Sarcopenia y factores relacionados en mujeres mayores de 40 años / Sarcopenia and related factors in women over 40 years

Introducción: La disminución de la masa muscular o sarcopenia y de la masa ósea (osteopenia u osteoporosis) que ocurren con el envejecimiento, se asocian con aumento de la fragilidad y las fracturas, que afectan calidad de vida e incrementan mortalidad. Los reportes sobre masa muscular son escasos en nuestro medio. Objetivos: Identificar los valores de referencia normal de la masa muscular en mujeres del área de referencia, la frecuencia de Sarcopenia con el empleo de los tres parámetros recomendados por el Consenso Europeo, la utilidad del Cuestionario SARC-F (cuestionario simple para el diagnóstico de Sarcopenia) y si existe relación entre la masa muscular y la resistencia a la insulina. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo. Se determinó la masa muscular ((bioimpedancia y por absorciometría dual de Rayos X), fuerza (dinamometría manual) y rendimiento muscular (batería SPPB (short physical performance battery) en 88 mujeres entre 45-79 años de edad, con residencia permanente en el Municipio Plaza de la Revolución (Policlínico Vedado). Se estudiaron variables clínicas. Se aplicó el cuestionario SARC-F (A simple Questionnaire to Rapidly Diagnostic for Sarcopenia). Se determinó la relación glucemia/insulinemia en ayunas. Para determinar valores de referencia para disminución de la masa muscular se estudiaron 17 mujeres sanas entre 40-44 años de edad. Análisis estadístico: Uso de tabulaciones cruzadas, Test Kruskall Wallis, y Correlación de Pearson para identificar asociación entre las variables, valor (p<0,05) prueba X2. Resultados: Valor de referencia para baja masa muscular fue <8,33 Kg/m² por DXA y de 15,36 Kg/m² por bioimpedancia. El 18 por ciento del grupo presentó algún grado de sarcopenia que se asoció con resistencia insulina. No fue útil el cuestionario SARF-C. Conclusiones: Se determinó el valor de referencia para masa muscular disminuida, la presencia de sarcopenia y su relación con la resistencia a la insulina(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia) and decreased bone mass (osteopenia or osteoporosis) that occur with aging are associated with the increase of fragility and fractures, which affect quality of life and increase mortality. Reports on muscle mass are scarce in our field. Objectives: Identify the normal reference values of muscle mass in women in the reference area, the frequency of Sarcopenia with the use of the three parameters recommended by the European Consensus, the usefulness of the SARC-F Questionnaire (simple questionnaire for the diagnosis of Sarcopenia) and whether there is a relationship between muscle mass and insulin resistance. Methods: Descriptive observational study. Muscle mass (bioimpedance and dual X-ray absorcimetry), strength (manual dynamometry) and muscle performance (battery SPPB (short physical performance battery) were determined in 88 women between 45-79 years old, with permanent residence in Plaza de la Revolution municipality (Vedado Polyclinic). The clinical variables were studied. The SARC-F questionnaire (A simple Questionnaire to Rapidly Diagnostic for Sarcopenia) was applied. The fasting blood glucose/insulinemic relation was determined. To determine reference values for decreased muscle mass, 17 healthy women between 40-44 years old were studied. Statistical analysis: Use of cross-tabulations, Kruskall Wallis Test, and Pearson Correlation to identify association between variables, value (p<0.05) X2 test. Results: Reference value for low muscle mass was <8.33 Kg/m2 per DXA and 15.36 Kg/m2 per bioimpedance. 18 percent of the group had some degree of sarcopenia that was associated with insulin resistance. The SARF-C questionnaire was not helpful. Conclusions: The reference value for decreased muscle mass, the presence of sarcopenia and its relationship to insulin resistance were determined(AU)

Abuelas universitarias: Roles y funciones en la vida profesional y familiar / University grandmothers: Professional roles and functions in the family

Se informa un estudio cualitativo, cuyo objetivo fue valorar la función de abuela universitaria y profesionista, en la dinámica familiar, desde la propia subjetivad de mujer y explorar la transformación de su identidad, configuraciones vinculares y el legado a las siguientes generaciones. Se hizo un estudio cualitativo exploratorio, transversal y no experimental en el que participaron 10 mujeres voluntarias, de 40 años o más, por inclusión continua por conveniencia, con entrevistas a profundidad y la aplicación del Cuestionario Mi Envejecer (CME). La mayoría de la producción académica en temática relacionada sobre vida académica de las mujeres y su relación con sus funciones en la familia apunta hacia estrés laboral y a la no inclusión en las tareas domésticas del varón, así como la superposición de la mujer en funciones y roles que la sobrepasan, tratando de cumplir perfecta y exitosamente con los deberes laborales, sin faltar a las demandas de la maternidad. Pero sobre mujeres adultas mayores profesionistas y activas laboralmente, no existen referencias de investigaciones. Por ello es de importancia abordar el tema de la abuelidad desde lo femenino, familia, identidades y las configuraciones vinculares nuevas o alternas a las tradicionales. Reconocer la actividad de las abuelas puede motivar en la mejora de la imagen social de las mujeres mayores, contrarrestando la cultura del viejismo.

The following work is the result of an investigation which by its extension - to be a qualitative study - was necessary to be exposed in two parts. This first part presents the theoretical aspects that support the research as well as the methodology used. The second part will present the results and their analysis, derived from the categories that emerged from the in-depth interviews. It should be mentioned that most of the academic production related to the academic life of women and their relation to their functions in the family - although with a broad reflection and sharp analysis with a gender perspective - points to work stress and non-inclusion in the domestic tasks of the male, as well as the overlapping of the woman in roles and roles that pass her, trying to perfectly and successfully fulfill the labor duties and without missing the demands of motherhood. As well an investigation of mature women in aging processes but in relation to the body exploring from perspectives of pathological aging or with dyes towards active and satisfactory aging, being proposals in which the value of doing over the Being of the woman is emphasized. However, it should be noted that there are no references to research on specific adult work in the labor market in different contexts, but on what has happened to the family relationship of the role of the grandmother who is also inserted in the public world, there are no references. The education of women in Mexico, from the time before the arrival of Spain and until the mid-twentieth century, was marked by education for domestic tasks: maternity, home care, child care, and other activities Home care, the history of women's college education contains elements of exclusion and inclusion. Those who at that time gained access to the university developed strategies to overcome these setbacks. For women to enter the university, many struggles had to happen between opposing forces that did not conceive that there were different alternatives for women and not just being a mother and a wife. The first university students entered in careers and placed themselves in professional environments, which did not represent strong confrontations with the conceptions of gender of the time. Thus, their professional and academic achievements reflected the interplay between their desires and what they were allowed according to their sociocultural context of the historical moment in which they lived. The education of women brought the discovery of their lives, questioning, reflecting, discussing and criticizing their status as women. However, a question arises: Does university life, the professionalization of women, have changed Roles that are played within the family? Are university grandmothers assuming themselves as women conscious of being grandmothers or mothers autonomously and independently of what society expects of them? It is therefore important to address the issues related to the grandparenthood from the feminine, family, identities and the new or alternate configurations to the traditional ones. Thus, the recognition of the activity of the grandmothers can motivate in the improvement of the social image of older women, against subtracting the culture of old. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the role of university and professional grandmother in family dynamics, from the subjectivity of women and explore the transformation of their identity, their configurations, and their legacy to the next generations. Through a qualitative exploratory, transverse and non-experimental study in which 10 volunteer women, aged 40 years and older, were evaluated by continuous inclusion for convenience, with in-depth interviews, and the age-old questionnaire (CME) was also applied.

Sororidad en los procesos de envejecimiento femenino / Sorority in female aging processes

Resumen La sororidad engloba las prácticas de colaboración y soporte en las relaciones entre mujeres y es el espacio propicio para la construcción de nuevas formas de significar la vejez femenina. El objetivo de este estudio cualitativo fue describir y categorizar los tipos de configuraciones vinculares que se mantienen y los que se han transformado en pro a la sororidad en los procesos de envejecimiento femenino, por medio del análisis narrativo de una entrevista profunda grupal. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de implementar políticas y acciones en aras de disminuir el ageism con relación al envejecimiento de mujeres. La construcción de la sororidad ayuda en el empoderamiento colectivo en pro de su género. La sexualidad de la mujer mayor sigue siendo un tema pendiente en la agenda de la investigación y la discusión en los estudios feministas, lo que nos lleva a concluir que, a pesar de la existencia de diferencias individuales en los propios procesos de envejecimiento, las mujeres se experimentan y comparten en una misma condición histórica, por ello es en colectivo que la acción de la sororidad se pronuncia como vía en la generación de nuevas narrativas preferidas por las mujeres. Finalmente, se expone una propuesta para trabajar la percepción del cuerpo femenino en el proceso de envejecer, y la construcción de la sororidad, desde las prácticas narrativas de White y Epston.

Abstract Sorority encompasses the practices of collaboration and support in relations between women and is the propitious space for the construction of new ways to signify female old age. We present results of a qualitative study using focus groups, which aimed to describe and categorize the types of relational configurations that remain unchanged or change towards sorority in the female aging process. Findings describe the need to implement actions to reduce ageism, not only in terms of the experiences women go through, but also towards aging in general. One of the measures we can take is undoubtedly the construction of women circle sorority, which leads to collective empowerment of gender. The female body is a focus of attention in terms of what it lives and experiences, and the right to have love and sexuality throughout life is also highlighted. We then created an intervention proposal to work on the perception of the female body and its experience in the aging process. The proposed intervention is a workshop, based on the narrative model of Michael White and David Epston.

Os significados do trabalho face ao envelhecimento para servidoras de uma instituição pública de ensino superior / Meanings of working facing the aging process for servents of a public institution of higher education

O presente estudo teve como objetivo apreender os significados atribuídos ao trabalho face ao envelhecimento para servidoras de uma instituição pública de ensino superior. Estudo qualitativo e exploratório, do qual participaram 10 servidoras públicas com idade entre 45 e 70 anos, pertencentes à carreira de docente e de técnico administrativo em Educação. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e analisados a partir da perspectiva construcionista social. Os discursos e repertórios produzidos acerca do trabalho foram organizados em três categorias: valores atribuídos ao trabalho, trabalho como espaço de pertencimento e visões sobre a aposentadoria. Discutiu-se que o trabalho é valorizado por possibilitar maior aproximação com a juventude e afastamento da inatividade, por garantir um espaço de socialização e de pertencimento, de organização da vida, manutenção da identidade e estar menos ligado ao espaço doméstico. O processo de aposentadoria é permeado de dúvidas e de angústia.

This study aimed to apprehend the meanings attributed to work in view of the aging process for servants of a public institution of higher education. This is an exploratory qualitative study, in which participated 10 public servants, aged 45 to 70 years who worked in teaching or as administrative technician in Education. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed from a social constructionist perspective. The speeches and repertoires produced about work were organized into three categories: values attributed to work, work as a space of belongness and views about retirement. Results point that work is valued due to allowing closer ties with youth and taking away from inactivity, ensuring a space to socialize, belong, organize life, preserve identity and reduce ties with the domestic space. The retirement process is permeated with doubts and anguish.

Marco do envelhecimento feminino, a menopausa: sua vivência, em uma revisão de literatura / Marco female aging, Menopause: her experience in a literature review

Fases ou períodos marcam a vida das mulheres, marcos concretos e objetivos, que sinalizam as diferentes passagens do seu viver, sendo uma dessas fases a menopausa, que é quando a mulher, em geral na faixa etária de 40 aos 60 anos (ou meia-idade), tem o cessamento da capacidade reprodutiva ­ com repercussões muito relativas e particulares, mas consideráveis em seus efeitos subjetivos, e que se desdobram, positiva ou negativamente, à velhice. Este estudo tem o objetivo de conhecer a produção relacionada à percepção do conhecimento das mulheres sobre essa fase da menopausa, quais os impactos que lhe são relacionados, como estes podem ser enfrentados e, a partir daí, ressignificados. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, do tipo revisão bibliográfica, e realizado a partir de determinados critérios de inclusão: que abordem especificamente a temática proposta; em língua portuguesa; disponíveis na sua íntegra nas bases de dados selecionadas; restritos aos últimos quatorze anos (2000-2014). Como resultados, foram encontrados 21 artigos relacionados à busca empreendida e, justamente por apenas oito atenderem ao elenco de critérios propostos, é que se buscou desdobrarem-se um pouco mais as reflexões; enfatiza-se que é importante, acima de tudo, que as mulheres tenham acesso à informação científica em saúde para que possam compreender, no seu processo de envelhecimento, as mudanças da menopausa, e continuarem se preparando para sua entrada na velhice.

Stages or periods mark the lives of women, with concrete and objectives milestones, which indicate the different passages of his life, one of those phases menopause, which is when the woman, aged 40 to 60 years (or middle-aged), has cessing of reproductive capacity - very relative and particular repercussions, but significant in its subjective effects, and that unfold, positively or negatively, to old age. This study aims to know the production related to the perception of women's knowledge about menopause, which impacts that are related, how these can be tackled and, from there, reinterpreted. It is a descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach, the literature review type, accompanied by some reflective unfolding, and realized from certain inclusion criteria: studies that specifically address the proposed theme; in Portuguese; in the form of articles available in its entirety on the selected databases; restricted the publication period of the last fourteen years (2000-2014). As a result, found 21 articles related to search and undertaken, precisely because only eight meet the cast of criteria proposed here, is that we sought unfold a little more reflections; It emphasizes that it is important, above all, that women have access to scientific health information so they can understand the aging process, changes of menopause, and continue preparing for its entry into Old Age.

Edad máxima en la que una mujer puede ser madre con sus propios óvulos: revisión sistemática / Maximum age at which a woman can be a mother: systematic review

Antecedentes: La amplia realización de ciclos de ovodonación, en todo el mundo, se ha traducido en elevadas tasas de embarazos y partos en mujeres de diversas edades, incluyendo a postmenopáusicas tardías. Esto ha generado controversias y desafíos éticos, motivando a que muchos centros en los cuales se practican estas técnicas limiten la edad máxima de las mujeres receptoras. Objetivo: Buscar un criterio biológico y objetivo para definir esta edad, para conocer las edades máximas reportadas, en las cuales la mujer es capaz con sus propios gametos lograr un embarazo espontáneo y parto. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda amplia en las bases de datos de PUBMED y MEDLINE de artículos que reportaran mujeres que concibieron sobre 40 años y que especificaran la edad al momento del último parto, excluyéndose aquellos en los cuales se usaron técnicas de reproducción asistida. Resultados: Sólo dos trabajos completaron los criterios de inclusión y no presentaron los de exclusión. Las máximas edades reportadas fueron 49 y 52 años respectivamente. Conclusión: La edad máxima reportada en la literatura en la cual una mujer ha logrado un embarazo espontáneo y parto es a los 52 años.

Background: The broad use of oocyte donation cycles has resulted in high rates of pregnancy and child birth in women of different ages, including postmenopausal women. This has generated controversy and ethical challenges, motivating many centers to limit the maximum age of oocytes recipients. Aims: To seek a biological and objective criteria to define such maximal age, in which a woman is able to achieve a spontaneous pregnancy and give a birth. Methods: We performed a broad search PUBMED and MEDLINE including articles that reported women who conceived after age40 years and specify the age at last birth, excluding those who received donated eggs. Results: Only two articles presented the inclusion criteria and no exclusion. The maximum reported ages were 49 and 52 years respectively. Conclusion: The maximum age reported in the literature in which a woman has achieved a spontaneous pregnancy and birth with her own gametes is at 52 years.

Importancia de alteración cromosómica en parejas, como causa de aborto recurrente: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Chromosomal alterations in couples with recurrent miscarriage: systematic review of the literature

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de alteraciones genéticas en uno o ambos progenitores de parejas con aborto recurrente. Método: Se buscaron artículos en inglés en las bases de datos MEDLINE y PUBMED entre los años 1990 y 2013 que reportaran estudio de cariograma en parejas con aborto recurrente y que no se hubieran sometido a técnicas de reproducción asistida. Resultados: La frecuencia de alteraciones cromosómicas fue variable en los distintos trabajos analizados con variaciones importantes en el número de pacientes incluidos. Aunque los trabajos analizados usaron diferentes números para definir el aborto recurrente, no hubo diferencias en la frecuencia de alteraciones genéticas al considerar 2 o más abortos versus 3 o más. La translocación recíproca fue la alteración más frecuentemente encontrada. Las alteraciones cromosómicas fueron más frecuentes en mujeres que en hombres. Conclusión: El análisis cromosómico es fundamental en el estudio de las parejas con aborto recurrente. En aquellas parejas portadoras de alguna alteración, es esencial que se realice un consejo genético adecuado y se debe sugerir la realización de diagnóstico prenatal en embarazos futuros.

Objective: To determine the frequency of genetic alterations in couples with recurrent miscarriage. Methods: We searched articles in English in MEDLINE and PUBMED databases between 1990 and 2013, which reported karyotype analysis in couples with recurrent miscarriage and that had not been subjected to assisted reproduction techniques. Results: The frequency of chromosomal alterations differ among different studies, furthermore we found a significant variation in the number of patients included. Although articles studied used different numbers to define recurrent miscarriage, there were no significant differences in the frequency of genetic alterations among couples with at least 2 or at least 3 miscarriages. The reciprocal translocation alteration was the most frequently found genetic alteration. Chromosomal alterations were more frequent in women. Conclusion: Chromosomal analysis is essential in the study of couples with recurrent miscarriage. In those couples carriers of some alteration, is essential to perform a genetic counseling and should be offered prenatal diagnosis in future pregnancies.

Identificación de los estereotipos sobre envejecimiento femenino, presentes en un grupo de mujeres jóvenes / Identification of stereotypes about female aging, present in a group of young women

Objetivo. El presente estudio busca identificar los estereotipos sobre envejecimiento femenino, presentes en un grupo de mujeres jóvenes de la ciudad de Bucaramanga. Método. Se recolectó información mediante dos instrumentos (Estereotipos del Envejecer en la Mujer y Estereotipos del Envejecer en la Mujer bumanguesa, CABI) aplicados a 40 mujeres con edades entre los 20 y 30 años de edad, seleccionadas a partir de un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Resultados. Se identificaron 14 estereotipos positivos, tales como: 1) las mujeres mayores tienen un mejor control sobre el gasto del dinero que los hombres y 2) existe una asociación de belleza física y salud con un alta estima; divididos en cinco categorías: física, intelectual, roles de personalidad, roles sociales y gestión doméstica. Conclusión. Se concluye que el proceso de envejecer no solo conlleva pérdidas, como ha sido estereotipado por la sociedad, también supone ganancias en aspectos como la imagen corporal, la actividad cognitiva y los contactos interpersonales; y que desarrollar estilos de vida saludables durante la juventud permite la vivencia de un envejecimiento exitoso.

Objective. This study aims to identify aging female stereotypes presented by a group of young women from Bucaramanga (Colombia). Method. A population of 40 women aged between 20 and 30 years were tested by two data-collection instruments: Aging female stereotypes and Aging female stereotypes of women from Bucaramanga (CABI). Results. Fourteen positive stereotypes, such as middle-aged women who manage better money than men; beauty and health associated to high self-esteem were identified and divided into five categories: physical appearance, intellectual, personality traits, social roles and housework. Conclusion. It was concluded that the aging process is understood not only as a process that involves losses as has been stereotyped by society, but may also provide some advantages related to women's life experiences such as body image, cognitive activity and interpersonal relationships. Having healthy lifestyles during youth may lead to successful aging.

Escopo. O presente estudo procura identificar os estereótipos sobre o envelhecimento feminino presentes num grupo de mulheres jovens da cidade de Bucaramanga. Metodologia. Foi coletada informação mediante dois instrumentos (Estereótipos do Envelhecer na Mulher e Estereótipos do Envelhecer na Mulher Bumanguesa CABI) aplicados a 40 mulheres com idades entre 20 e 30 anos de idade, selecionadas a partir de uma amostragem não probabilístico por conveniência. Resultados. Foram identificados 14 estereótipos positivos, tais como: As mulheres maiores têm um melhor controle sobre o gasto do dinheiro que os homens e existe uma associação de beleza física e saúde com uma alta autoestima; divididos em cinco categorias: Física, Intelectual, Papéis de Personalidade e Gestão Doméstica. Conclusão. Está incluído que o processo de envelhecer não só trai perdidas, como tem sido estereotipado pela sociedade, também supõe ganancias em aspetos como a imagem corporal, a atividade cognitiva e os contatos interpessoais; e que desenvolver estilos de vida saudáveis durante a juventude permite a vivencia de um envelhecimento exitoso.

Change of follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol levels in aging women and their relevance / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Background:In females reproductive system aging is very important. Females spend the last 1/3 period of their life in insufficiency of sex hormone of late menopause. Due to decrease of ovary function noticeable change is detected in nervous endocrine system. Although menstrual cycle hasn’t been lost amount of FSH increased. It shows decrease of reproductive function females. Therefore recently researchers define that amount of FSH increase is an important biomarker which detects in an early period of menopause. But amount of estradiol hormone is almost in normal level until the late post menopause. Goal: to study the dynamic feature of age related changes and dependence of serum FSH and estradiol level in female aging.Materials and Methods:In this study were involved 177 healthy Mongolian women aged above 35 years old. We drained 5 ml fasting vein blood at 8.00-10.00 am. Sera were separated and kept frozen until assayed by ELISA. Results:Аaverage mean of FSH was 19.84±22.6 IU/l, at the age of 35-45 1.62±3.29 IU/l, at the age of 46-55 16.39±15.39 IU/l, at the age of 56-65 31.38±33.69IU/l, at the age of 66-75 28.83±17.31 IU/l, over 75 34.52±13.94 IU/l and there was positive correlation between age and FSH levels (r=0.647, p75 years) groups, mean estradiol level declined by 20.6 times, whereas FSH increased by 21.3 times. It shows that this is an important marker of menopause. Multiple regression analysis shows that age (β= -0.350, p<0.001) and FSH (β= -0.222, p=0.016) had had significant inverse correlation with serum estradiol level.

TCM Recognition on Mechanism of Female Aging / 国际中医中药杂志

TCM boosts plenty theories and practice on delaying aging.Many TCM recognitions on the mechanism of female aging are still useful.The female has menstration,pregnancy,and lactation physiologically,which are different from the male,so the mechanism of the female aging is obviously different from the male.Many factors leads to female aging,such as the growth of age,interaction between deficiency,qi stagnation,blood stasis,and turbid phlegm,and results in functional retrogradation of the whole body.A deep discussion on the mechanism and law of female aging will bring about positive significance in the prevention and treatment of this disease.