ABSTRACT
Large population-based cohort study is an important resource for population disease prevention and control, the results of which provide scientific basis for individualized treatment and precise prevention, and it is also the key strategic content of precision medicine. The Chinese Preventive Medicine Association coordinated experienced researchers from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and other professional institutes to write up the group standard entitled Technical specification of management for field investigation in large population-based cohort study (T/CPMA 001-2019). Based on the research of large population-based cohort study in China and the principle of scientific, normative, applicable, and feasible, the standard proposed six aspects of management requirements including institutional arrangement, personnel composition, equipment, materials, documents and finance, as well as the basic requirements of the on-site investigation, the requirements of each position and the overall quality control requirements, etc.. The standard aims to guide the large population-based cohorts that have been or intended to be established in China, including national cohorts, regional population cohorts, and special population cohorts, hence to improve scientific research level, accelerate scientific research output and provide localization basis for disease prevention and control in China.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to accomplish a survey on populations of Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus species in sugarcane farming areas in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. Twenty samples of soil and roots were processed to extract and quantify nematodes; however, the identification of Meloidogyne species was performed using only 12 samples. Pratylenchus spp. were reported at moderate population levels of 68-1556 specimens 50g-1 of roots and 2-298 specimens 100cm-3 of soil in twenty analyzed samples. For Meloidogyne spp., these values were of 12-487 specimens 50g-1 of roots and 0-140 specimens 100cm-3 of soil. Based on electrophoresis of esterase isozymes, M. incognita was reported to be the most frequent species, followed by M. javanica and M. arenaria. Pratylenchus species identified through morphometrical and morphological characteristics were P. zeae and P. brachyurus , with predominance for the first species. No significant correlation (P≤0.05) were reported between nematode populations and sugarcane cropping systems.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento de espécies de Meloidogyne e de Pratylenchus existentes em áreas de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, no estado de Alagoas. Vinte amostras de solo e raízes foram processadas para a extração e quantificação, sendo a identificação das espécies de Meloidogyne realizada em 12 amostras. Detectou-se a presença de Pratylenchus spp. em níveis populacionais médios de 68-1556 espécimes 50g-1 de raízes e 2-298 100cm-3 de solo, em todas as amostras. Para Meloidogyne spp., esses valores foram de 12-487 50g-1 de raízes e 0-140 100cm-3 de solo. Com base na eletroforese da isoenzima esterase, M. incognita foi a espécie mais frequente, seguida por M. javanica e M. arenaria . As espécies de Pratylenchus identificadas pelas características morfológicas e morfométricas, foram P. zeae e P. brachyurus , com predomínio da primeira espécie. Não houve correlações significativas (P≤0,05) entre as populações de nematoides e as características dos sistemas de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar.
ABSTRACT
As a heteronomy,the code of medical ethics plays an important role in sustaining the trust between physicians and patients.Based on a comparative analysis of the domestic and foreign codes of medical ethics,and field survey on such trust at tertiary hospitals in Beijing,as well as medical providers’moral characteristics,this article analyzed the causes that “goodwill”is insufficient in the trust in terms of internal and external factors;and then,in respect of heteronomy as a basis,it put forward suggestions to improve code of medical ethics in order to rebuild such trust.
ABSTRACT
<b>Objective：</b>The aim of this study was to investigate the current status of home care provided by hospitals and clinics in Kobe City. <b>Methods：</b>In July 2013 a survey was mailed to a cross-section of all clinics and hospitals in Kobe City.<b> Results：</b>Questionnaires were sent to 1,589 clinics and hospitals and 899（57％）responded. Regular and urgent home visits by doctors were provided by 50％ and 65％ of respondents, respectively. End-of-life care for dying patients at home and in nursing homes was provided by 31％ and 18％ of respondents, respectively. The average time spent on home visits was 2.3±1.7 days per week. Care for cancer patients, participation in national palliative care lectures, and holding a discussion at the admitting hospital before discharge for home care, were performed by 23％, 7.0％, and 6.9％ of respondents, respectively. <b>Conclusion：</b>The majority of hospitals and clinics in Kobe City provided home care.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY The use of a “direct PCR” DNA polymerase enables PCR amplification without any prior DNA purification from blood samples due to the enzyme's resistance to inhibitors present in blood components. Such DNA polymerases are now commercially available. We compared the PCR performance of six direct PCR-type DNA polymerases (KOD FX, Mighty Amp, Hemo KlenTaq, Phusion Blood II, KAPA Blood, and BIOTAQ) in dried blood eluted from a filter paper with TE buffer. GoTaq Flexi was used as a standard DNA polymerase. PCR performance was evaluated by a nested PCR technique for detecting Plasmodium falciparum genomic DNA in the presence of the blood components. Although all six DNA polymerases showed resistance to blood components compared to the standard Taq polymerase, the KOD FX and BIOTAQ DNA polymerases were resistant to inhibitory blood components at concentrations of 40%, and their PCR performance was superior to that of other DNA polymerases. When the reaction mixture contained a mild detergent, only KOD FX DNA polymerase retained the original amount of amplified product. These results indicate that KOD FX DNA polymerase is the most resistant to inhibitory blood components and/or detergents. Thus, KOD FX DNA polymerase could be useful in serological studies to simultaneously detect antibodies and DNA in eluents for antibodies. KOD FX DNA polymerase is thus not limited to use in detecting malaria parasites, but could also be employed to detect other blood-borne pathogens. .
RESUMO O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar 6 polimerases de DNA disponíveis comercialmente que são resistentes aos inibidores do PCR para uma amplificação potencial de DNA de amostras de sangue total. O DNA genômico do parasita humano da malária, Plasmodium falciparum, foi analisado sob condições que incluíram os componentes inibidores do sangue extraído de sangue ressacado em papel de filtro. Nossos resultados sugerem que a polimerase KOD FX DNA é superior a outras polimerases. .
Subject(s)
Humans , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/genetics , Malaria, Falciparum/diagnosis , Plasmodium falciparum/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , DNA, Protozoan/blood , DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/blood , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Fluoride is an acute toxin and is deemed to be slightly more dangerous than even lead. 48 water samples collected from hand pumps and bore wells belonging to 24 gram panchayats (villages) of Kanduku revenue sub division of Prakasam district in Andhra Pradesh, were chemically analyzed for fluoride ion concentrations. High and low fluoride containing regions were identified on the basis of fluoride levels in the water samples and also on the prevalence rate of dental and skeletal fluorosis of the study area. Further, water samples containing high fluoride levels were tried for defluoridation by employing Active Carbons of abundantly available low-cost plant byproducts. These materials under optimum conditions of adsorbent dosage, time of equilibration and pH, were found to be successfully decreasing the fluoride ion concentration below permissible limits without disturbing drinking water quality standards.
ABSTRACT
A survey was conducted to better understand the current status of training of simulated and standardized patients (SP) in medical education and training protocol of SP training at each site, and to determine the future planning of the committee<br>1) Methods: A series of questions regarding the SP and SP training was sent to all 80 medical schools in Japan.<br>2) Results: Responses were received from 68 medical school (85%). According to the survey result, 43 medical schools (63%) trained their own SP. The total numbers of SP reported in this survey were 1,036 with ratio of male to female 1:3. The average numbers of SP at each medical school were 24 (range 5 to 87). SP training protocols were included basic training (88%) and to prepare common achievement test OSCE (84%), classes (74%) and advanced OSCE(60%). Only 6 medical school (14%) had the systematic curriculum for SP training.<br>3) Conclusion: To produce standardized, accurate SP training for medical education, the committee recommends to establish the standard curriculum and portrayal requirements for SP training.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We investigated the occurrence rate of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) in general population of elementary school children, accompanied symptoms, symptom-aggravating factors such as emotional stresses, food and personality characters, which time of day the pain develops and whether they visited hospital for RAP. METHODS: From 1995. 4.27. to 1995. 5. 12. questionnaires were given to the parents of 1,783 elementary school children in Seoul. The qestions were as follow; 1) Have your child ever experienced abdominal pain more than 3 months and more than 3 times? 2) Were there any accompanied symptoms? 3) Does emotional stress encrease or induce the abdominal pain of your child? 4) Which time of day does the abdominal pain occur? 5) Have your child visited hospital for the RAP? 6)How is your child's personality and emotional characters? 7) Which foods induce or aggravate the abdominal pain? 8) Does your child with RAP like meat foods or vegetable foods? 9) If you think an emotional stressful factor for RAP, do you have such factors in the environment of your child? RESULTS: 1) Among the 1,783 children, 296 children had RAP (16.6%), boys 143 (15.4%), girl 153 (7.9%). The distribution of school grade of the children with RAP were in the order of the 2nd. grade (23.5%), 5th. grade (19.6%), 4th grade (15.8%), 6th. grade (15.0%), 1st. grade (14.3%), and 3rd.grade (11.9). 2) Symptoms which were accompained with abdominal pain was poor appetite (35.1%), diarrhea (31.8%), headache (27.1%), constipation (21.7%) vomiting (18.4%), urinary symptoms (11.1%) and 73 children (24.4%) had no accompanied symptom. 3) In 181 children (60.5% of RAP children), abdominal pain was induced or aggravated by emotional or psychologic stress. 4) In 130 children (43.5% of RAP children) abdominal pain occurred at postprandial time, in 80 children (28.6%) before meal, and in 70 children (23.4) early morning or night time. 5) Main personality characteristics of children with RAP were poor self confidences (111, 37.1%), strong desires for sucess (104,34.8%), and compulsivenesses (55,18.4%). 6) 135 children with RAP (45.2%) visited doctor due to RAP 7) Foods which induced or aggravated the abdominal symptoms were dairy food (56 children,19.4% of RAP children), greasy food (50,17.3%), wheat (29,10%), pork (21,7.3%) and in 165 children with RAP (57.1) foods had no relation with the abdominal pain. 8) 218 children with RAP (75.4%) liked meat foods (75.4%), and 73 children (25.3%) vegetable foods. 9) Specific emotional stresses of children with RAP which were described by the parents were school problems in 41 children (14.2%), divorces of parents in 3 children (1.4%). CONCLUSIONS: RAP in school children were more frequent than previously reported. We suspected organic causes for the RAP in many children who developed abdominal pain at night time, who had some accompanied symptoms, whose symptoms had no relation with emotional stresses or foods. Further active investigations in children with RAP are needed to elucidate the role of associated disorders.