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Resumo Inúmeros estudos têm se detido na avaliação da associação entre o excesso de peso pré-gestacional e os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite humano. Todavia, diante da complexidade de fatores de risco potencialmente confundidores, é recomendável a utilização de ferramentas gráficas para identificar possíveis vieses. O objetivo deste artigo é propor um modelo teórico de causalidade utilizando o gráfico acíclico direcionado entre o excesso de peso pré-gestacional e os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite humano. Foi realizada ampla revisão da literatura para identificar as variáveis com relações causais com a exposição e/ou desfecho. A escolha das variáveis para ajuste seguiu o algoritmo gráfico que compreende seis critérios para a seleção de um conjunto mínimo de variáveis potencialmente confundidoras. Condições socioeconômicas, intervalo interpartal, idade materna e padrão de consumo alimentar foram as variáveis ajustadas a fim de se estimar o efeito total do excesso de peso pré-gestacional sobre o conteúdo dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite humano. O conjunto mínimo de variáveis encontrado pelo presente estudo pode ser utilizado na análise de outros estudos que avaliem essa associação.
Abstract A number of studies have focused on the evaluation of the relationship between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. However, given the complexity of potentially confounding risk factors, the use of graphical tools is recommended to identify possible biases. This article aims to propose a theoretical model of causality using the directed acyclic graph between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. Methods: An extensive literature review was performed to identify variables with causal relationships with exposure and/or outcome. The choice of variables for adjustment followed the graphic algorithm that comprises six criteria for selecting a minimum set of potentially confounding variables. Socioeconomic conditions, interpartum interval, maternal age and food consumption pattern were the variables that would have to be adjusted in order to estimate the total effect of pre-pregnancy overweight on polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. The minimum set of variables found in the present study can be used in the analysis of other studies that evaluate this association.
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Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disease of gastrointestinal tract including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). It is unclear whether there is a causal association between unsaturated fatty acids and IBD. Aims: A two⁃sample Mendelian randomization analysis was used to explore the causal association between unsaturated fatty acids and IBD. Methods: The data of the genome⁃wide association study (GWAS) of unsaturated fatty acids and IBD were obtained from web⁃based public databases. Two⁃sample Mendelian randomization analysis was performed by using inverse⁃variance weighted analysis, and weight median estimator and MR⁃Egger regression were conducted to validate the association of the causal effect. The causality of unsaturated fatty acids on the risk of IBD was evaluated by OR and 95% CI. Results: No direct causal association was found between ω⁃6 fatty acids and CD, and a direct causal association was found with UC. Inverse⁃variance weighted analysis showed a 16% increase in the risk of UC for each standard deviation increase in ω⁃6 fatty acid gene levels (OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.00⁃1.36, P=0.04). However, no causal association was found between ω⁃3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and IBD. Conclusions: ω⁃6 fatty acids may be only causally associated with UC, and no causal association is found between ω⁃3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and IBD.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and blood lipid,C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).Methods Patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA were enrolled consecutively from Nanjing Stroke Registry Program.The total dietary PUFA intake level was assessed by the food semi-quantitative frequency questionnaire.Venous blood samples were collected in the morning of the day after admission to the hospital to detect the levels of serum total cholesteroI,triacylglycerol,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,Hcy,and CRP.According to the median level of total PUFA intake,the patients were divided into low PUFA group and high PUFA group.The rehtionship between PUFA intake and blood lipid,CRP and Hcy was analyzed by Spearman correhtion analysis,and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the independent correhtion.Results A total of 170 patients (85.1％) with acute ischemic stroke and 31 patients with TIA (14.9％) were enrolled.Their age was 62.9 ± 14.1 years,143 were males (71.1％),and the median PUFA daily intake was 12.8 g (interquartile range:8.05-17.5 g).Compared with the high PUFA group (n =100),patients in the low PUFA group (n =101) were older,serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower,and CRP and Hcy levels were higher.The above differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that total dietary PUFA intake was significantly negatively correhted with the serum CRP (r =-0.24,P =0.001) and Hey (r =-0.17,P =0.013) levels,and there was no significant correlation with the blood lipid levels.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that CRP was significantly negatively correlated with PUFA intake after adjusting for confounding factors (B =-0.28,P =0.012).Conclusions Dietary PUFA intake in patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA may affect blood metabolism index and oxidative stress index.It is necessary to adjust the dietary structure of patients with low PUFA intake to reduce the risk of stroke recurrence.
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Objective@#To investigate the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and blood lipid, C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).@*Methods@#Patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA were enrolled consecutively from Nanjing Stroke Registry Program. The total dietary PUFA intake level was assessed by the food semi-quantitative frequency questionnaire. Venous blood samples were collected in the morning of the day after admission to the hospital to detect the levels of serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Hcy, and CRP. According to the median level of total PUFA intake, the patients were divided into low PUFA group and high PUFA group. The relationship between PUFA intake and blood lipid, CRP and Hcy was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the independent correlation.@*Results@#A total of 170 patients (85.1%) with acute ischemic stroke and 31 patients with TIA (14.9%) were enrolled. Their age was 62.9±14.1 years, 143 were males (71.1%), and the median PUFA daily intake was 12.8 g (interquartile range: 8.05-17.5 g). Compared with the high PUFA group (n=100), patients in the low PUFA group (n=101) were older, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower, and CRP and Hcy levels were higher. The above differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that total dietary PUFA intake was significantly negatively correlated with the serum CRP (r=-0.24, P=0.001) and Hcy (r=-0.17, P=0.013) levels, and there was no significant correlation with the blood lipid levels. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that CRP was significantly negatively correlated with PUFA intake after adjusting for confounding factors (B=-0.28, P=0.012).@*Conclusions@#Dietary PUFA intake in patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA may affect blood metabolism index and oxidative stress index. It is necessary to adjust the dietary structure of patients with low PUFA intake to reduce the risk of stroke recurrence.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze alpha-linolenic fatty acid intake in two cohorts of pregnant women, and to identify factors associated with alpha-linolenic acid intake. Methods: This is a cohort study involving pregnant women with low obstetric risk (N=353) in public health system from a municipality of São Paulo state, Brazil. In each trimester, two 24-hour food recalls were collected. Descriptive analyses of dietary lipid profiles were performed, followed by a multiple comparison test. According to the trimester of pregnancy, differences were assessed using the mean difference test. To evaluate the adequacy of linoleic fatty acid and alpha-linolenic acid intake, the adequate intake test was used. The association between alpha-linolenic acid intake adequacy and maternal characteristics was investigated using a binary logistic regression model. Results: Total lipids intake and the percentage contribution to dietary energy met recommended levels. One-third of the diets demonstrated a lower than daily recommended intake of alpha-linolenic acid. Overweight pregnant women were twice as likely to have inadequate alpha-linolenic acid intake. Pregnant women from a more disadvantaged socioeconomic situation had greater risks of inadequate intake. Conclusion: Over-intake of lipids is not problematic, but quality is an issue, with one third of the pregnant women and their fetuses exposed to adverse effects due to low intake of omega-3 fatty acids, indicating important nutritional vulnerability in this population.
RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a ingestão ácidos graxos alfa-linolênico e identificar fatores associados à ingestão inadequada em duas coortes de gestantes acompanhadas trimestralmente. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com gestantes de baixo risco obstétrico (N=353) representativas das usuárias da rede pública de saúde de um município paulista. Nos três trimestres gestacionais foram coletados dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas. Análises descritivas do perfil lipídico da dieta foram processadas seguidas do teste de comparações múltiplas. As diferenças, segundo trimestre gestacional, foram avaliadas pelo teste de diferença de médias. Para avaliação da adequação do consumo foi utilizada a ingestão recomendável. A associação entre a adequação da ingestão de ácido alfa-linolênico e características maternas foi investigada por meio de modelo de regressão logística binária. Resultados: A contribuição percentual de lipídeos totais mostrou-se adequada;1/3 das gestantes não alcançou a recomendação de ingestão diária de ácido alfa-linolênico. Gestantes com excesso de peso apresentam o dobro de chances de consumo inadequado de ácido alfa-linolênico. Comparadas às gestantes das classes D/E, as pertencentes a classe C têm menores chances de consumo inadequado. Conclusão: Não há um problema de excesso de consumo de lipídeos e sim da qualidade destes, cerca de 1/3 das gestantes acompanhadas e seus conceptos estão expostos aos efeitos adversos do baixo consumo de ácidos graxos de cadeia ômega-3 na gestação, indicando importante vulnerabilidade nutricional nessa população.
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Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Fatty Acids , Fatty Acids, Omega-3 , alpha-Linolenic Acid , Pregnant Women , Fatty Acids, Omega-6ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os benefícios que os ácidos graxos essenciais ômega-3 e ômega-6, presentes no leite materno, podem trazer para o desenvolvimento infantil. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados PUBMED e BIREME entre 2009 a 2013, utilizando os termos: "Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3", "Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6" e "breast feeding". Foram selecionados 29 artigos, onde apenas 8 permaneceram após leitura dos mesmos na integra, excluindo artigos de revisão, de nota técnica, sem associação entre mãe-filho, assuntos não relacionados com o desenvolvimento infantil e com metodologia baseada em entrevista ou aplicação de questionário. Os principais resultados encontrados pelos autores foram à ingestão destes ácidos durante a gestação como influência no desenvolvimento neurológico, visual e físico do lactente; a ocorrência de variações dos ácidos graxos essenciais, no leite humano, obtidos em diferentes idades gestacionais e estágios de lactação; a elevação nos níveis de ômega-3 e ômega-6, respectivamente, em crianças amamentadas exclusivamente e em crianças alimentadas com fórmulas suplementadas. A associação da ingesta adequada dos ácidos graxos essenciais, ômega-3 e 6, durante os períodos de gestação e lactação com o desenvolvimento infantil a longo prazo foi observada na maioria dos estudos.(AU)
This work aims to study the benefits that omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids, present in breast milk, can bring to a child's development. This is a systematic review that national and international publications were assess in PUBMED and BIREME data from 2009 to 2013 using the terms: "Fatty Acids Omega3", "Fatty Acids Omega-6" and "breast feeding". A total of 29 articles were selected, where only 8 remained the after been read in full, excluding review articles, technical notes, the ones with no association between parentchild, with issues not related to child development and the ones based on an interview or a questionnaire methodology. The main results found by the authors were the intake of these acids during pregnancy as an influence on neurological, visual and physical development of infants; variations occurrence of essential fatty acids in human milk obtained at different gestational ages and stages of lactation, the increased levels of omega-3 and omega-6, respectively, in infants exclusively breastfed and formula-fed. The association of adequate intake of essential fatty acids omega-3 and 6 during the periods of pregnancy and lactation with the child long-term development was observed in most studies.(AU)
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Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Fatty Acids, Omega-3 , Child Development/physiology , Fatty Acids, Omega-6 , Milk, Human/chemistry , Breast Feeding , Databases, BibliographicABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the antioxidant and antiperoxidative effects of oil mixes of high ratio Omega-9:Omega-6 and low ratio Omega-6:Omega-3 in the third day after tooth extraction in rats. METHODS: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (270-310g) were randomly distributed in two groups: Control (n=24) and Test (n=8). Control group was divided into three subgroups (n=8): G1: Sham-Saline; G2: Saline; G3: Isolipid. G1 and G2 animals received NaCl 0.9% while G3 rats were treated with an isolipid mixture (alpha-linolenic acid - ALA) containing -6/-3 oils (8:1 ratio) and-9/-6 (0.4:1 ratio). Test group animals (G4) received oily mixtures (alpha-linolenic acid - ALA, docosahexaenoic acid - DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid - EPA) of -6/-3 (1.4:1 ratio) and -9/-6 (3.4:1 ratio). Saline and oils were administered by gavage during four days before and three days after first mandibular molar extraction. Following, samples (arterial blood and alveolar mucosa) were collected for glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. RESULTS: Oil mixes induced a significant decrease in GSH and TBARS tissue and plasma concentrations in the third day post-surgery. CONCLUSION: Gavage administration of oil mixes of high ratio Omega-9:Omega-6 and low ratio Omega-6:Omega-3 after molar extraction in rats induces a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation. .
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , /pharmacology , /pharmacology , Fatty Acids/pharmacology , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Tooth Extraction/methods , Drug Combinations , Glutathione/analysis , Glutathione/drug effects , Molar/surgery , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/analysis , Tooth Socket/drug effects , Wound Healing/drug effectsABSTRACT
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are structurally, functionally and metabolically different. Such fatty acids play opposite biological functions by their intervention in numerous physiological processes such as blood coagulation and inflammatory and immunological responses, thus affecting the development of chronic diseases. Such effects are in part due to the differences in the concentration of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the diet, i.e. a large intake of omega 6 in contrast to a small one for the omega 3. This paper analyses several issues with respect to the biological role of these fatty acids in the development of chronic diseases, as well as their characteristics in the context of food intake
Los ácidos grasos omega-3 y omega-6 además de ser estructuralmente diferentes, se distinguen también funcional y metabolitamente. Es os ácidos grasos realizan funciones biológicas opuestas, participan en numerosos processos fisiológicos, tales como: coagulación de la sangrey en las respuestas inflamatoria e inmunológica, influyendo de esta forma el proceso de aparecimiento de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Esa influencia se debe, en parte,a la concentración desproporcionada de ácidos grasos omega-3 y omega-6 que la dieta contiene. Una elevada concentración de ácidos grasos omega-6 frente a una escasez de omega-3. La finalidad de este estudio es analizar el papel biológico de eso ácidos grasos en el proceso de aparecimiento de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles, así como presentar sus características en el contexto de la ingestión alimentar.
Os ácidos graxos das séries ômega 3 e 6 são estruturalmente diferentes, assim, como o são funcional e metabolicamente. Tais ácidos graxos desempenham funções biológicas opostas, intervindo em numerosos processos fisiológicos tais como, a coagulação do sangue e as respostas inflamatórias e imunológicas, influenciando assim no processo de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Tal influência é devida, em parte, à desproporção da concentração dos ácidos graxos ômega 3 e ômega 6, existente na dieta, ou seja, uma grande concentração de ácidos graxos ômega 6, frente à escassez de ômega 3. Assim, o presente estudo se propôs a analisar as questões referentes ao papel biológico de tais ácidos graxos no processo de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, bem como apresentar suas características no contexto da ingestão dietética