Impact of antioxidant therapy on antioxidant capacity in hypertensive patients

Background: Hypertension is consistently related to the development of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. Oxidative stress has been associated with mechanisms of hypertension which could be nullified by antioxidants such as Vitamin C and Vitamin E. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (i) To estimate the impact of antioxidant therapy on antioxidant capacity in hypertensive patients; (ii) to measure serum levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in hypertensive patients before and after giving them antioxidant therapy for 45 days. Materials and Methods: Thirty randomly selected hypertensive patients were given Supradyn tablet once a day for 45 days. Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), SOD, GR, GPx, and reduced Glutathione assays were measured before and after the intervention therapy. Results: Total antioxidant capacity as measured by serum FRAP in hypertensive patients before and after the therapy was increased significantly from 578.8 ± 60.85 to 592.1 ± 59.66 (?mol/L), respectively. The levels of SOD, GPx, GR, and Glutathione in hypertensive patients before giving antioxidant therapy were 1.6 ± 0.49 U/ml, 184.6 ± 17.1 ?mol/L/min, 8.96 ± 1.15 ?mol/L/min, and 8.03 ± 0.96 ?mol/g of Hb, respectively. The same after giving them antioxidant therapy were 1.7 ± 0.46 U/ml, 182.4 ± 15.98 ?mol/L/min, 8.83 ± 1.11 ?mol/L/min, and 7.83 ± 0.94 ?mol/g of Hb, respectively. The levels of GPx, GR, and Glutathione were significantly decreased after giving antioxidant therapy for 45 days while SOD level did not change significantly. Conclusion: Antioxidant therapies for 45 days led to a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity as shown by plasma FRAP levels and a significant decrease in serum levels of enzymatic antioxidants such as GPx, GR and Glutathione in hypertensive patients. However, serum levels of SOD did not show a significant change.

Assessment of antioxidant potential in seed extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and phytochemical profiling by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry system

Abstract The present study has been carried out with the seed extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Parijat) and evaluates its antioxidant potential and profiling the phytochemical constituents by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The antioxidant potential of the seed extracts was measured by four different in vitro assay like 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation inhibition potential (LPIP) assay. The total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated. The ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of seeds showed potential DPPH free radical scavenging activity (EC50 129.49±3.55µg/ml), superoxide anion radical (EC50 969.94±8.03µg/ml) and LPIP (EC50 452.43±5.07 µg/ml) activities. The total phenol content was maximum in aqueous extract (AQE) which was 201.00±0.20 µg/mg gallic acid equivalent. The EAE was rich with total flavonoid and it was found to be 34.50±0.40 µg/mg rutin equivalent. The EAE was subjected for phytochemical-profiling using GC-MS system. The presence of different phytoconstituents supports the medicinal value of the seeds. The results suggest that EAE constitutes a promising new source of novel compounds. Further, it can be used for isolation and purification of specific compounds which have good antioxidant activities and possess useful biological activities.

Neutrophil and Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio in Prevailing the Oxidative Stress and its Relation with the Endothelial Dysfunction in Preeclampsia

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy specific,hypertensive disorder. It affects 2-8% pregnancies.Oxidative stress and systemic inflammation areproposed to contribute significantly to the preeclampsiapathophysiology. The present study, aim is to determineand compare the markers of oxidative stress, endothelialdysfunction, systemic inflammatory markersNeutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) in preeclampsia andgestational age matched healthy controls. Material andMethods: This study was conducted in the Departmentof Biochemistry and Department of Obstetrics andGynecology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar,Karnataka. The study included 98 preeclamptic womenand 98 normotensive pregnant women. Five ml venousblood was collected from all the study subjects. Bloodsample in EDTA vials was used for the complete bloodcount. NLR and PLR were calculated. Plasma was usedfor Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assay.Serum was used for the estimation of Malondialdehyde(MDA), nitric oxide, blood sugar, renal parameters andliver enzymes i.e., Aspartate Transaminase (AST),Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Lactate Dehydrogenase(LDH) and magnesium. Corresponding urine sampleswere collected for urinary protein analysis by dipstickmethod. Fetal outcome was recorded. Results:Gestational age was significantly low in preeclampticwomen as compared to those of controls. Bloodpressure (Systolic and diastolic), mean arterial pressure,body mass index, pulse rate, serum creatinine, uric acid,AST, ALT, LDH, MDA and NLR were increasedsignificantly in preeclamptic women as compared tothose of controls. In subgroup analysis, NLR wasincreased significantly in severe preeclamptics ascompared to mild preeclamptics. Serum Nitric Oxide(NO) and FRAP levels were decreased significantly inpreeclamptic women as compared to those of controls.Significantly decreased birth weight was observed inbabies born to preeclamptic mothers compared withcontrols. Conclusion: The present study resultsconclude that increased oxidative stress in termsincreased MDA, decreased NO and reduced antioxidantstatus (FRAP) in preeclamptic women, results inadverse perinatal outcome. In addition, maternal NLRcould be considered as a marker for severity ofpreeclampsia

Fibra y capacidad antioxidante de algas comestibles en ratas suficientes o deficientes en vitamina E / Fiber and antioxidant capacity of edible algae in vitamin E sufficient and deficient rats / Fibra e capacidade antioxidante de algas comestíveis em camundongos suficientes e deficientes em vitamina E

Debido a la importancia que han alcanzado las algas en la alimentación de los países occidentales aquí se estudió el potencial de las algas Nori y Wakame como fuentes de fibra y capacidad antioxidante en ratas en crecimiento alimentadas con dietas suficientes o deficientes en vitamina E (vit E) durante 15 días. Hubo 3 grupos de ratas que recibieron dietas: 1. grupo control, 2. grupo Nori y 3 grupo Wakame con vit E y 3 grupos similares sin vit E. En las dietas con vit E, Nori produjo una reducción de crecimiento y las dos algas causaron una acumulación de vit E hepática, una reducción en la vit E plasmática y un aumento en TBARS en plasma e hígado. En contraste, cuando las algas se ofrecieron en dietas exentas de vit E, el grupo Nori recuperó su capacidad de crecer, mantuvo una mayor reserva de vit E en el hígado que el grupo control deficiente en vit E y el consumo de ambas algas resultó en TBARS plasmáticos por debajo de las ratas controles deficientes en vit E, lo que señaló que las algas se comportaron mejor en dietas sin vit E. Adicionalmente, se observó que las algas estimularon la función excretora del intestino sin afectar su capacidad absortiva.

In western countries, edible seaweed consumption has markedly increased in recent years. Accordingly, in this study the antioxidant capacity and fiber value of Nori and Wakame algae were evaluated in growing rats fed with sufficient of deficient vitamin E. There were 3 groups of rats: 1. Control, 2. Nori and 3. Wakame with vitamin E and 3 similar groups without vitamin E. The diet with Nori and sufficient vitamin E caused a reduction in growth and Nori and Wakame were associated with liver vitamin E accumulation, plasma vitamin E reduction and an increase in TBARS in liver and plasma. In contrast, when the same diets were offered without vitamin E, the Nori fed rats recovered their growing capacity, they maintained a higher vitamin E reserve than the control or Wakame fed rats, and the consumption of both algae was associated with lower plasma TBARS than vitamin E deficient rats, indicating that these algae are best accepted when offered without vitamin E. In addition, both algae improved the excretory capacity of the intestine without affecting its absorption function.

Visto que nos países ocidentais revestiu importância o consumo de algas na alimentação, aqui foi estudado o potencial das algas Nori e Wakame como fontes de fibra e capacidade antioxidante em ratos em crescimento, alimentados com dietas suficientes ou deficientes em vitamina E (vit E) durante 15 dias. Houve 3 grupos de ratos que receberam dietas: 1. grupo controle, 2. grupo Nori e 3. grupo Wakame com vit E e 3 grupos similares sem vit E. Nas dietas com vit E, Nori produziu uma redução no crescimento e as duas algas provocaram uma acumulação de vit E hepática, redução da vit E plasmática e aumento em TBARS em plasma e fígado. Em contraste, quando as algas foram oferecidas em dietas sem vitamina E, o grupo Nori recuperou sua capacidade de crescimento, manteve maior reserva de vit E no fígado do que o grupo controle deficiente em vit E e o consumo de ambas as algas resultou em TBARS plasmáticos mais baixos do que nos ratos do grupo controle deficientes em vitamina E, indicando que essas algas são melhor aceitas quando oferecidas sem vit E. E, também, as algas melhoraram a capacidade de excreção do intestino sem afetar sua função de absorção.

Urinary 8‑hydroxydeoxyguanosine as a marker of oxidative stress induced genetic toxicity in oral cancer patients.

Context: Recently, non‑communicable diseases have snatched the lead from infectious diseases in causing mortality. Of these, oral cancer accounts for a significant proportion of deaths. Every year in India significant percentage of newly diagnosed malignancy is oral cancer attributed to various reasons. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the extent of oxidative stress and its effect on modification of DNA by urinary nucleoside 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in oral cancer subjects. To see the relationship between the nucleoside 8‑OHdG and antioxidant capacity ferric reducing ability plasma (FRAP) in oral cancer subjects. Settings and Design: Case–control study included three groups with 60 volunteers, who were divided into 30 controls, and equal number of clinically diagnosed oral cancer male patients: (Subdivided into newly diagnosed [n = 15] and 1‑year treatment follow‑up oral cancer subjects [n = 15]). Materials and Methods: A random urine sample was used for analysis of 8‑OHdG concentration. Serum triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, protein thiols, and FRAP assay were performed by spectrophotometric technique. Statistical Analysis Used: Student’s t‑test and one‑way analysis of variance were performed for group comparison and Pearson’s correlation analysis were used. A P < 0.05 was considered the optimum level of significance. Results: The urinary 8‑OHdG and serum malondialdehyde levels were significantly elevated in newly diagnosed oral cancer subjects in their 1‑year treatment compared to the control group (P < 0.05). A significant correlation was observed between urinary 8‑OHdG and FRAP in both groups of oral cancer subjects. Conclusions: Urinary 8‑OHdG can be a useful diagnostic marker of oxidative DNA damage in oral cancer subjects.

Evaluation of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products, Prooxidant-Antioxidant Balance, and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Untreated Vitiligo Patients

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is a chronic, common disease of unknown etiology, and oxidative stress is suggested to have a role in its etiopathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were evaluated regarding their role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo as well as their relationship with clinical presentation and disease severity, and these parameters were compared with those of healthy controls. METHODS: The study included 53 patients with vitiligo and 20 healthy volunteers as the control group. AOPP level, PAB, and FRAP were determined by colorimetric methods. RESULTS: PAB and FRAP level were significantly higher in patients with vitiligo than in healthy controls (p<0.001). The AOPP levels in vitiligo patients were not statistically significantly higher than those in healthy controls. The Vitiligo Area Scoring Index positively correlated with disease duration (r(s): 0.531, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of AOPP and PAB status in vitiligo. PAB may be used as an indicator for oxidative stress in the etiopathogenesis of vitiligo. Our results show that these parameters may play a major role in the melanocyte damage observed in vitiligo. Further studies are required to confirm the mechanisms underlying this effect.

Investigation of Antioxidant Potential of Methanolic Extract of Swertia chirata Buch. Ham.

Aim: To evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential and total phenolic contents of the methanolic extract of Swertia chirata. Place and Duration: Department of Botany, Dr. H. S. Gour University (HSGVV), Sagar, between February 2010 to July 2010. Methodology: The plant material (aerial part) was subjected to defatting with petroleum ether then successively extracted with methanol. Total phenolic contents of methanolic extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent method while in vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated by using DPPH, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide radical scavenging as well as ferric reducing power assays. Results: The total phenolic content in 1 mg of methanolic extract of S. chirata was equivalent to 4.5 μg Catechol. The IC50 value of the DPPH method, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity was 222.74±0.19, 307.93±0.10 and 870.55±0.20 μg/ml respectively. When these IC50 value compared with that of standard drug Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) the result obtained was as follows: FRSA-SCM>BHA (p=0.000246); HRSA-SCM<BHA (p=0.000507); NORA-SCM<BHA (p=2.22614). These results showed that the S. chirata methanolic extract exhibited significant free radical DPPH scavenging activity and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity while it exhibited nonsignificant Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. In ferric reducing power various concentrations (100, 250 and 500 μg/ml) of methanolic extract of S. chirata showed absorbance 0.013±0.31, 0.156±0.12 and 0.298±0.14. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and tannins which may be responsible for the activity. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Swertia chirata showed significant antioxidant activity which suggest the extract may act as a natural antioxidant agent offering effective protection from free radicals.

Biological activities of Sarcanthus pauciflorus.

Sarcanthus pauciflorus is a pendulous epiphytic orchid belonging to the family Orchidaceae. The present study was conducted to determine antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelmintic and insecticidal efficacy of methanol extract of S. pauciflorus. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract was determined against four bacteria and two fungi by Agar well diffusion method. Antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH free radical scavenging and Ferric reducing assay. Anthelmintic activity was studied on the basis of time taken for paralysis and death of adult Indian earthworms by the extract. Insecticidal activity, in terms of larvicidal effect, was evaluated using II instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Total phenolic content of extract was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent assay. Phytoconstituents viz., tannins, saponins and glycosides were detected in methanol extract. Content of total phenolics was found to be 258.65 mg GAE/g of extract. All test bacteria and fungi were susceptible to extract of orchid. Bacillus subtilis and Cryptococcus neoformans were susceptible to high extent among bacteria and fungi respectively. Gram positive bacteria have shown greater susceptibility than Gram negative bacteria to extract. The extract exhibited marked dose dependent scavenging of DPPH free radicals. An increase in absorbance at 700nm revealed reducing power of the extract. The extract caused paralysis and death of adult Indian earthworms in a dose dependent manner. The lethal effect of extract on II instar larvae of Aedes aegypti was found to be dose dependent. The results of the present study shows that the methanol extract of S. pauciflorus is found to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelmintic and insecticidal activities which might be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites. Further experimentations concerned with isolation of the bioactive components present in the orchid and determination of their biological activities are under progress.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of flowers of Wendlandia thyrsoidea, Olea dioica, Lagerstroemia speciosa and Bombax malabaricum.

Flowers of higher plants have been used for centuries for several purposes such as medicine, food and garnishing food in many parts of the world. In the present study, we have determined the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of flowers of Wendlandia thyrsoidea (Roemer & Schultes) Steudel (Rubiaceae), Olea dioica Roxb. (Oleaceae), Lagerstroemia speciosa L. (Lythraceae) and Bombax malabaricum DC. (Bombacaceae). Antioxidant efficacy of various concentrations of flower extracts was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and Ferric reducing assay. Antimicrobial activity was determined against four bacteria and two fungi by agar well diffusion method. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and Aluminium chloride colorimetric estimation methods respectively. The DPPH free radical scavenging effect of flower extracts was concentration dependent and was higher in case of extract of L. speciosa followed by W. thyrsoidea, B. malabaricum and O. dioica. In ferric reducing assay, it was shown that the absorbance of reaction mixture at 700nm increased on increasing the concentrations of flower extracts indicating reducing power of extracts. The reducing ability was also highest in L. speciosa extract. Extract of L. speciosa displayed marked inhibitory activity against bacteria and fungi than other flower extracts. Gram positive bacteria have shown more susceptibility than Gram negative bacteria. Among fungi, C. neoformans was more inhibited than C. albicans. Extracts of B. malabaricum and O. dioica were not effective against C. albicans. The phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in L. speciosa and O. dioica respectively. A positive correlation has been observed between total phenolic content of flower extracts and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The flowers can be employed as a remedy for treatment of infectious diseases and oxidative damage. Further, isolation of active components from flower extracts and their biological activity determinations are under progress.

Phytochemical screening and invitro determination of antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of streospermum chelonoides.

Plant derived phytochemicals consisting of phenols and flavonoids possess antioxidant properties, eventually renders a lucrative tool to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Current study evaluates the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of bark and leaf of Stereospermum chelonoides. Thus, various in vitro assay strategies were implemented to evaluate antioxidant potential of Stereospermum chelonoides, using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant capacity, determination of total phenol and flavonoid contents. Preliminary phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycoside, flavonoid, steroid and tannin. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, the fraction showed significant antioxidant activities in the assay compared to the reference ascorbic acid in a dose dependent manner. The IC50 value of the crude methanol extract of bark and leaf was 53.99±3.25 μg/mL and 84.73±4.02 μg/mL, respectively, whereas IC50 value for the reference ascorbic acid was 14.56±0.24 μg/mL. Moreover, profound total antioxidant activity was observed for bark (309.88±1.03 mg/g equivalent to ascorbic acid) as well as leaf (147.09±1.79 mg/g equivalent to ascorbic acid) at 200 μg/mL extract concentration. Furthermore, extract showed good reducing power capability in both bark and leaf fraction. Total phenol content for the bark was 574.82 mg/g equivalent to gallic acid and for leaf was 189.86 mg/g. For bark, the total flavonoid content was found 55.82 mg/g equivalent to quercetin and for leaf it was 49.44 mg/g.

Induction of oxidative stress and histopathological changes by sub-chronic doses of triazophos.

The effect of triazophos (O, O-diethyl O-1-phenyl-1 H-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl phosphorothioate), a widely used insecticide was studied on the induction of oxidative stress and histological alterations at sub-chronic doses in male albino rats. Oral administration of triazophos at concentrations of 1.64, 3.2 and 8.2 mg/kg body wt for 30 days produced dose as well as time-dependent increase in the lipid peroxidation (determined by malondialdehyde levels) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in serum with a concomitant decrease in ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and blood glutathione (GSH) content. Histopathological examination of liver of triazophos-treated rats showed significant and progressive degenerative changes as compared to control, which could be due to induction of oxidative stress. However, no significant histopathological changes were observed in spleen, kidney and brain at either dose of triazophos with respect to control. These results indicated that oral administration of triazophos was associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation and compromised antioxidant defence in rats in dose and time-dependent manner. Thus the present study demonstrated for the first time the role of oxidative stress as the important mechanism involved in the stimulation of hepatic histo-architectural alterations at sub-chronic doses of triazophos in rats.

In vitro antioxidant activity of Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. aerial parts.

The methanolic extract of the aerial part of Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. (Rubiaceae) was screened for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) quenching assay, 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation decolorization test, ferric reducing power (FRP), scavenging capacity towards hydroxyl ion (OH·) radicals and nitric oxide (NO) radical inhibition activity using established assay procedures. Total phenolics and total flavonoid contents were also determined. The plant yielded 210 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g phenolic content and 55 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g flavonoid content. The extract exhibited high antiradical activity against DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals with EC50 value of 82, 150, 130, and 170 µg/ml, respectively. The FRP increased with increasing concentration of the sample. The antioxidant activity of the extract was comparable with that of the standard butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). High correlation between total phenolic/flavonoid contents and scavenging potential of different reactive oxygen species (R2 = 0.785-0.998) indicated the polyphenols as the main antioxidants.

Relationship between Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power and Metabolic Risk Factors in Korean Women Living in Seoul / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The present study was conducted to examine metabolic risk factors and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of Korean females living in Seoul and to investigate the relationship between the metabolic risk factors and serum TAC. A total of 353 females aged between 20 and 64 participated in the study. Obesity indicators, blood pressure, serum lipid profile and fasting blood glucose were measured as metabolic risk factors. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay was employed to determine serum TAC of subjects. Obesity indicators such as body mass index, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio were significantly higher in the participants aged > or = 50 y (older group) than in the participants aged 20-49 y (younger group) (p < 0.001). Blood pressure, serum total cholesterol (TC), riglyceride (TG) and fasting blood glucose were also significantly higher in the older group than in the younger group (p < 0.001), demonstrating significant positive correlations between age and MS risk factors. The association between FRAP and MS risk factors were also investigated. FRAP values showed significant positive correlations with age (p = 0.001), serum TG (p = 0.002) and TC (p = 0.03). A tendency of positive association between FRAP and waist circumference was observed without any significant difference (p = 0.06). Increased serum FRAP with central obesity and serum lipids may be interpreted as results of activation of antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress induced by metabolic syndrome (MS) constituent factors. However, to verify the function of FRAP as a potential biomarker of susceptibility to MS various contributors to the plasma antioxidant capacity and their biological relevance related to MS should be elucidated further.