Nutrient Consumption among the Bangladeshi Children with Autism

Background: The prevalence of Autism in South Asia is 1 in 93 children, where, prevalence is much higher, 3% in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Consumption of daily required nutrient is essential for these children like normal ones but sometimes may be neglected. Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess the macro and micronutrient consumption among the children with autism in Dhaka city and compared to the requirement.Material & Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 100 subjects where male-female ratio was 3:2, were studied from urban autism centers Dhaka, Bangladesh. Anthropometric parameters height, weight, BMI and 24-hour dietary recall (individual 3days) were collected following predesigned questionnaire. Data was collected from face to face interview from both parents and center抯 teacher as appropriate. Nutritive value of food was calculated using Food Composition Table for Bangladesh, 2014 using a food software. For statistical analysis, SPSS 20 was used.Results:The average age and BMI of subjects were 11 yrs and 21 kg/m2 respectively. The mean 盨Dvalues (g/day) of protein, fat and carbohydrate intake were 38�, 47� and 116� respectively. The average intake of (mg/day) thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iron, niacin, and zinc was 0.68�32, 0.46�23, 33�, 144�, 137�, 6.5� 11�and 5.2�respectively. About 94% children consumed only 33% of the required calcium. Nearly 42% children took 67% of the required magnesium. Similarly, half of the children failed to consume 33% thiamine and zinc of the requirement. Conclusions:Consumption of calcium, thiamine, folic acid, and zinc are seemed to be lower than their requirement.

Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação de 2017-2018 no Brasil: implementação e análise / National Food Survey 2017-2018 in Brazil: implementation and analisys

A avaliação do consumo alimentar da população brasileira é uma preocupação de longa data. Os primeiros dados de amplitude nacional sobre alimentação dos brasileiros foram publicados a partir do Estudo Nacional de Despesa Familiar (ENDEF) entre 1974-1975. Por serem baseados na pesagem dos alimentos consumidos nos domicílios durante uma semana, os dados retratavam o consumo do domicílio, ou seja, não captavam o consumo individual. A partir de então, os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) vem sendo usados para a avaliação da alimentação no Brasil. As primeiras POF realizadas em 1987-1988, 1995-1996 e em 2002-2003, permitiam estimar o consumo a partir da aquisição domiciliar de alimentos no período de uma semana. Ou seja, somente os alimentos que foram adquiridos e que passaram pelo domicílio são analisados. Os dados das refeições realizadas fora do domicílio não são considerados, portanto, não permitem avaliar o consumo individual em sua totalidade. A fim de solucionar essa limitação, as duas últimas POF realizadas em 2008-2009 e 2017-2018, adicionaram informações do consumo alimentar individual em uma subamostra da pesquisa. Esses dados permitem fazer avaliações a nível individual, caracterizando melhor o consumo de alimentos por sexo, faixa etária, e outras variáveis sociodemográficas. Esta tese apresenta as etapas de desenvolvimento do bloco de consumo alimentar pessoal da POF de 2017-2018, aqui referido como Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA) , realizado pelo IBGE. O objetivo deste trabalho é documentar o processo de desenvolvimento dos instrumentos, da base de dados e de adequações para comparações temporais do INA 2017-2018 com o INA 2008-2009, bem como apresentar os alimentos mais frequentemente consumidos nos dois inquéritos e a evolução do consumo na última década. Para o INA 2017-2018, foram coletados dois recordatórios de 24 horas em dias não consecutivos de 46.164 indivíduos com 10 anos ou mais de idade, representando uma subamostra de 34,7% da amostra geral da POF. Todas as alterações metodológicas sofridas de um inquérito para o outro, como: mudança do instrumento de coleta e da tabela de composição dos alimentos, atualização da base de dados, adições de novas variáveis como itens de adição e ocasiões de consumo estão descritas neste trabalho. As mudanças na coleta de dados aprimoraram o instrumento que apresentou menor sub-relato no inquérito mais recente. A mudança na tabela de composição para a Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TBCA), em reanálise dos dados de 2008-2009 representou mudanças de estimativas de energia, macronutrientes e minerais menores do que 15%, com exceção das gorduras trans e selênio, com médias 40% e 52% menores na TBCA.Na comparação dos dois inquéritos constatou-se que embora a população brasileira permaneça comendo arroz, feijão, café, pão, carne bovina e legumes como os seis principais itens da alimentação, houve redução na frequência do consumo de arroz, feijão, carne bovina, pães, frutas, laticínios, carnes processadas e refrigerantes e aumento no consumo de sanduíches, independente de sexo, idade e renda. As duas maiores mudanças foram relativas à redução do feijão e aumento de sanduíches, que apresentou estimativa de mais de 4 vezes mais chance de aumento nas brasileiras idosas. Ainda, a tendência de aumento do consumo de sanduíches foi três vezes maior no menor quartil de renda comparado ao maior. Tendência positiva foi a redução de refrigerantes em todas as classes de renda. As mudanças observadas na alimentação do brasileiro nesse período de 10 anos são consistentes com a política de redução de bebidas adoçadas e com a redução da renda familiar no período. Os resultados sinalizam piora na alimentação do brasileiro.

The evaluation of the food consumption of the Brazilian population is a long-standing concern. The first comprehensive data on the diet of Brazilians were those from the National Study of Family Expenditure (ENDEF) between 1974-1975. The survey captures the data of one week family consumption, using weighing method. Since then, data from the Family Budget Survey (POF) have been used to assess diet in Brazil. The first POF was carried out in1987-1988, followed by 1995-1996 and 2002-2003. Estimation of consumption is based on household purchases in a period of one week. Thus, meals eaten away from home are not considered, and therefore, do not allow the assessment of individual consumption.. In order to solve this limitation, the last two POF carried out in 2008-2009 and 2017-2018included a new block of data that collected information from individual food consumption in a subsample of the survey. These data allow making individual-level estimates, characterizing food consumption by sex, age group, and other sociodemographic variables. Development and analytical strategies of the 2017-2018 National Dietary Survey (NDS) included in the Family Budget Survey is shown in this thesis. Thus, the objective of this work is to document the process of selection and adaptation of the instruments, the food database for energy and nutrient analysis and the necessary harmonization with previous NDS of 2008-2009. Also, the foods most frequently consumed in the two surveys and the evolution of the consumption in the last decade was analyzed. For NDS 2017-2018, two 24-hour recalls were collected on non-consecutive days of 46,164 with 10 years of age or older, representing a subsample of 34.7% of the general POF. All methodological changes from one survey to the other, such as: instrument to collect data, food composition databases, new variables added are presented. In addition, results of change in the foods most frequently consumed by the population is presented. Changes in data collection improved the instrument that had the lowest underreporting in the most recent survey. The change in the composition table for Brazilian Food Composition Table (TBCA), in reanalysis of the 2008-2009 data, showed changes in energy, macronutrient and mineral estimates of less than 15%, with the exception of trans fats and selenium, with average changes of 40% and 52% lower in the TBCA. Comparing the two surveys, it was found that although the results show that the Brazilian population continues to eat rice, beans, coffee, bread, beef and vegetables as the six main food items, there was a reduction in the frequency of consumption of rice, beans, beef, breads, fruits, dairy products, processed meats and soft drinks and an increase in the consumption of sandwiches, regardless of gender, age and income. The two biggest changes were related to the reduction of beans and the increase of sandwiches, which was estimated to be more than 4 times more likely to increase in elderly Brazilians. A positive trend was the reduction of soft drinks in all income classes. The changes observed in the diet of Brazilians in this 10-year period are consistent with the policy of reducing sweetened beverages and with the reduction of family income in the period. The results indicate a worsening in the Brazilian diet.

Limitations in the comparison of the Brazilian National Dietary Surveys of 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 / Limitações na comparação dos Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação de 2008-2009 e 2017-2018

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE: To present particular characteristics of two Brazilian National Dietary Surveys (Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação - INA) and the methodology used to better compare their data. METHODS: This study details the differences between both INA conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2008-2009 and 2017-2018. We present the alterations in data collecting methods and food composition tables as well as the analysis strategies recommended to obtain such data. A validation study with 95 participants of the third wave of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health assessed the measurement error associated with the procedures adopted in the 24-hours dietary recall of INA 2017-2018. The reference standards were urinary protein recovery, sodium, and potassium biomarkers. Different strategies were used in the analysis of INA to compare two essential dietary items that had their collection method changed: fats and sugars. RESULTS: The validation study indicated lower underreport in the most recent survey with higher means of energy intake. The correlation of means for the 24-hours recalls with their respective biomarkers was 0.58 for proteins, 0.31 for potassium, and 0.30 for sodium. Comparing the food composition tables used in both surveys with the data obtained by INA 2008-2009, the mean variation of energy, macronutrients, and minerals was lower than 15%, except for trans fats and selenium, which had means 40% and 52% lower in the Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TBCA - Brazilian Food Composition Table). INA 2017-2018 presents lower means for added sugar, using a generic question about the frequency of sugar consumption as a measure for sugar as an additional item. CONCLUSION: The methodological changes promoted in the most recent INA enhanced food groups and nutrients intake estimation, adding detailed and specific data in dietary habits reports.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Apresentar particularidades dos dois Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação (INA) e o processo metodológico empregado para comparação dos dados. MÉTODOS: O estudo detalha as diferenças entre os INA realizados pelo IBGE em 2008-2009 e em 2017-2018, apresentando as alterações nos métodos de coleta de dados e nas tabelas de composição dos alimentos, assim como as estratégias de análise recomendadas para comparação dos dados. Um estudo de validação foi realizado com 95 participantes da terceira onda do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto a fim de avaliar o erro de medição associado aos procedimentos adotados nos recordatórios de 24 horas do INA 2017-2018. Empregaram-se biomarcadores de recuperação urinária de proteínas, sódio e potássio como padrões de referência. Na análise dos INA, diferentes estratégias foram elaboradas para comparar dois itens importantes do consumo alimentar que sofreram mudanças na forma de coleta: as gorduras e os açúcares. RESULTADOS: O estudo de validação do instrumento indicou menor sub-relato no inquérito mais recente, com maiores médias de ingestão de energia. A correlação das medidas dos recordatórios de 24 horas com os respectivos biomarcadores foi de 0,58 para proteínas, 0,31 para potássio e 0,30 para sódio. Comparando as tabelas de composição utilizadas nos dois inquéritos com os dados obtidos no INA 2008-2009, a variação média de energia, macronutrientes e minerais foi menor que 15%, com exceção das gorduras trans e selênio, com médias 40% e 52% menores na TBCA. No INA 2017-2018, as médias do consumo de açúcar de adição foram menores, usando a informação do açúcar reportado como item de adição comparada com a pergunta genérica sobre a frequência do uso do açúcar. CONCLUSÃO: As mudanças metodológicas incluídas no INA atual permitiram aprimorar as estimativas de consumo de grupos de alimentos e nutrientes, acrescentando informações mais detalhadas e específicas aos relatos do consumo alimentar.

Desarrollo de una tabla nacional de composición de alimentos para diseñar políticas y programas de seguridad alimentaria / Development of a National Food Composition Table to design food security policies and programs

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN El desarrollo de las Tablas de Composición de Alimentos tiene varios desafíos, por lo que es necesario formar equipos interdisciplinarios que trabajen de manera articulada. El objetivo fue desarrollar una Tabla Nacional de Composición de Alimentos actualizada y metodológicamente adecuada para responder a las necesidades de programas alimentarios y la formulación de nuevos alimentos saludables. MÉTODOS Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica de la literatura publicada sobre composición de alimentos desde 2010 con el software Covidence. También se efectuó una búsqueda manual de publicaciones nacionales no indexadas. La inclusión de los datos se evaluó en términos de criterios analíticos. RESULTADOS A partir de la búsqueda se identificaron 1647 referencias potencialmente elegibles, de las cuales 103 artículos e informes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Estos estudios proporcionaron información principalmente sobre valor energético, macronutrientes, ácidos grasos y, en menor proporción, sobre vitaminas y minerales para diversos alimentos individuales y de múltiples ingredientes. Se inició la inclusión de esta información en la Base Nacional de Datos de Alimentos mediante un software desarrollado a tal efecto, y se continúa trabajando en la compilación y generación de datos analíticos. DISCUSIÓN Estos resultados contribuirán a la actualización continua y sistemática de la base de datos de composición de alimentos, que es de suma importancia para la salud pública.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The development of the Food Composition Tables has several challenges, so it is necessary to form interdisciplinary teams that work jointly. The aim was to develop a National Table of Food Composition updated and methodologically appropriate to respond to the needs of food programs and the formulation of new healthy foods. METHODS An electronic search of the literature on food composition published since 2010 was carried out using Covidence online software. A manual search of non-indexed national publications was also performed. The inclusion of the data was evaluated in terms of analytical criteria. RESULTS The search yielded 1647 potentially eligible references, of which 103 articles and reports met the inclusion criteria. These studies provided information primarily on energy value, macronutrients, fatty acids and, to a lesser extent, vitamins and minerals for various individual foods and multiple ingredients. The inclusion of this information in the National Food Database was initiated through a software developed for this purpose, and work continues on the compilation and generation of analytical data. DISCUSSION These results will contribute to the continuous and systematic updating of the food composition database, which is of utmost importance for public health.

Development of 9(th) Revision Korean Food Composition Table and Its Major Changes / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The Korean Food Composition Table (KFCT) was first published in 1970, and has since been updated every five years by the Rural Development Administration (RDA). This study was conducted to introduce the development strategies, features, and challenges of the 9th revision of the KFCT. METHODS: Due to the increasing demands of nutrient database users and generators, the RDA started a new research project in 2013 to improve the quantity and quality of data for the 9th revision of the KFCT. Over 1,000 food items frequently consumed in Korea were selected as key foods using the results of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. About 200 raw materials and processed food items were collected and analyzed every year. Target nutrients that were analyzed by collaborative labs, such as, sugars, selenium, iodine, and biotin, were increased from 22 to 43. Analytical sample handling procedures and data quality evaluation systems were also established in collaboration with 10 contracted labs. Data were evaluated for data quality according to the FAO/INFOODS, CODEX, and AOAC guidelines. RESULTS: The 9th revision contains data on 3,000 food items and up to 43 and 140 food nutrients for the printed table and the excel database file, respectively. Overall, 1,485 data items were newly added, 973 of which were provided by the RDA and 512 were cited from foreign nutrient databases. The remaining 1,515 food items were maintained as in the 8th revision. CONCLUSIONS: The KFCT provides the basic infrastructure for food and nutrition policy, research, and dietary practice in South Korea. The use of the KFCT has increased exponentially in the past few years in both public and private sectors; accordingly, increased efforts should be paid to the preparation, improvement, and maintenance of KFCT.

Development of 9(th) Revision Korean Food Composition Table and Its Major Changes / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The Korean Food Composition Table (KFCT) was first published in 1970, and has since been updated every five years by the Rural Development Administration (RDA). This study was conducted to introduce the development strategies, features, and challenges of the 9th revision of the KFCT. METHODS: Due to the increasing demands of nutrient database users and generators, the RDA started a new research project in 2013 to improve the quantity and quality of data for the 9th revision of the KFCT. Over 1,000 food items frequently consumed in Korea were selected as key foods using the results of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. About 200 raw materials and processed food items were collected and analyzed every year. Target nutrients that were analyzed by collaborative labs, such as, sugars, selenium, iodine, and biotin, were increased from 22 to 43. Analytical sample handling procedures and data quality evaluation systems were also established in collaboration with 10 contracted labs. Data were evaluated for data quality according to the FAO/INFOODS, CODEX, and AOAC guidelines. RESULTS: The 9th revision contains data on 3,000 food items and up to 43 and 140 food nutrients for the printed table and the excel database file, respectively. Overall, 1,485 data items were newly added, 973 of which were provided by the RDA and 512 were cited from foreign nutrient databases. The remaining 1,515 food items were maintained as in the 8th revision. CONCLUSIONS: The KFCT provides the basic infrastructure for food and nutrition policy, research, and dietary practice in South Korea. The use of the KFCT has increased exponentially in the past few years in both public and private sectors; accordingly, increased efforts should be paid to the preparation, improvement, and maintenance of KFCT.

Tabela brasileira de Composição de Alimentos-USP: compilação de dados a serviço do bem público / Brazilian Food Composition Database (TBCA-USP): Data compilation to serve the public good

O artigo apresenta a evolução da Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TBCA-USP), desde sua criação até sua próxima atualização. Caracteriza a base de dados da TBCA-USP como um bem público e ressalta a importância da compilação de dados de composição de alimentos como atividade de elevada relação custo-benefício. Relata a relevância social das informações de composição de alimentos e a importância dessa base de dados no contexto nacional. Sinaliza estratégias de ampliação e atualização da TBCA-USP.

The article shows the evolution of the Brazilian Food Composition Database (TBCA-USP), since its creation until its next update. The article characterizes the TBCA-USP database like a public good and highlights the importance of the food composition data compilation as a high cost-effective activity. It reports the social relevance of the information about food composition and the importance of this database in the national context. It also indicates extension and update strategies of the TBCA-USP.

Revision and Application of the Target Pattern in Food Guidance System: Administered to 2nd grade middle school students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to revise the target pattern in food guidance system for adolescents' balanced menu planning. METHODS: The food groups in the target pattern were divided into detailed food items, and intake number were assigned to each food items based on the revised standard food composition table. The validity of revised target pattern was examined. Menu planning according to the revised target pattern was made available to 305 male and female middle school students and the nutritional assessment of the menu plan were carried out using SPSS WIN 12.0. RESULTS: The energy contents, energy contribution ratios of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, and 4 minerals' and 6 vitamins' contents of the revised target pattern were adequate. The average energy contents of the menu planned according to revised target pattern were 400~500 kcal higher than that of the revised target pattern when the revised standard food composition was applied. The energy contribution ratios of fat were 28.9%, close to maximum of acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) (30%), and that of carbohydrate were 54.5%, lower than minimum of AMDR (55%). The nutrient adequacy ratios (NARs) of calcium and vitamin C were less than 1.0. According to index of nutritional quality (INQ) of food items, kimchi, milkdairy products, and soybean curd were energy efficient source for calcium, kimchi, fruit, vegetable and seaweed were energy efficient source for vitamin C, with INQ of food items were higher or close to 2.0. Kimchi was the best energy efficient source of calcium and vitamin C. CONCLUSIONS: Revised target pattern based on the adolescent's foods intake was not good enough for balanced menu planning by adolescents, because what they ate and what they wanted to eat were very much different. Detailed guidance for food selection is necessary in each food items.

Determination of Macronutrient Compositions in Three Local Sweet Kuih: Calculated vs Analysed / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

This study was carried out to compare the macronutrient contents in three types of local sweet kuih; kuih seri muka (SM), kuih bakar (B) dan kuih wajik (W) which recipes were developed using calculation according to the Malaysian Food Composition Table (MFCT) and proximate analysis technique. The contents of the macronutrients were identified using proximate analyses while determination of energy and total carbohydrate were based on calculation. Results from proximate analysis showed that W contained significantly higher (p < 0.05) total carbohydrate content (61.5 ± 1.6%) compared to B (39.3 ± 1.5%) and SM (38.7 ± 1.5%). SM contained significantly higher (p < 0.05) of water (46.7 ± 1.6%) compared to B (42.5 ± 6.6%) and W (30.2 ± 0.4%). The protein content in B was 6.1 ± 0.9% and significantly higher than that in W (3.0 ± 0.3%). There were no significant difference of fat content between B (12.8 ± 1.8%), SM (9.9 ± 0.2%) and W (8.2 ± 2.6%). Total calorie for W was the highest (332 kcal/100g), followed by B (299 kcal/100g) and SM (262 kcal/100g). In general, macronutrients content determined based on proximate analyses were lower compared to the calculation method based on MFCT. This was because calculation of macronutrient based on MFCT was based on raw material while the proximate analysis was based on the prepared cooked kuih

Influence of applying food composition table and foodstuff substitution method on nutritional status in patients with diabetic nephropathy undergoing peritoneal dialysis treatment / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To study the effect of applying food composition table and foodstuff substitution method on nutritional status in patients with diabetic nephropathy and undergoing peritoneal dialysis.Methods Forty patients with diabetic nephropathy,treated with peritoneal dialysis for over three months was included in this study.Under the guidance of the food composition table and foodstuff substitution method for six months,nutritional status was compared before and after treatment. Results There was a significant difference in HGS,triceps skin foId thickness(TSF),mid-arm circumference(MAC),midarm muscle circumference(MAMC),Hb,albumin(Alb),serum crcatinine after 6 mortths of intervention compared with those before intervention. Conclusions Food composition table and foodstuff substitution method can obviously impwve the nutritional status for patients with diabetic nephwpathy undergoing peritoneal dialysis and increase the patients'diet compliance as well.

Survey on Waste Rates of Foods for Menu Planning

The waste rates of 98 food items after pre-preparation were surveyed to provide database for good menu planning. The waste rates turned out 0~64.27% in vegetables, 6.38~7.03% in potatoes, 6.25~68.75% in fishes and shellfishes, 16.61% in eggs, and 16.00~56.84% in fruits. Foods with high waste rates were vegetables, fishes and shellfishes. Survey results were compared with other food composition tables. Foods with 30% higher waste rate than other food composition tables were squash leaf, pacific ocean perch, sweet potato stalk, water cress, green peas, alaska pollack, bluefin tuna, beka squid, crown daisy, dodok, amaranth, beef ribs. Food which waste rates turned out to be decreased by about 30% in this study were corb shell, pomfret, sea mussel, warty sea squirt. For the menu planning, reasonaly exact waste rates for each food items are essential. Since survey results show signigicant deviations, there should be more studies for exact waste rates for each food.