ABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las normativas jurídicas vigentes para la prevención y control del tabaquismo y describir la situación actual de Cuba en relación a las medidas de reducción de la oferta y la demanda de tabaco del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco y el plan de medidas MPOWER de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, empleando como métodos, la revisión bibliográfica y análisis de contenido. Resultados: De 1976 a 2017, se establecieron 29 instrumentos jurídicos. Siete tienen alcance nacional y 22 corresponden a Organismos de la Administración Central del Estado (OACE) con alcance limitado a ellos. El tabaquismo se encuentra en 24normativas y en cinco sobre salud en general. Cuba cuenta con normas jurídicas que se relacionan con los artículos referentes a medidas de reducción de la oferta y la demanda de tabaco del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco. Cumple con tres de las seis medidas MPOWER. Conclusiones: Las normativas jurídicas vigentes para la prevención y el control del tabaquismo se encuentran dispersas; las que constituyen medidas económicas son insuficientes y no cumplen con el propósito de reducir la demanda y oferta de los cigarrillos, fundamentalmente a los adolescentes y jóvenes. Una gran parte de las medidas que promulga el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco se encuentran insertadas en las normativas jurídicas vigentes, sin embargo referente a las medidas MPOWER, Cuba cumple con las que precisamente no poseen un carácter legal y económico.
Abstract Objective: To identify the valid smoking and control prevention juridical norms and describe the actual situation in Cuba related to arrangement offer and demand for Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and MPOWER to World Health Organization. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive and transversal study, employed methods: bibliographical revisions, content analysis. Results: 29 juridical instruments were set up from 1976 to 2017. Seven of them have a national range and the other 22 were set for the Central Government Organizations with limited range. Smoking was set in 24 juridical normative and five references in general health. Cuba has the juridical norms relations for the reference measure to reduce tobacco demand and offer in Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Executes three arrangement to MPOWER. Conclusions: The valid juridical norms for smoking prevention and smoking control are spread out; the economical measure is not enough and does not have the purpose to diminish the cigarette offer and demand, mainly in adolescents and young people. Great part of this measure is inserted in the current Framework Convention on Tobacco Control juridical normative, however referent to MPOWER measures, Cuba carries out into the ones which not have an economical and legal character.
Resumo Objetivo: Identificar as normas jurídicas em vigor na prevenção e no controlo de tabaco e descrever a situação atual de Cuba, em relação as medidas de redução da oferta e da procura do Marco de Convenção para o controlo do tabaco e o plano de medidas MPOWER da Organização Mundial de saúde. Materiais e métodos: Aestudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, utilizando como métodos, a revisão da literatura e a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: De 1976 a 2017, 29 instrumentos jurídicos foram elaborados. Sete tem abrangência nacional e 22 correspondem aos organismos da Administração Central do Estado (OACE) com escopo limitado. O tabagismo está descrito em 24 normativas e em cinco no ãmbito da saúde. Cuba tem legisla9áo que se relaciona com as medidas de redução da oferta e da procura de tabaco no quadro da Convenção sobre controlo de tabaco que cumprem com tres das seis medidas referidas no MPOWER. Conclusões: As normativas jurídicas vigentes para a prevenção e controlo do tabaco estão dispersas; as que constituem medidas económicas são insuficientes e não cumprem com os requisitos para reduzir a procura e a oferta de cigarros, principalmente nos adolescentes e nos jovens. Uma grande parte das medidas promulgadas no quadro da Convenção sobre controlo de tabaco estão inseridas nas normas legais vigentes, todavia em relação as medidas MPOWER, Cuba cumpre com as que precisamente não têm um caráter jurídico e económico.
Résumé Objectif: Identifier les normes juridiques en vigueur pour la prévention et le contrôle du tabagisme et décrire la situation actuelle de Cuba par rapport aux mesures visant à réduire l'offre et la demande de tabac de la Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac à Cuba et du programme MPOWER de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. Matériel et méthodes: Étude observationnelle, descriptive et transversale, utilisant comme méthodes la revue de littérature et l'analyse de contenu. Résultats: De 1976 a 2017, 29 instruments juridiques ont été établis. Sept d'entre eux ont une portée nationale et 22 correspondent à des Organismes Centraux d'Administration de l'État (OACE), ayant donc une portée limitée a ceux-ci. Le theme du tabagisme est central dans 24 de ces règlements; dans les cinq autres il est abordé dans le cadre de la santé en général. Cuba possede des normes juridiques liées aux articles concernant les mesures de réduction de l'offre et la demande de tabac de la Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac. Trois des six mesures MPOWER sont prises en compte. Conclusions: Les normes juridiques en vigueur pour la prévention et le contrôle du tabagisme sont dispersées; celles qui constituent des mesures économiques sont insuffisantes et ne permettent pas de couvrir l'objectif de réduire la demande et l'offre de cigarettes, principalement aux adolescents et aux jeunes. Une grande partie des mesures promulguées par la Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac sont insérées dans la réglementation en vigueur; toutefois, en ce qui concerne les mesures MPOWER, Cuba ne prend en compte que celles qui n'ont pas précisément de caractere juridique et économique.
ABSTRACT
Recourse to litigation and positive judicial interventions is one of the most effective tools to meet public health objectives. The present review envisions compiling litigation and judicial measures in Southeast Asia Region (SEAR) while assessing their role in advancing smokeless tobacco (SLT) control, and equally highlighting, how tobacco industry has used litigation to undermine tobacco control efforts in the Region. The litigation, especially from the SEAR, up to 2017, that have facilitated SLT control or have been used by the tobacco industry to challenge an SLT control policy decision were reviewed. Most of the litigation related to SLT control from the Region are on pictorial health warnings. Bhutan has imposed a complete prohibition on sale, manufacture and import of all kinds of tobacco products and the litigation there relates to the prosecution of offenders for violating the ban. Judiciary in the Region is well informed about the ill-effects of tobacco use and remains positive to tobacco control initiatives in the interest of public health. In India, several SLT-specific litigation helped in better regulation of SLT products in the country. Litigation has compelled governments for effective enforcement of the domestic tobacco control laws and the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Parties to the WHO FCTC must now use Treaty Article 19 to strengthen their legal procedures and make the tobacco industry liable, for both criminal and civil wrongs.
ABSTRACT
Se fundamenta la necesidad que tiene la Argentina en ratificar el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaquismo (CMCT-OMS), permitiéndo le proteger la salud de la población de las enfermedades relacionadas con el consumo del tabaco tanto activo como pasivo.
It is based in the need for Argentina to ratify the Who Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), allowing improve the protection of public health in diseases related to the consumption of tobacco.
Subject(s)
International Cooperation , Smoking/prevention & control , Tobacco Products/legislation & jurisprudence , Public Health , World Health Organization , ArgentinaABSTRACT
En este artículo se destaca que el empaquetado neutro y el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT - OMS) son parte de la campaña antitabaco 2016. Distintas estrategias se vienen realizando todos los años a favor de la salud pública.
This article emphasizes that the neutral packaging and the Who Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Different strategies are being made every year for improving public health.
Subject(s)
Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/prevention & control , World Health Organization , Tobacco-Derived Products Labeling , Anniversaries and Special Events , ArgentinaABSTRACT
When revising Advertisement Law ( AL) of People's Republic of China, a basic principal is the comprehensive banning of direct or indirect tobacco advertising and implementing the WHO Framework Conven-tion on Tobacco Control ( FCTC) . After comparing the AL Revised Draft ( ALRD) with the AL, the Interim Man-agement Regulation for Tobacco Advertisements ( IMRTA) , and FCTC article 13 and its implementation guide-line, we found that ALRD did not ban all kinds of the tobacco advertising in all public places by using different channels, couldn’t clearly define the covert and false advertisements on tobacco, so that the epidemic of tobacco advertising cannot be curbed in China. In addition, this ALRD still permits the tobacco advertising in some places, and this does not satisfy the FCTC requirement. Therefore, China cannot honor its commitments as a re-sponsible big country. According to above analysis, we proposed some suggestions on comprehensive banning all the direct and indirect tobacco advertisements.
ABSTRACT
A brief history of processes of determining the health consequences of smoking is given. The role and importance of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in directing the methods and principles of anti-smoking policy and regulations to be followed by the 167 countries that ratified the Convention are delineated. Evaluation of the progress done by the Korean Institute of Health and Welfare ten years after the ratification of the Convention indicates that Korea is the 24th out of 25 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries, and that the price of cigarettes was 98th among the 167 participating countries. The prevalence rate of smoking in Korea belongs to one of the highest, men in particular. Anti-smoking policy and regulations in Korea should be strongly reemphasized.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Korea , Prevalence , Smoke , Smoking , Social Control, Formal , Nicotiana , Tobacco Products , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
The 11 member states of WHO's South-East Asia Region share common factors of high prevalence of tobacco use, practice of several forms of tobacco use, increasing prevalence of tobacco use among the youth and women, link of tobacco use with poverty, and influence of tobacco advertisements in propagating the use of tobacco, especially among young girls and women. The effects of tobacco use are many-fold, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates as well as loss of gross domestic product (GDP) to respective countries. The WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia has been actively involved in curbing this menace essentially by way of assisting member states in implementing the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). This paper gives an overview of these activities and discusses the opportunities and challenges in implementing the FCTC and possible practical solutions.
Subject(s)
Asia, Southeastern , Asia, Western , Congresses as Topic , Humans , Smoke-Free Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/prevention & control , Nicotiana , Tobacco Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
This review of legislation, obstacles faced, and challenges to be met, outlines present tobacco control lessons learnt in Thailand. A review of over twenty years of tobacco control experience in Thailand is provided in seven areas including policy formulation and the role of civil society, as well as in essential WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control areas. A descriptive, historical review shows how stakeholders, policies and resources were mobilized in Thailand, and what lessons resource-challenged countries might use from the Thai experience.
ABSTRACT
En América Latina, la epidemia del tabaquismo en las mujeres es una realidad ya instalada. Esto se vincula al cambio en el estatus social y económico de las mujeres y el accionar de la industria tabacalera para captar este segmento del mercado. El Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco tiene el potencial de ser un tratado de importancia para las mujeres si en la aplicación de sus artículos se incorpora perspectiva de género. Los tratados de derechos de las mujeres también representan una herramienta útil para detener esta epidemia. Es esencial la participación plena y significativa de las mujeres en este proceso.
In the Latin America region, the tobacco epidemic among women is a fact. This is related to the change in social and economic status among women and the efforts of the tobacco industry to capture their market share. The FCTC has the potential to be an important treaty for women if its articles include a gender perspective. Women´s rights treaties, also represent an important tool to stop the epidemic. Women's participation is key in this process.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Smoking/prevention & control , Women's Health , Latin America , Sex Factors , Tobacco IndustryABSTRACT
Civil society has been the engine that has permitted many of the accomplishments seen in tobacco control in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, the role of civil society is not clearly understood. Civil society plays five main roles: advocate, coalition builder, provider of evidence-based information, watchdog and service provider. Some of these roles are played weakly by civil society in the region and should be encouraged to support beneficial societal change. Civil society working in tobacco control has evolved over the years to now become more professionalized. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use have brought about significant change with positive and negative consequences. Strengthening civil society not only supports the tobacco control movement but it provides competencies that may be used in many ways to promote change in democratic societies.
La sociedad civil ha sido el motor que ha permitido muchos logros en el control del tabaco en Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Sin embargo, no se comprende bien el papel que juega. La sociedad civil tiene cinco roles principales: abogar, construir coaliciones, proveer información basada en evidencia, ser perro guardián y proveer servicios. Algunos de estos roles se juegan débilmente y deben ser promovidos para apoyar cambios benéficos en la sociedad. La sociedad civil ha evolucionado a través de los años en el control del tabaco y ahora se ha profesionalizado más. El Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT) de la OMS y la iniciativa Bloomberg para Reducir el Uso del Tabaco han traído consigo cambios significativos con consecuencias positivas y negativas. El fortalecimiento de la sociedad civil no sólo significa un beneficio para el movimiento del control del tabaco sino que también provee las competencias que sirven de muchas formas para promover el cambio en las sociedades democráticas.
Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Organizations , Smoking/prevention & control , Caribbean Region , Health Promotion/history , Latin AmericaABSTRACT
Objective. To assess capacity and human resources in Latin America countries and compare with other countries. Material and Methods. Data were gathered through needs assessments that were conducted at the 2009 World Conference on Tobacco or Health, and the 2nd Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco-International American Heart Foundation, Latin America Tobacco Control Conference held in Mexico City in 2009. Results. In comparing Latin America respondents to respondents from other countries, we found that the average number of years in tobacco control was higher and the majority of respondents reported higher levels of educational attainment. Respondents reported lack of funding and other resources as their number one challenge, as well as, tobacco industry interference and lack of political will to implement tobacco control policies. Conclusions. In Latin America there are some countries that have made significant progress in building their capacity and human resources to address their tobacco epidemics, but much still needs to be done.
Objetivo. Realizar un diagnóstico sobre la capacitación y los recursos humanos en América Latina y comparar con otros países. Material y métodos. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de una encuesta realizada durante la Conferencia Mundial Tabaco o Salud de 2009 y la segunda Conferencia de Control del Tabaco para América Latina de la Sociedad de Investigación sobre Nicotina y Tabaco (Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco) y de la Fundación Interamericana del Corazón llevada a cabo en la ciudad de México en 2009. Resultados. Al comparar las respuestas de América Latina con las de otros países, observamos que el promedio de años trabajando en control del tabaco era mayor y que la mayoría reportó un mayor nivel de estudios. Los encuestados identificaron la falta de recursos y de financiamiento como su mayor desafío así como la interferencia de la industria y la falta de voluntad política para implementar políticas de control del tabaco. Conclusiones. Algunos países de América Latina han hecho enormes avances en cuanto a la capacitación de sus recursos humanos para afrontar la epidemia del tabaco, sin embargo, todavía queda mucho por hacer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Capacity Building , Smoking/prevention & control , Staff Development , Latin AmericaABSTRACT
The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), a World Health Organization sponsored global tobacco control treaty, constitutes the first major international tool with the potential to significantly reduce the global pandemic of tobacco-produced disease and death. After providing background on the prevalence of cigarette smoking and smoking attributable mortality, both at present and projected for the future, the paper then describes the FCTC and discusses its development, the barriers it has confronted, and the opportunities it offers for improving global health. Successful implementation of the provisions in the treaty could avoid literally tens of millions of premature tobacco-produced deaths over the next few decades.
El Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT), un tratado para el control global del tabaco patrocinado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, constituye la primera herramienta internacional importante con el potencial de reducir significativamente la pandemia mundial de enfermedades y decesos producidos por el tabaco. Este ensayo proporciona antecedentes sobre la prevalencia de consumo de cigarrillos y sobre mortalidad atribuible a dicho consumo, tanto al presente como con proyección a futuro. Después describe el CMCT, su desarrollo, las barreras que ha confrontado y las oportunidades que ofrece para mejorar la salud global. La implementación exitosa de las disposiciones del tratado podría evitar, literalmente, decenas de millones de muertes prematuras producidas por el tabaco en las próximas décadas.
Subject(s)
Humans , International Cooperation , Smoking/prevention & control , Smoking/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study reports findings from the ITC Korea Survey, which was conducted to evaluate the characteristics in Korean adult smokers as part of the ITC Project. METHODS: Adult male and female smokers were randomly selected using telephone survey from November to December 2005. The ITC Korea Survey contained a wide range of questions on smoking behavior and smoking history. The data reported are weighted on the basis of age and gender, and they are nationally representative of smokers in Korea. RESULTS: A total of 1,002 smokers among the selected 1,402 subjects (71.5%) were interviewed; 96.2% were males. Daily smokers comprised 94.5% of the sample. The mean of cigarettes per day was 17.9. The average minutes after waking before the first cigarette was smoked was lower (50.6 minutes) than it was in other countries of the ITC Project. Over 90% considered themselves addicted to cigarettes and 86.5% expressed regret over smoking. Smokers reported that the norms against smoking in Korea were very strong both personal norms (89.4%) and perceived norms in Korean society (86.3%). Among the smokers, 80.8% had tried to quit smoking, and 76.1% were planning to quit. Only 5.8% of the Korean smokers indicated that the warning labels made them a lot more likely to quit smoking. When the price of cigarettes increased by 500 won (25%) in December 2004, 34.3% reported trying to quit smoking. Only 17.7% supported a complete workplace ban and 15.8% supported a complete ban in restaurants. Although knowledge of the harms of smoking was high, nearly 80% of the Koreans wrongly believed that "nicotine causes most of the cancer in smokers." Finally, the great majority (85.2%) of smokers in Korea believed that "the government should do more to tackle the harm done by smoking" and 62.5% believed that "tobacco products should be more tightly regulated." CONCLUSION: The results from the baseline wave of the ITC Korea Survey have identified where tobacco control in Korea has been done. Future waves of the ITC Korea Survey will be able to evaluate the impact of important tobacco control policies that Korea will be required to implement over the next few years, as a party to the FCTC.