. The Spearman correlation test revealed a significant and negative correlation between all five PES subscales and the three domains of the CBI-Br (p < 0.001 in all cases). Thus, a greater nurse participation in hospital matters, focus on nursing fundamentals for quality care, effective leadership and support from nursing managers, adequate resources, and improved relationships between nurses and physicians were all associated with reduced Burnout levels related to work, colleagues, and staff. In conclusion, this study suggests that the work environment of nurses is linked to the presence of Burnout. Measures aimed at improving the work environment in institutions can support and ensure the well-being of nursing professionals in healthcare settings.

Interpretation of and lessons from the guidelines on infection prevention and control of old-age institutions in the context of COVID-19 pandemic / 上海预防医学

This paper interprets the content and recommendations of the guidelines on infection prevention and control in long-term care facilities put forward by the World Health Organization （WHO） during the 2019 coronavirus disease （COVID-19） pandemic， and actively explores the key points of nursing and infection prevention and control measures for the long-term care facilities under the background of repeated outbreaks， with the aim of providing care measures and infection prevention and control measures that suit our national conditions to improve the living standards of the elderly and protect them from viral infection amid the recurring pandemic.

Establishing Normative Values for Amplitude of Accommodation and Accommodative Facility among University Students in Malawi

The study aimed to examine the distribution of Accommodative Facility (AF) and Amplitude of Accommodation (AA) and compare the findings with established guidelines.Place and Duration of Study: Mzuzu University, Malawi. Between May and July 2022.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among students at Mzuzu university in Malawi. We recruited 77 students using a stratified random sampling technique. The participants' age ranged from 16 to 35 years of age. We measured AA using the push-up method while AF was measured using +/- 1.50 Diopters (D) flippers. Both techniques utilized black reading material on white background held at 40 centimeters (cm). Next, we measured the accommodation facility by counting the number of Cycles per Minute (c/m). We utilized the Pearson correlation test and the One-way ANOVA where appropriate. The value of p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The participants comprised 44 (57.1%) males and 33 (42.9%) females. Monocular AA was 10.04D (SD=2.71) and Binocular AA was 10.51 (3.641). The difference was statistically significant (p=0.04). While Monocular AF and Binocular AF were 9 c/m (SD= SD=1.84) and 8.96 (SD=1.539) respectively but the difference was non-significant (p=0.868). AF and AA were not significantly different between males and females. All the parameters decreased with age. The measured AA was significantly higher than using Hofstetter’s formula.Conclusion: The study provides a cut-off value for practitioners diagnosing Accommodation anomalies. However, indices in the study differ from the well-established guidelines hence practitioners should endeavor to perform the clinical assessment instead of relying on equations.

La intersectorialidad como tecnología gerencial en las donaciones voluntarias de sangre en Cuba

En Cuba existe amplia experiencia en el trabajo intersectorial para la solución de problemas de salud en la comunidad y la gestión de las donaciones de sangre no constituye una excepción. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo documentar sobre el trabajo intersectorial en la gestión de las donaciones de sangre en Cuba y aportar elementos teóricos que contribuyan a su perfeccionamiento. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura sobre la intersectorialidad y los procesos para la gestión de donaciones de sangre en el país; para ello se consultaron trabajos publicados en sitios de Internet, así como textos y otros documentos disponibles en repositorios del portal web de la red Infomed. Se teoriza e ilustra acerca de la intersectorialidad como tecnología gerencial y sobre su uso e importancia aplicados en la promoción, captación y reclutamiento de donantes potenciales así como en la organización de las colectas de sangre. Se concluye que el empleo de la intersectorialidad en la gestión sanitaria de las donaciones voluntarias de sangre fortalece y singulariza el Programa de Donaciones de Sangre cubano con relación al resto del mundo; no obstante, es necesario perfeccionar las alianzas estratégicas entre el sector de la salud y los demás sectores de la sociedad civil organizada que intervienen en las actividades que comprenden este proceso.

In Cuba there is wide experience in intersectoral work to solve health problems in the community and the management of blood donations is no exception. The objective of this work was to document the intersectoral work in the management of blood donations in Cuba and to provide theoretical elements that contribute to its improvement. A bibliographic review of the literature on intersectoriality and the processes for the management of blood donations in the country was carried out; For this, works published on Internet sites were consulted, as well as texts and other documents available in repositories of the Infomed web portal network. Intersectoriality is theorized and illustrated as a managerial technology and its use and importance applied in the promotion, capture and recruitment of potential donors and in the organization of blood collections. It is concluded that the use of intersectoriality in the health management of voluntary blood donations, strengthens and distinguishes the Cuban Blood Donation Program in relation to the rest of the world, however, it is necessary to improve the strategic alliances between the health sector and other sectors of organized civil society involved in the activities that comprise this process.

Desafios no caminho metodológico de construção do processo de Acreditação Institucional de ouvidorias do SUS / Challenges in the methodological path of building the Institutional Accreditation process for SUS ombudpersons

RESUMO O artigo buscou refletir sobre os desafios teórico-práticos enfrentados no caminho metodológico de construção do processo de Acreditação Institucional de ouvidorias do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), na elaboração dos materiais pedagógicos e nas dinâmicas de interações fundamentais entre os atores envolvidos. Discorre-se sobre a trajetória de uma parceria de trabalho entre uma equipe de pesquisadores e um departamento do Ministério da Saúde, que visa apoiar teórico-metodologicamente as ações do setor trabalhando os grandes temas da participação e do controle social e, em particular, das ouvidorias, gerando evidências para a tomada de decisões da gestão. São apresentados e problematizados desafios enfrentados no caminho da parceria e do processo de um ponto de vista metodológico, reflexivo e participativo, apresentando-se ideias, noções e conceitos que sofreram evolução, e que presidem os materiais pedagógicos elaborados para instrumentalização do processo de Acreditação Institucional de ouvidorias do SUS enquanto balizamento teórico-prático. Conclui-se que a adoção de um desafiador método de trabalho construtivista e participativo representa um salutar esforço pelo autoaperfeiçoamento e pela garantia da afirmação de valores e princípios democráticos, efetivos na busca constante pela qualificação das ações das ouvidorias, da própria atividade de pesquisa, da prática da gestão e dos serviços e políticas públicas.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to reflect on the theoretical and practical challenges in the methodological path of building the Institutional Accreditation process of the Unified Health System (SUS) ombudspersons, developing teaching materials, and the dynamics of fundamental interactions between the stakeholders involved. It discusses the trajectory of a working partnership between a team of researchers and a department of the Ministry of Health, which aims to theoretically and methodologically support the actions of the sector working on the principal participation and social control topics and, in particular, the ombudspersons, generating evidence for management decision-making. The authors present the challenges in partnership and the process and discuss from a methodological, reflective, and participatory viewpoint, presenting ideas and concepts that have evolved and govern the pedagogical materials prepared for the instrumentalization of the Institutional Accreditation process of SUS ombudspersons as a theoretical-practical framework. The authors conclude that adopting a challenging constructivist method is a healthy effort for self-improvement and guarantee of the affirmation of democratic values, effective in the constant search for the qualification of the actions of the ombudspersons, research activity, management practice, and services and public policies.

Item analysis of multiple-choice questions in anatomy for first year MBBS

Background: Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are preferred tools of assessment because of objectivity, ease of scoring and how each MCQ functions as an item can be understood by Item analysis. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was (i) to carry out item analysis of MCQs used in formative assessment to know the validity and (ii) to carry out a post validation item analysis of MCQ’s of 1st MBBS students in anatomy to use results for further actions. Materials and Methods: 45 MCQs were administered to 112 students of 1st M.B.B.S. as a formative assessment. Difficulty index and Discrimination index were calculated. Results: Mean difficulty index was 56.67 ± 22.09, and mean discrimination index was 0.35 ± 0.23. Distribution of easy, moderate, and difficult MCQ was 20, 67, and 13%, respectively. About 20% of MCQs were poor, 20% with acceptable discriminating index, 27% had good, and 33% MCQ were of excellent discrimination index. No item was negatively discriminating and all distractor were functional. Very easy and very difficult items had poor discriminating index. Conclusion: Most of items had moderate difficulty and good to excellent discrimination. Too easy and too difficult items showcased poor discrimination, no negatively discriminating item and absence of non-functional distractor suggest good quality framing of the MCQs.

El "barbering": un problema frecuente en ratones de laboratorio / Barbering: a frequent problem in laboratory mice / O comportamento de barbeiro: um problema frequente in camundongos de laboratório

Resumen El barbering es una conducta que consiste en halar o recortar el pelo y en algunos casos incluso ingerirlo. Este comportamiento ha sido reportado tanto en el ser humano como en otras especies, no obstante, su presentación en ratones de laboratorio es frecuente en algunos linajes, genera impacto sobre su bienestar y la fiabilidad de los resultados de investigación, siendo un problema destacado en los bioterios de ratones. Al realizar una revisión de literatura disponible sobre esta condición, se identifican múltiples causas, entre estas, deficiencias en el enriquecimiento ambiental, alteraciones de manejo, estrés, conductas aprendidas, ansiedad y dominancia, así como causas genéticas haciendo que algunas cepas, linajes y modelos genéticamente modificados sean más susceptibles al barbering y ayudando a facilitar la comprensión de rutas metabólicas involucradas en esta condición. La etiología múltiple del barbering permite abordar opciones de manejo orientadas hacia la intervención ambiental y algunas estrategias farmacológicas que podrían ser útiles para reducir su incidencia y los problemas de salud y desempeño reproductivo asociados.

Abstract Barbering is a behavior that consists of pulling, cutting, or even ingesting hair. This behavior has been reported in humans or other animals; nevertheless, its presentation in laboratory mice is common in some mice strains, affects these animals' welfare, and results of research studies being a problem in mice facilities. After reviewing the available literature on this condition, multiple causes are identified, including deficiencies in environmental enrichment, management alterations, stress, learned behaviors, anxiety, and dominance, as well as genetic causes, making some strains, lineages, and genetically modified models more susceptible to barbering and helping to facilitate the understanding of metabolic pathways involved in this condition. The multiple etiology of barbering makes it possible to approach management options oriented towards environmental intervention and some pharmacological strategies that could be useful to reduce its incidence and associated reproductive health and performance problems.

Resumo O comportamento de barbeiro consiste em puxar ou aparar o pelo e, em alguns casos, até mesmo ingeri-lo. Esse comportamento tem sido relatado tanto em humanos quanto em outras espécies, entretanto, sua apresentação em camundongos de laboratório é frequente em algumas linhagens, gerando impacto no seu bem-estar e na confiabilidade dos resultados das pesquisas, sendo um problema de destaque nos biotérios. Ao realizar uma revisão da literatura disponível sobre esta condição, múltiplas causas foram identificadas, incluindo deficiências no enriquecimento ambiental, alterações de manejo, estresse, comportamentos aprendidos, ansiedade e dominância, além de causas genéticas, tornando mais suscetíveis à barbearia à algumas linhagens e modelos geneticamente modificados e ajudando a facilitar o entendimento das vias metabólicas envolvidas nessa condição. A múltipla etiologia deste comportamento de barbeiro permite abordar opções de gestão orientadas para a intervenção ambiental e algumas estratégias farmacológicas que podem ser úteis para reduzir a sua incidência e os problemas de saúde e desempenho reprodutivos associados.

Transformações da ambiência de unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica na perspectiva dos enfermeiros / Transformaciones del ambiente de las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos desde la perspectiva de los enfermeros / Transformations in the ambience of pediatric intensive care units from the perspective of nurses

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o discurso dos enfermeiros acerca da ambiência da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica - UTIP e suas transformações com a presença do familiar/acompanhante. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, realizada por meio de um questionário com 28 enfermeiros de 3 UTIPs. Foi utilizado o software Iramuteq para o processamento dos dados. Para a análise, realizaram-se a Classificação Hierárquica Descendente e a análise temática. Resultados: os enfermeiros mencionaram a importância da ambiência da unidade e a necessidade da permanência do familiar. Entretanto, eles afirmam que o espaço físico não é apropriado para essa permanência. Ademais, a UTIP foi caracterizada como estressante, principalmente em relação à iluminação, aos ruídos, à temperatura e à falta de espaços para descanso e refeições. Conclusões: a ambiência influencia na assistência prestada à criança e sua família na UTIP, assim como nas relações interpessoais dos enfermeiros, principalmente com os familiares. Por isso, é imprescindível a participação do enfermeiro no processo de planejamento e construção da unidade, tornando a ambiência da unidade uma ferramenta facilitadora de produção de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el discurso de los enfermeros sobre el ambiente de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos UCIP y sus transformaciones con la presencia del familiar/acompañante. Método: investigación cualitativa, realizada mediante un cuestionario con veintiocho enfermeros de tres unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Se utilizó el software Iramuteq para el procesamiento de datos. Para el análisis, se realizó la Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente y el análisis temático. Resultados: los enfermeros mencionaron la importancia del ambiente de la unidad y la necesidad de que el familiar permanezca allí. Sin embargo, afirman que el espacio físico no es el adecuado para esta permanencia. Además, la UCIP se caracterizó como estresante principalmente en relación con la iluminación, el ruido, la temperatura y la falta de espacios para el descanso y las comidas. Conclusiones: el ambiente influye en los cuidados prestados al niño y a su familia en la UCIP, así como en las relaciones interpersonales de los enfermeros, especialmente con los familiares. Por lo tanto, es esencial que el enfermero participen en el proceso de planificación y construcción de la unidad, haciendo del ambiente de la unidad una herramienta facilitadora para la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the nurses' discourse about the environment of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) and its transformations with the presence of the family member/caregivers. Method: qualitative research, carried out through a questionnaire with 28 nurses from 3 (PICUs). Iramuteq software was used for data processing. For the analysis, the Descending Hierarchical Classification and the thematic analysis were carried out. Results: the nurses mentioned the importance of the ambience of the unit and the need for the family member to remain. However, they claim that the physical space is not appropriate for this permanence. In addition, the PICU was characterized as stressful, especially in relation to lighting, noise, temperature, and lack of spaces for rest and meals. Conclusions: the environment influences the care provided to children and their families in the PICU, as well as the nurses' interpersonal relationships, especially with family members. Therefore, it is essential for nurses to participate in the process of planning and building the unit, making the environment of the unit a tool that facilitates health production.

Avaliação de aspectos assistenciais, organizacionais e laborais na perspectiva dos profissionais de Enfermagem / Evaluación de los aspectos asistenciales, organizativos y laborales desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de enfermería / Evaluation of Care, Organizational and Laboral Aspects from the Perspective of Nursing Professionals

Introdução: a equipe de enfermagem desempenha um papel importante no contexto da saúde, no qual é necessário alinhar o controle dos elevados custos com a segurança e a qualidade assistencial, o que pode contribuir para as decisões de gestão e para a concepção de políticas públicas capazes de influenciar os resultados para os professionais, pacientes e serviços de saúde. Objetivo: avaliar as condições de trabalho, qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem, satisfação professional e intenção de permanecer no trabalho atual e na professão na perspectiva dos professionais de enfermagem. Métodos: Foi um estudo transversal, descritivo e correlacional realizado em três hospitais gerais no Brasil. Os dados foram coletados com apoio de formulário contendo caracterização pessoal e professional e da avaliação dos cuidados, aspectos organizacionais e de trabalho. Resultados: participaram um total de 452 professionais de enfermagem. Os professionais de enfermagem estão satisfeitos com o seu trabalho, reportaram a sua intenção de permanecer no trabalho atual e na professão durante os próximos 12 meses e reportaram boas condições de trabalho. Conclusão: a instituição que teve acreditação hospitalar apresentou melhores resultados, sugerindo que as certicações de qualidade podem favorecer a percepção dos professionais de enfermagem a respeito da avaliação dos cuidados, aspectos organizacionais e de trabalho.

Introducción: el equipo de enfermería desempeña un papel importante en el contexto sanitario, en el que es necesario alinear el control de los costes elevados con la seguridad y la calidad de los cuidados, lo que puede contribuir a las decisiones de gestión y al diseño de políticas públicas capaces de influir en los resultados de los profesionales, los pacientes y los servicios sanitarios. Objetivo: evaluar las condiciones de trabajo, la calidad de los cuidados de enfermería, la satisfacción laboral y la intención de permanecer en el puesto de trabajo actual y en la profesión desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de enfermería. Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo y correlacional realizado en tres hospitales generales de Brasil. Los datos se recogieron con el apoyo de un formulario que contenía la caracterización personal y profesional y la evaluación de los aspectos asistenciales, organizativos y laborales. Resultados: participaron 452 profesionales de enfermería. Los profesionales de enfermería están satisfechos con su trabajo, informaron su intención de permanecer en su empleo actual y en la profesión durante los próximos 12 meses y declararon tener buenas condiciones de trabajo. Conclusión: la institución que contaba con acreditación hospitalaria mostró mejores resultados, lo que sugiere que las certificaciones de calidad pueden favorecer la percepción de los profesionales de enfermería en cuanto a la evaluación de los aspectos asistenciales, organizativos y laborales.

Introduction: The nursing team plays an important role in the healthcare context, in which it is necessary to align high-cost control with safety and quality of care, which can contribute to management decisions and to the design of public policies capable of influencing outcomes for professionals, patients, and healthcare services. Objective: To evaluate working conditions, quality of nursing care, job satisfaction, and intention to remain in the current job and in the profession from the perspective of nursing professionals. Methods: this was a cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study carried out in three general hospitals in Brazil. Data were collected with the support of a form containing personal and professional characterization and evaluation of care, organizational and work aspects. Results: A total of 452 nursing professionals participated. The nursing professionals are satisfied with their work, reported their intention to remain in their current job and in the profession for the next 12 months and reported good working conditions. Conclusion: The institution that had hospital accreditation showed better results, suggesting that quality certifications may favor the perception of nursing professionals regarding the evaluation of care, organizational and work aspects.

Ambiente de prática dos enfermeiros antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Ambiente de práctica de enfermeros antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Nurses' practice environment before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo Objetivo Comparar a percepção do ambiente de prática profissional dos enfermeiros antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos Estudo descritivo, tipo survey realizado em um hospital acreditado, situado no município de São Paulo - SP. Os enfermeiros foram convidados a responderem o instrumento Practice Environment Scale versão brasileira, em dois momentos: 10 meses antes da pandemia (Grupo 1) e seis meses após o início do atendimento de pacientes com a COVID-19 (Grupo 2). Foi adotado o nível de significância de p≤0,05 e empregado o teste de hipótese não-paramétrico Mann-Whitney para comparação entre dois grupos não pareados. Resultados O Grupo 1 foi composto por 55 enfermeiros e o Grupo 2 por 53. Todas as subescalas apresentaram médias superiores a 2,5, variando entre 2,8 a 3,3 no Grupo I e 3,0 a 3,4 no Grupo 2. As subescalas Habilidade, liderança e suporte dos coordenadores/ supervisores de enfermagem aos enfermeiros/ equipe de enfermagem; Adequação da equipe e de recursos e Relações de trabalho positivas entre médicos e enfermeiros foram melhor avaliadas no período pandêmico, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p = 0,05; 0,04 e 0,04, respectivamente). Conclusão O ambiente de prática profissional do enfermeiro foi classificado como favorável nos dois momentos, mas apresentou melhores resultados durante a pandemia.

Resumen Objetivo Comparar la percepción del ambiente de práctica profesional de los enfermeros antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, tipo survey realizado en un hospital acreditado, ubicado en el municipio de São Paulo, estado de São Paulo. Los enfermeros fueron invitados a responder el instrumento Practice Environment Scale versión brasileña, en dos momentos: 10 meses antes de la pandemia (Grupo 1) y seis meses después del inicio de la atención de pacientes con COVID-19 (Grupo 2). Se adoptó el nivel de significancia de p≤0,05 y se utilizó la prueba de hipótesis no paramétrica Mann-Whitney para comparación entre dos grupos no pareados. Resultados El Grupo 1 estuvo compuesto por 55 enfermeros y el Grupo 2 por 53. Todas las subescalas presentaron promedios superiores a 2,5, que variaron entre 2,8 y 3,3 en el Grupo 1, y entre 3,0 y 3,4 en el Grupo 2. Las subescalas Habilidad, liderazgo y apoyo de los coordinadores/supervisores de enfermería a los enfermeros/equipo de enfermería; Adaptación del equipo y de los recursos, y Relaciones laborales positivas entre médicos y enfermeros fueron mejor evaluadas en el período pandémico, con diferencias estadísticamente significantes (p = 0,05; 0,04 y 0,04, respectivamente). Conclusión El ambiente de práctica profesional de enfermeros fue clasificado como favorable en los dos momentos, pero presentó mejores resultados durante la pandemia.

Abstract Objective To compare nurses' perception of the professional practice environment before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Descriptive, survey-type study conducted in an accredited hospital located in the city of São Paulo - SP. Nurses were invited to answer the Brazilian version of the Practice Environment Scale instrument in two moments: ten months before the pandemic (Group 1) and six months after the start of care for patients with COVID-19 (Group 2). A significance level of p≤0.05 was adopted and the Mann-Whitney non-parametric hypothesis test was used to compare two unpaired groups. Results Group 1 consisted of 55 nurses and Group 2 of 53. All subscales had means above 2.5, ranging from 2.8 to 3.3 in Group 1 and 3.0 to 3.4 in Group 2. The subscales Nurse manager ability, leadership and support to nurses; Staffing and resource adequacy; and Collegial nurse-physician relations were better evaluated in the pandemic period, with statistically significant differences (p = 0.05; 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). Conclusion Although nurse's professional practice environment was classified as favorable at both times, results were better during the pandemic.