Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con artritis psoriásica / Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis

Introducción: La presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular agrava el pronóstico de los pacientes con artritis psoriásica. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con diagnóstico de artritis psoriásica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el Servicio de Reumatología del Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, en el período de enero de 2021 a abril de 2022. Se recogieron variables demográficas, clínicas y hemoquímicas relacionadas con la enfermedad, así como el score de riesgo de Framingham y la evaluación de aterosclerosis carotídea subclínica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 89 pacientes con edad media de 56,3 ± 11,8 años, 69,7 por ciento del sexo femenino 48,3 por ciento con evolución mayor de 10 años y 77,5 por ciento con afectación periférica. La actividad de la enfermedad por el índice ASDAS fue alta (55,1 por ciento) igual que por BASDAI (68,5 por ciento). Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuentes fueron: dislipidemia (61,8 por ciento), obesidad (59,6 por ciento) hipertensión arterial (50,6 por ciento). La obesidad, la diabetes y la hipertensión arterial fueron mayores en pacientes con elevada actividad de la enfermedad. La aterosclerosis carotídea fue mayor en pacientes con tabaquismo, diabetes y dislipidemia. El 39,3 por ciento presentó grosor íntima media aumentado, y el 27,0 por ciento con presencia de placa carotídea. En pacientes con aterosclerosis carotídea el 25,7 por ciento fue considerado como riesgo bajo por Framingham. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular se presentaron con una frecuencia elevada, asociado a la aterosclerosis subclínica, a la actividad inflamatoria y a una subestimación de riesgo por la escala de Framingham(AU)

Introduction: The presence of cardiovascular risk factors aggravates the prognosis of patients with psoriatic arthritis. Objective: To determine cardiovascular risk factors in patients diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the Rheumatology Service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital from January 2021 to April 2022. Demographic, clinical, and hemochemical variables related to the disease were collected, as well as Framingham risk score and he evaluation of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. Results: Eighty nine patients with mean age of 56.3 ± 11.8 years were included, 69.7percent female, 48.3percent with evolution older than 10 years and 77.5percent with peripheral involvement. Disease activity by ASDAS index was high (55.1percent), the same as by BASDAI (68.5percent). The most frequent cardiovascular risk factors were dyslipidemia (61.8percent), obesity (59.6percent) and arterial hypertension (50.6percent). Obesity, diabetes and arterial hypertension were higher in patients with high disease activity. Carotid atherosclerosis was higher in patients with smoking habits, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. 39.3percent showed increased intima media thickness and 27.0% had carotid plaque. In patients with carotid atherosclerosis, 25.7percent were considered low risk by Framingham. Conclusions: Cardiovascular risk factors occurred with high frequency, associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, inflammatory activity and underestimation of risk by the Framingham scale(AU)

Trajetórias e determinantes do alto risco cardiovascular de 30 anos entre participantes de uma coorte brasileira (Estudo CUME) / Trajectories and determinants of 30-year high cardiovascular risk among participants in a Brazilian cohort (CUME Study)

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares são o principal problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Portanto, a avaliação do risco cardiovascular, com a identificação de seus fatores de risco e de proteção e de suas trajetórias ao longo do tempo são importantes para a proposição, a consolidação e a implementação de medidas de prevenção da ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo geral: Analisar a trajetória e os determinantes do alto risco cardiovascular de 30 anos em participantes da Coorte de Universidades Mineiras (Estudo CUME). Métodos: Inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura e, em seguida, dois estudos de coorte prospectiva. A) Artigo 1 ­ revisão integrativa da literatura sobre a estimação do alto risco cardiovascular e seus fatores associados, realizada nas bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature e no portal Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde; B) Artigo 2 ­ Coorte aberta prospectiva desenvolvida com 2.854 participantes do Estudo CUME, que é uma pesquisa multicêntrica conduzida com egressos de sete instituições públicas federais de ensino superior do Estado de Minas Gerais desde 2016. A incidência do alto risco cardiovascular de 30 anos foi calculada usando o escore de Framingham e seus determinantes foram estimados usando análise multivariada hierárquica pela técnica de regressão de Cox; C) Artigo 3 ­ Estudo prospectivo fechado desenvolvido com 1.286 participantes da CUME, que responderam ao questionário da linha de base em 2016, aos questionários de seguimento de dois anos (2018) e de quatro anos (2020). O risco cardiovascular foi avaliado com o escore de Framingham de 30 anos. A identificação das trajetórias do risco cardiovascular foi realizada com a técnica de modelagem de crescimento de classe latente com o uso do modelo normal censurado. A análise dos fatores independentemente associados a cada uma das trajetórias foi conduzida com a técnica de regressão logística multinominal. Resultados: Artigo 1 ­ foram selecionados 13 artigos com um ou mais fatores associados ao alto risco cardiovascular, segundo o escore de Framingham de 10 anos. Nenhum artigo investigou os fatores associados ao alto risco cardiovascular de 30 anos. Artigo 2 ­ após média de 2,62 anos de seguimento, a incidência do alto risco cardiovascular de 30 anos foi 8,1 casos/1.000 pessoas-ano no sexo feminino e 20,2 casos/1.000 pessoas-ano no sexo masculino. Sexo masculino (Hazard Ratio ­ HR: 2,34; IC 95%: 1,58 - 3,46), trabalhar (HR: 2,13; IC 95%: 1,13 - 3,99), alto consumo de alimentos processados (HR: 2,44; 95% CI: 1,21 - 4,90) e ser ativo fisicamente (HR: 0,63; IC 95%: 0,41 - 0,98) se associaram independentemente ao alto risco cardiovascular de 30 anos; Artigo 3 - Três trajetórias de risco cardiovascular de 30 anos foram identificadas: Baixo-Baixo (68,3%), Médio-Médio (26,2%) e Alto-Alto (5,5%). Ao longo do tempo, o risco cardiovascular apresentou discreto aumento para a trajetória Baixo-Baixo (2,9%), moderado aumento para a trajetória Médio-Médio (7,6%) e elevado aumento para a trajetória Alto-Alto (13%). O sexo masculino, viver em união estável, ter consumos moderado e alto de alimentos ultraprocessados se associaram positivamente às trajetórias de risco cardiovascular Médio-Médio e Alto-Alto. Ainda, ter formação profissional fora da área da saúde e estar trabalhando se associaram positivamente à trajetória de risco cardiovascular Médio-Médio, enquanto ser ativo fisicamente se associou negativamente à trajetória de risco cardiovascular Alto-Alto. Conclusão: Poucos estudos foram conduzidos para avaliar o alto risco cardiovascular de 30 anos, sendo que em nenhum deles foram estimados fatores associados ao desfecho. Nossos achados científicos indicaram que praticar atividade física reduz a incidência do alto risco cardiovascular de 30 anos. Homens, pessoas que trabalham e com consumo elevado de alimentos processados devem ser monitorados com maior cautela, pois apresentaram maior susceptibilidade de ocorrência do alto risco cardiovascular de 30 anos. Adultos jovens e com melhor situação socioeconômica possuem uma trajetória de baixo risco cardiovascular de 30 anos, entretanto, há uma tendência de piora desta trajetória ao longo do tempo devido aos maus hábitos de vida. Dessa forma, é essencial a implementação de estratégias de prevenção para evitar o adoecimento cardiovascular.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the main public health problem worldwide. Therefore, the assessment of cardiovascular risk, with the identification of its risk and protection factors and their trajectories over time, are important for proposing, consolidating and implementing measures to prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. General objective: To analyze the 30-year trajectory and determinants of high cardiovascular risk in participants of the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME Study). Methods: Initially, an integrative literature review was performed, followed by two prospective cohort studies. A) Article 1 ­ integrative review of the literature on the estimation of high cardiovascular risk and its associated factors, carried out in the databases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and the Virtual Health Library portal; B) Article 2 ­ Prospective open cohort developed with 2,854 participants of the CUME Study, which is a multicenter research conducted with graduates from seven federal public institutions of higher education in the State of Minas Gerais since 2016. The incidence of high cardiovascular risk at 30 years was calculated using the Framingham score and its determinants were estimated using hierarchical multivariate analysis by the Cox regression technique; C) Article 3 ­ Prospective closed study developed with 1,286 participants from CUME, who answered the baseline questionnaire in 2016, the two-year follow-up questionnaire in 2018 and the four-year follow-up questionnaire in 2020. The risk Cardiovascular was assessed using the 30-year Framingham score. The identification of cardiovascular risk trajectories was performed using the latent class growth modeling technique using the normal censored model. The analysis of the factors independently associated with each of the trajectories was conducted using the multinomial logistic regression technique. Results: Article 1 ­ 13 articles were selected with one or more factors associated with high cardiovascular risk, according to the Framingham score over 10 years. No article investigated the factors associated with 30-year high cardiovascular risk. Article 2 ­ After an average of 2.62 years of follow-up, the incidence of high cardiovascular risk at 30 years was 8.1 cases/1,000 person-years in females and 20.2 cases/1,000 person-years in males. Male sex (Hazard Ratio ­ HR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.58 - 3.46), work (HR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.13 - 3.99), high food intake processed foods (HR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1.21 - 4.90) and being physically active (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.41 - 0.98) were independently associated with high cardiovascular risk 30 years old; Article 3 - Three 30-year cardiovascular risk trajectories were identified: Low-Low (68.3%), Medium-Medium (26.2%) and High-High (5.5%). Over time, cardiovascular risk showed a slight increase for the Low-Low trajectory (2.9%), a moderate increase for the Medium-Medium trajectory (7.6%) and a high increase for the High-High trajectory (13%). Being male, living in a stable relationship, having moderate and high consumption of ultra-processed foods were positively associated with Medium-Medium and High-High cardiovascular risk trajectories. Also, having professional training outside the health area and being working were positively associated with the Medium-Medium cardiovascular risk trajectory, while being physically active was negatively associated with the High-High cardiovascular risk trajectory. Conclusion: Few studies were conducted to assess the 30-year high cardiovascular risk, and none of them estimated factors associated with the outcome. Our scientific findings indicated that practicing physical activity reduces the incidence of 30-year high cardiovascular risk. Men, people who work and with a high consumption of processed foods should be monitored with greater caution, as they were more susceptible to the occurrence of the high cardiovascular risk of 30 years. Young adults with better socioeconomic status have a 30-year trajectory of low cardiovascular risk, however, there is a tendency for this trajectory to worsen over time due to bad lifestyle habits. Thus, it is essential to implement prevention strategies to avoid cardiovascular disease.

The 30-year cardiovascular risk trajectories and their independently associated factors in participants of a Brazilian cohort (CUME Study) / As trajetórias de risco cardiovascular de 30 anos e seus fatores independentemente associados em participantes de uma coorte brasileira (Estudo CUME) / Las trayectorias de riesgo cardiovascular de 30 años y sus factores asociados de forma independiente en participantes de una cohorte brasileña (Estudio CUME)

Abstract: We aimed to analyze the different trajectories of 30-year cardiovascular risk (CVR) and its independently associated factors in participants of the CUME Study, a prospective study with alumni from federal universities of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In this study, 1,286 participants who answered the baseline (2016) and follow-up (2018 and 2020) questionnaires were included. Trajectories of CVR, according to the Framingham score, were identified with the latent class growth modelling technique with the use of the censored normal model. Analysis of the factors independently associated with each of the trajectories was conducted with multinomial logistic regression technique. Three CVR trajectories were identified: Low-Low (68.3%), Medium-Medium (26.2%), and High-High (5.5%). Male sex, living in a stable union, and having moderate and high intakes of ultra-processed foods were positively associated with the Medium-Medium and High-High CVR trajectories. Having non-healthcare professional training and working were positively associated with the Medium-Medium CVR trajectory, whereas being physically active was negatively associated with the High-High CVR trajectory. In conclusion, more than one-third of participants had CVR trajectories in the Medium-Medium and High-High categories. Food consumption and physical activity are modifiable factors that were associated with these trajectories; thus, implementing health promotion measures could help prevent the persistence or worsen of CVR. On the other hand, sociodemographic and labor characteristics are non-modifiable factors that were associated with Medium-Medium and High-High trajectories, which could help identify people who should be monitored with more caution by health services.

Resumo: Nosso objetivo foi analisar as diferentes trajetórias de risco cardiovascular (RCV) de 30 anos e seus fatores independentemente associados em participantes do Estudo CUME, um estudo prospectivo com ex-alunos de universidades federais de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Este estudo incluiu 1.286 participantes que responderam aos questionários de linha de base (2016) e acompanhamento (2018 e 2020). As trajetórias de RCV, de acordo com o escore de Framingham, foram identificadas por modelagem de crescimento de classe latente com o uso do modelo normal censurado. A análise dos fatores independentemente associados a cada uma das trajetórias foi realizada por regressão logística multinomial. Foram identificadas três trajetórias de RCV: Baixo-Baixo (68,3%), Médio-Médio (26,2%) e Alto-Alto (5,5%). Sexo masculino, união estável e consumo moderado e alto de alimentos ultraprocessados foram positivamente associados às trajetórias de RCV Médio-Médio e Alto-Alto. Formação profissional e trabalhar em áreas não relacionadas à saúde foram positivamente associados à trajetória de RCV Médio-Médio, enquanto ser fisicamente ativo foi negativamente associado à trajetória de RCV Alto-Alto. Em conclusão, mais de um terço dos participantes apresentou trajetórias de RCV nas categorias Médio-Médio e Alto-Alto. Fatores modificáveis foram associados a essas trajetórias (consumo de alimentos e atividade física); assim, medidas de promoção da saúde podem evitar a manutenção ou a piora do RCV. Por outro lado, os fatores não modificáveis associados às trajetórias Médio-Médio e Alto-Alto (características sociodemográficas e laborais) permitem traçar o perfil das pessoas que devem ser monitoradas com mais cautela pelos serviços de saúde.

Resumen: Nuestro objetivo fue analizar las diferentes trayectorias de riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) de 30 años y sus factores asociados de forma independiente en participantes del Estudio CUME, un estudio prospectivo con exalumnos de universidades federales de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Este estudio incluyó a 1.286 participantes que completaron los cuestionarios de referencia (2016) y de seguimiento (2018 y 2020). Las trayectorias de RCV, según el índice de Framingham, se identificaron mediante el modelado de crecimiento de clase latente utilizando el modelo normal censurado. El análisis de los factores asociados de forma independiente a cada una de las trayectorias se realizó mediante regresión logística multinomial. Se identificaron tres trayectorias de RCV: Bajo-Bajo (68,3%), Medio-Medio (26,2%) y Alto-Alto (5,5%). El género masculino, la unión estable y el consumo moderado y alto de alimentos ultraprocesados se asociaron positivamente con las trayectorias de RCV Medio-Medio y Alto-Alto. La formación profesional y el trabajo en áreas no relacionadas con la salud se asociaron positivamente con la trayectoria de RCV Medio-Medio, mientras que la actividad física se asoció negativamente con la trayectoria de RCV Alto-Alto. En conclusión, más de la tercera parte de los participantes presentó trayectorias de RCV en las categorías Medio-Medio y Alto-Alto. A estas trayectorias se asociaron factores modificables (consumo de alimentos y actividad física); por lo tanto, las medidas de promoción de la salud pueden prevenir el mantenimiento o el empeoramiento del RCV. Por otra parte, los factores no modificables asociados a las trayectorias Medio-Medio y Alto-Alto (características sociodemográficas y laborales) permiten delinear el perfil de las personas que deben ser monitoreadas con más atención por los servicios de salud.

Status de vitamina D e risco cardiovascular em indivíduos com síndrome metabólica / Vitamin D status and cardiovascular risk in individuals with metabolic syndrome

Introdução: A síndrome metabólica é um conjunto de desordens metabólicas, consideradas fatores de risco cardiovascular. Estima-se que indivíduos com síndrome metabólica apresentam probabilidade três vezes maior de desenvolver doenças cardiovasculares. O status inadequado de vitamina D tem apresentado múltiplos mecanismos fisiopatológicos que sugerem um envolvimento no desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo: avaliar a associação entre o status de vitamina D e o risco de doenças cardiovasculares em indivíduos com síndrome metabólica. Métodos: Estudo do tipo transversal realizado com 161 indivíduos adultos, diagnosticados com síndrome metabólica. Foram realizadas as medidas antropométricas, pressão arterial, e as análises bioquímicas, incluindo a dosagem de 25(OH)D no soro. O critério estabelecido para classificação do status de 25(OH)D foi deficiente < 20 ng/mL; insuficiente≤ 29 ng/mL e suficiente ≥ 30 ng/mL. Ademais, avaliou-se o risco absoluto de desenvolver doenças cardiovasculares usando o Escore de Risco de Framingham. Resultados: A mediana da concentração de 25(OH)D foi 29,7 (21-34) ng/mL, indicando status de 25(OH)D insuficiente na população. Não houve associação entre status de vitamina D e o risco cardiovascular em indivíduos com síndrome metabólica (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Não se observou associação entre status 25(OH)D inadequado e maior risco cardiovascular nos indivíduos com síndrome metabólica. Entretanto,esses resultados reforçam a importância do monitoramento clínico para prevenir os impactos da hipovitaminose D nos indivíduos com síndrome metabólica e o desenvolvimento de novos estudos para avaliar a relação entre status de 25(OH)D e risco cardiovascular.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a set of metabolic disorders that are considered cardiovascular risk factors. It is estimated that individuals with metabolic syndrome are three times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease. Inadequate vitamin D status has shown multiple pathophysiological mechanisms that suggest an involvement in the development of cardiovascular disease. Objective: To evaluate the association between vitamin D status and the risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 161 adult individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and biochemical analyzes were performed, including serum 25(OH)D status. The established criterion for classifying 25(OH)D status was deficient < 20 ng/mL; insufficient ≤ 29 ng/mL and sufficient ≥ 30 ng/mL. Furthermore, the absolute risk of developing cardiovascular disease was assessed using the Framingham Risk Score. Results: The mean 25(OH)D concentration was 29.7 (21-34) ng/mL, indicating insufficient 25(OH)D status in the population. There was no association between vitamin D status and cardiovascular risk in subjects with metabolic syndrome (p > 0.05). Conclusion: There was no association between inadequate 25(OH)D status and increased cardiovascular risk in individuals with metabolic syndrome. However, these results reinforce the importance of clinical monitoring to prevent the impacts of hypovitaminosis D in individuals with metabolic syndrome and the development of new studies to assess the relationship between 25(OH)D status and cardiovascular risk.

Assessment of Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Perimenopausal Women :A Cross-sectional Study in a Rural Area of West Bengal

Introduction :Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the leading cause of mortality in the world, more so in the perimenopausal age group due to decreased levels of estrogen and diminished ovarian function because of ageing. To find out the magnitude of CVD risk among perimenopausalObjective: women residing in rural Bengal and its associated determinants. A cross-sectional study wasMethod: conducted in a rural area of Barasat block I during April-July 2021 on 150 peri-menopausal women selected by cluster sampling. A pre-designed pretested questionnaire was used for data collection and a 10-year probability of CVD risk was assessed using Framingham Risk Score. Logistic regression analysis was done to find out the associated factors. Intermediate & high CVD risk was present in 28 (18.7%) and 63Results: (42%) participants respectively. Among 150 participants, 62% were hypertensive, 44.7% were diabetic,, 51.3% with borderline high total cholesterol and 76% had low HDL cholesterol. Factors significantly associated with intermediate to high CVD risk were high mental stress [AOR=6.96, 95%CI=2.17-22.31], family history of chronic illness [AOR=14.46, 95% CI=4.26-49.06] and presence of chronic morbidities [AOR=6.84, 95%CI=1.93-24.22]. A significant proportion of perimenopausal women were atConclusion: risk of developing CVD. Thus, awareness campaigns in the community would help in empowering women in maintaining their health through regular screening and timely intervention when deemed necessary

Prevalencia de obesidad y riesgo cardiovascular en trabajadores del área de hidrocarburos / Prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk in workers in the hydrocarbon area

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad cardiovascular (infarto de miocardio, muerte cardíaca y accidente cerebrovascular fatal o no fatal) es la principal causa de muerte prematura y de discapacidad en el mundo. Es responsable de más de 17 millones de muertes anuales y afecta principalmente a la población que se ubica en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. Se estima que el 80% de la carga mundial se produce en estos países. Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de obesidad y riesgo cardiovascular mediante los criterios de Framingham en una población de trabajadores de la industria de producción de hidrocarburos. Método: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional descriptivo, epidemiológico, en el que se tuvo en cuenta la población de los trabajadores de la empresa Montajes JM, Cerritos CPE6, Proyecto 176, en el departamento del Meta (Puerto Gaitán). Se representaron las variables en promedio, intervalos de confianza y desviación estándar, procediendo a desarrollar un análisis por sexo para cada uno de los factores de riesgo. Resultados: En la población del programa de riesgo cardiovascular se encontró un promedio de edad de 38.11 años y un índice de masa corporal de 26.00 m2/kg. El 7.58% presentó hipertensión arterial, el 1.08% diabetes mellitus y el 24.91% tabaquismo. El riesgo cardiovascular calculado con la escala de Framingham fue del 4.48%. El índice de masa corporal, la edad y la presión arterial sistólica no son estadísticamente significativos para la valoración del riesgo con la escala Framingham. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de obesidad fue del 64.9%, en tanto que el 75% de las personas que trabajan en hidrocarburos tenían riesgo leve de enfermedad cardiovascular.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of premature death and disability worldwide (myocardial infarction, cardiac death and fatal or non-fatal stroke) is responsible for more than 17 million annual deaths, in patients of low- and middle-income countries, it is estimated that 80% of the global burden occurs in these countries. Objective: To establish the prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk, evaluated using the Framingham criteria in a population of workers in the hydrocarbon production industry. Method: An observational, descriptive, epidemiological study was carried out of a population of workers of the company Montajes JM, Cerritos CPE6 Project 176, in Puerto Gaitan in the department of Meta, Colombia. The variables in average, standard deviation and confidence intervals were described, with a comparative analysis of risk factors by sex. Results: In the population of the cardiovascular risk program, an average age of 38.11 years old and a body mass index of 26.00 m2/kg were found. 7.58% presented high blood pressure, 1.08% diabetes mellitus and 24.91% were found to smoke. The cardiovascular risk calculated with the Framingham scale was found to be 4.48%. Body mass index, age and systolic blood pressure were not statistically significant for the risk assessment using the Framingham scales. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity in the group of workers in the hydrocarbon drilling industry was 64.9% and 75% had a slight risk of cardiovascular disease.

Escore de risco de Framingham em pacientes diabéticos da estratégia de saúde da família / Framingham risk score among diabetic patients in the family health strategy / Puntuación de riesgo de Framingham en pacientes diabéticos de la estrategia de salud familiar

A maioria dos indivíduos com diabetes mellitus também apresenta obesidade, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e dislipidemia. Por esse motivo, preconiza-se a Estratificação de Risco de Framingham (ERF), de modo a identificar o risco de desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) em dez anos. Este estudo analisa a prevalência de diabetes mellitus para determinar o risco cardiovascular pelo ERF na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), visando um cuidado integral para a prevenção de DCV. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de corte transversal com população (n = 746) dividida em 150 indivíduos diabéticos (apenas quatro do tipo 1) e 596 não diabéticos a partir de 3.325 prontuários. Foi identificado 57,9% (n = 432) de indivíduos com baixo risco (ERF < 10%); 24,7% (n = 185) em médio risco (ERF 10-20%), e 17,2% (n = 129) em alto risco (ERF > 20%). Os diabéticos de baixo risco representam 23,3% (n = 35/150); 36,6% (n = 55/150) com médio risco e 40% (n = 60/150) com alto risco. Os grupos são significativamente distintos entre si quanto ao ERF (P < 0, 0001) ao comparar os subgrupos de risco (baixo, médio, alto), assim como as taxas de glicemia (P < 0,0001). A prevalência de médio e alto risco aumenta a partir dos 48 anos de idade; o sexo feminino prevalece em todos os níveis de risco e faixas etárias. O risco cardiovascular para diabéticos é 2,5 vezes maior; há impacto aumentado se concomitante com hipertensão, tabagismo, obesidade, sedentarismo e etilismo. O panorama do risco cardiovascular, determinado pelo ERF, é relevante para o uso clínico pela equipe de saúde básica ao lidar com pacientes diabéticos.

Most individuals with diabetes mellitus also present obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Hence, the Framingham Risk Stratification (ERF) is recommended to identify the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in 10 years. This study analyzes the prevalence of diabetes mellitus to determine cardiovascular risk using the ERF in the Family Health Strategy, aiming at comprehensive care for CVD prevention. Cross-sectional research was conducted with 746 patients divided into 150 diabetic individuals (only four with type 1) and 596 non-diabetic individuals, identified from 3,325 medical records. Of the total, 57.9% (n = 432) were low-risk individuals (ERF < 10%), 24.7% (n = 185) medium risk (ERF 10-20%), and 17.2% (n = 129) high risk (ERF > 20%). Among diabetics, 23.3% (n = 35/150) were at low risk, 36.6% (n = 55/150) at medium risk, and 40% (n = 60/150) at high risk. The groups are significantly different regarding ERF (P < 0.0001), and when comparing risk subgroups (low, medium, high) and blood glucose rates (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of medium and high risk increases from 48 years of age. Women prevails at all risk levels and age groups. Diabetics have a 2.5 times higher cardiovascular risk, presenting an increased impact if concomitant with hypertension, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and alcoholism. The panorama of cardiovascular risk determined by the ERF is relevant for clinical use by primary care staff when treating diabetic patients.

La mayoría de las personas que padecen diabetes mellitus también tiene obesidad, hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) y dislipidemia. Por este motivo, se recomienda la Estratificación de Riesgo de Framingham (ERF) para identificar el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) en 10 años. Este estudio busca analizar la prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus para determinar el riesgo cardiovascular utilizando la ERF en la Estrategia de Salud Familiar, con el objetivo de proporcionar una atención integral para la prevención de las ECV. Este es un estudio de corte transversal con una población (n = 746) dividida en 150 individuos diabéticos (solo 4 de tipo 1) y 596 individuos no diabéticos desde 3.325 historias clínicas. Se identificaron un 57,9% (n = 432) de individuos de bajo riesgo (ERF <10%); el 24,7% (n = 185) de riesgo medio (ERF 10-20%) y el 17,2% (n = 129) de alto riesgo (ERF > 20%). Los diabéticos de bajo riesgo constituyen el 23,3% (n = 35/150); con riesgo medio el 36,6% (n = 55/150) y con riesgo alto el 40% (n = 60/150). Los grupos son significativamente diferentes entre sí con respecto a la ERF (P < 0,0001) al comparar subgrupos de riesgo (bajo, medio, alto) y las tasas de glucosa en sangre (P < 0,0001). La prevalencia de riesgo medio y alto aumenta a partir de los 48 años; el género femenino predomina en todos los niveles de riesgo y grupos de edad. El riesgo cardiovascular para los diabéticos es 2,5 veces mayor; hay un mayor impacto si es concomitante con hipertensión, tabaquismo, obesidad, inactividad física y alcoholismo. El panorama de riesgo cardiovascular, determinado por la ERF, es relevante para el uso clínico por parte del equipo básico de salud cuando se trata de pacientes diabéticos.

Predicted 10-year Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Its Association with Sleep Duration among Adults in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#The study aims to predict 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and explore its association with sleep duration among Chinese urban adults.@*Methods@#We analyzed part of the baseline data of a cohort that recruited adults for health screening by cluster sampling. The simplified Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Framingham 10-year risk score (FRS) were used to measure sleep duration and CVD risk. Demographic characteristics, personal history of chronic diseases, lifestyle factors were collected using a questionnaire. Height, weight, total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were also measured. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to explore the association of sleep duration with the predicted CVD risk.@*Results@#We included 31, 135 participants (median age 44 years, 53.02% males) free of CVD, cerebral stroke, and not taking lipid-lowering agents. Overall, 14.05%, and 25.55% of participants were at medium and high predicted CVD risk, respectively. Short sleep was independently associated with increased odds of medium to high risk of predicted 10-year CVD among males ( @*Conclusion@#A substantial number of adults free of CVD were at high 10-year CVD risk. Short sleep was associated with increased odds of predicted CVD risk.

High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP): Its relationship with metabolic syndrome and Framingham Risk Score

@#Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in Malaysia. Identification of asymptomatic at-risk individuals is often achieved by means of a risk prediction algorithm. Traditional CVD risk factors and their associated algorithms are, however, limited by residual CVD risk. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) has emerged as a novel CVD risk factor. This study aimed to evaluate hsCRP as an adjunct CVD risk marker among the adult Malaysian population by determining its correlation with the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). Comparison analyses were done according to sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory factors and between subjects with and without Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Method: This cross-sectional study involved eighty-three (n=83) adults attending a health screening program at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Demographic data, anthropometric measurements and blood samples for fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting lipid profile (FSL), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and hsCRP were taken. Respondents were grouped according toFRSand the Joint Interim Statementinto 10-year CVD risk categories (low, intermediate and high) and MetS, respectively. Results: hsCRP was significantly increased in patients with high body mass index (BMI) (p=0.001), at-risk waist circumference (WC) (p=0.001) and MetS (p=0.009). Spearman’s correlation coefficient showed a significant positive correlation between hsCRP level and total FRS score (r=0.26, p<0.05) and HDL-C score (r=0.22, p<0.05). Conclusion: The significant difference of hsCRP levels across obesity levels and MetS with its modest correlation with FRS scores supported the adjunctive role of hsCRP in CVD risk prediction, most likely capturing the inflammatory pathological aspect and thus partly accounting for the residual CVD risk.

Uso de modelos de predicción de eventos cardiovasculares para pronóstico de lesión vascular coronaria significativa / Use of cardiovascular events prediction models for the prognosis of a severe coronary artery lesion

Resumen Objetivos: Determinar el mejor punto de corte y el grado de conformidad de las escalas de riesgo, Framingham, PROCAM y Reynolds, para el diagnóstico de lesión vascular coronaria arterioesclerótica severa a través de la comparación de las áreas bajo la curva de acuerdo con las curvas operativas del receptor (COR). Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en adultos que fueron sometidos a arteriografía coronaria. Se aplicaron las escalas Framingham, PROCAM y Reynolds, las dos primeras ajustadas según estudio de calibración colombiano. Luego se realizó la recolección de los datos de manera concurrente en instituciones de referencia en cardiología y hemodinámica en Bogotá. Resultados: De 200 pacientes estudiados, 66% eran mujeres, 37,5% mayores de 70 años, 53,2% con hipertensión, 52,7% en sobrepeso u obesidad, 61,5% presentaron valores altos de Proteína C Reactiva ultrasensible (PCRus) y 50% tenían al menos una lesión coronaria mayor de 70%. Se encontraron los mejores puntos de corte, de acuerdo con cada curva de características operativas del receptor (COR): Framingham ajustado 5,8% (sensibilidad 80%, especificidad 41%). PROCAM ajustado 1,7% (sensibilidad 78%, especificidad 45%) y Reynolds 3,8% (sensibilidad 68%, especificidad 45%). Adicionalmente, se encontró que las tres escalas presentaron áreas bajo la curva (ABC) de 0,59, 0,59 y 0,57, respectivamente.

Abstract Objectives: To determine the best cut-off point and the level of agreement of the Framingham, PROCAM, and Reynolds risk scales, for the diagnosis of a severe atherosclerotic coronary artery lesion by comparing the areas under the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curves. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on adults that were subjected to coronary angiography. The Framingham, PROCAM, and Reynolds were applied, with the first two adjusted to a Colombian calibration study. Data were collected concurrently in the institutions of reference in Cardiology and haemodynamics in Bogota. Results: Of the 200 patients study, 66% were female, and 37.5% greater than 70 years-old. Hypertension was recorded in 53.2%, and overweight and obesity in 52.7%. Elevated levels of high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) were observed in 61.5% of cases and 50% had at least one major coronary lesion greater than 70%. The best cut-off points according to each of the ROC curves: Adjusted Framingham, 5.8% (sensitivity, 80%, specificity, 41%), Adjusted PROCAM, 1.7% (sensitivity, 78%, specificity, 45%) and Reynolds, 3.8% (sensitivity, 68%, specificity, 45%). Additionally, the three areas under the curve (AUC) were 0.59, 0.59, and 0.57, respectively.

Assessment Of 10-Year Risk Of Developing A Major Cardiovascular Event In Patients Attending A Hospital For The Treatment Of Other Disorders

Objective: To assess the individual’s predicted risk of developing a CVD event in 10 y using risk scores among persons with other disorders/diseases. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted for a period of 6 mo among 283 subjects. Total risk was estimated individually by using Framingham Risk Scoring Algorithm and ASCVD risk estimator. Results: According to Framingham Risk score the prevalence of low risk (<10%) identified as 67.84% (192), followed by intermediate risk (10%-19%), 19.08% (54), and high risk (≥20%) 13.07% (37). By using ASCVD Risk estimator, risk has reported in our study population was low risk (<5%) is 48.76% (138), borderline risk (5-7.4%) is 13.07% (37), intermediate risk (7.5-19.9%) is about 25.09% (71), high risk (>20%) is about 13.07% (37). Conclusion: In this study burden of CVD risk was relatively low, which was estimated by both the Framingham scale and ASCVD Risk estimator. Risk scoring of individuals helps us to identify the patients at high risk of CV diseases and also helps in providing management strategies.

Concordance between two versions of world health organization/international society of hypertension risk prediction chart and framingham risk score among postmenopausal women in a rural area of Bangladesh

Background: Prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among postmenopausal women with limited resource is a great challenge for a country like Bangladesh. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the level of agreement among different risk prediction tools to find out the cost-effective and suitable one that can be applied in a low-resource setting. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from February through December 2016 among 265 postmenopausal women of 40–70 years age. Data were collected from the outpatient department of a rural health-care center situated in the village Karamtola of Gazipur district, Bangladesh. The CVD risk was estimated using the World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) “with” and “without” cholesterol risk charts and the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). Concordance among the tools was evaluated using Cohen's kappa (?), prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK), and first-order agreement coefficient (AC1). Results: The “without” cholesterol version showed 79% concordance against the “with” cholesterol and 75.4% concordance against the FRS. In between the WHO/ISH risk charts, slight-to-substantial levels of agreement (? = 0.14, PABAK = 0.58, and AC1 = 0.72; P = 0.023) were observed. With FRS, the “without” cholesterol version showed higher agreement (? = 0.38, fair; PABAK = 0.50, moderate; and AC1 = 0.60, moderate; P = 0.000) compared to “with” cholesterol version (? = 0.13, slight; PABAK = 0.30, fair; and AC1 = 0.44, moderate; P = 0.013). Predictability of CVD risk positive (?10%) cases was similar for both the versions of WHO/ISH risk charts. Conclusion: In a low-resource setting, the “without” cholesterol version of WHO/ISH risk chart is a good option to detect and target the population with high CVD risk.

A comparative study of lipid profile in smokers and non smokers between 30 to 40 years and prediction of 10 years risk of cardiovascular disease based on Framingham scores

Background: Atherosclerosis has been described as a lipid driven inflammatory disorder of the arterial wall. Smoking is one of the most common modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis and is the major epidemiological factor in increasing morbidity and mortality of chronic heart diseases (CHD). The objectives of this study were based on to estimate the status of lipid profile in both smokers and non-smokers and compare with each other, to predict the 10 years risk of cardiovascular risk based on Framingham score in smokers and non-smokers.Methods: This retrospective, case-control study was conducted among 50 smokers (cases) and 50 normal individuals (controls) attending to the department of medicine during the period between December 2016 and May 2018. The socio-demographic data and clinical history was obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire and then patients were subjected to blood investigations including estimation of lipid profile by CHOD/PAP method.Results: The mean age of the study participants was 34.7±2.9 years. The duration of smoking among the smokers was 5.4±2.9 years on an average. There was a significant increase in serum cholesterol levels (245.6±39.8 versus 155.8±15.2 mg/dl), serum triglycerides (217.3±42.2mg/dl versus 127.4±10.6), LDL (171.1±35.2 versus 85.7±15.1 mg/dl) and VLDL (43.5±10.5 versus 15.3±5.5mg/dl) among the smokers versus non-smokers. There was a significant (p<0.001) decrease in HDL levels among the smokers (30.8±3.4 mg/dl) when compared with the non-smokers (44.8±5.3 mg/dl). There was a highly significant difference between Framingham risk scores of smokers and non-smokers.Conclusions: The study established that the lipid profile was deranged towards atherogenesis among the smokers when compared to the non-smokers which was reflected in the significant increase in risk as calculated by Framingham risk score.

Association between Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Composition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#The objective of this study is to determine whether coronary atherosclerotic plaque composition is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Chinese adults.@*METHODS@#We performed a cross-sectional analysis in 549 subjects without previous diagnosis or clinical symptoms of CVD in a community cohort of middle-aged Chinese adults. The participants underwent coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography for the evaluation of the presence and composition of coronary plaques. CVD risk was evaluated by the Framingham risk score (FRS) and the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score.@*RESULTS@#Among the 549 participants, 267 (48.6%) had no coronary plaques, 201 (36.6%) had noncalcified coronary plaques, and 81 (14.8%) had calcified or mixed coronary plaques. The measures of CVD risk including FRS and ASCVD risk score and the likelihood of having elevated FRS significantly increased across the groups of participants without coronary plaques, with noncalcified coronary plaques, and with calcified or mixed coronary plaques. However, only calcified or mixed coronary plaques were significantly associated with an elevated ASCVD risk score [odds ratio (OR) 2.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-5.32] compared with no coronary plaques, whereas no significant association was found for noncalcified coronary plaques and elevated ASCVD risk score (OR 1.25; 95% CI 0.71-2.21) after multivariable adjustment.@*CONCLUSION@#Calcified or mixed coronary plaques might be more associated with an elevated likelihood of having CVD than noncalcified coronary plaques.

Comparison of risk-assessment tools for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in male shipyard workers: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Periodic revision of assessment tools is essential to ensure risk assessment reliability and validity. Despite the recent revision of the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) 2018, there is no evidence showing that the revision is superior to other cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) risk-assessment tools for workplace health management. We conducted a comparative analysis using the Framingham risk score (FRS) as a gold standard to identify the most relevant CVDs risk-assessment tool for workplace health management. METHODS: We included 4,460 shipyard workers who had undergone a workers' health examination during January–December 2016. Risk levels for CVDs were calculated based on the FRS, KOSHA 2013, KOSHA 2017, KOSHA 2018 (2 methods), National Health Screening Program health risk appraisal (NHS HRA) 2017, and NHS HRA 2018. Study participants were categorized into low-risk, moderate-risk, or high-risk groups. Sensitivity, specificity, correlation, and agreement of each risk-assessment tool were calculated compared with the FRS as a gold standard. For statistical analyses, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the linearly weighted kappa coefficient were calculated. RESULTS: Sensitivity of the risk assessments was highest in the KOSHA 2018 (health risk appraisal [HRA]). The FRS showed correlation coefficients of 0.354 with the KOSHA 2013, 0.396 with the KOSHA 2017, 0.386 with the KOSHA 2018, 0.505 with the KOSHA 2018 (HRA), 0.288 with the NHS HRA 2017, and 0.622 with the NHS HRA 2018. Kappa values, calculated to examine the agreement in relation to the KOSHA 2013, KOSHA 2017, KOSHA 2018, KOSHA 2018 (HRA), NHS HRA 2017, and NHS HRA 2018 with the FRS, were 0.268, 0.322, 0.352, 0.136, 0.221, and 0.559, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The NHS HRA 2018 risk calculation method is a useful risk-assessment tool for CVDs, but only when appropriate classification criteria are applied. In order to enhance the risk-group identification capability of the KOSHA guideline, we propose to apply the classification criteria set in this study based on the risk group definition of the 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension instead of the current classification criteria of the KOSHA 2018.

The Relationship between 10 Years Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Schizophrenia Symptoms: Preliminary Results

OBJECTIVE: Previous research shows that patients with schizophrenia have increased cardiovascular disease risk than general population. Increased cardiovascular risk in schizophrenia patients have been associated with many reasons such as antipsychotic drugs, genetic predisposition, andlifestyle. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the risk of heart disease and schizophrenia symptomatology.METHODS: The 10-year cardiovascular risk was assessed by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in 103 patients with schizophrenia and in 39 healthy controls. Sociodemographic characteristics, age at schizophrenia onset, duration of illness, number of hospitalizations, the course of the disease and antipsychotic medications were recorded. Patients’ symptoms were evaluated via The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS).RESULTS: Ten-year cardiovascular risk was 5.16% inpatients with schizophrenia, and 3.02% in control group (p=0.030). No significant correlation was found between FRS scores, SANS, SAPS, and CDSS scores. However, FRS scores were significantly correlated with age, number of hospitalizations and duration of disease (r=0.300, 0.261, 0.252, respectively). Moreover FRS scores were higher (p=0.008) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were lower (p=0.048) in patients using multiple antipsychotics.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a relationship between the risk of cardiovascular disease and the duration and overall severity of schizophrenia and also highlights the role of antipsychotics in this relationship.

Correlation of CT Epicardial Adipose Tissue (EAT) thickness with cardiovascular risk using the framingham risk score

BACKGROUND@#Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness as a marker of cardiovascular risk has not been extensively studied. Though readily seen in CT images, it is often overlooked due to limited information of its significance. This study aims to determine the correlation of CT EAT thickness with cardiovascular risk using the Framingham Risk Score in adult Filipino patients.@*METHODOLOGY@#This study is a cross-sectional study involving 44 Filipinos, 21 to 70 years, who underwent chest CT scan, CT aortogram, CT calcium score, CT coronary angiogram and CT pulmonary angiogram in our institution from January 2017 to June 2018. After undergoing CT scan, patients are recruited to participate in which their Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was determined. EAT thickness measurements will be measured in the right ventricular anterior free wall along the axial plane. Correlation between EAT thickness and FRS will be analyzed using Pearson's Product - Moment Correlation.@*RESULTS@#Findings suggest that FRS has a moderate correlation with EAT thickness (r = 0.6287, p = <0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#CT measured EAT shows moderate correlation with Framingham Risk Score.

Comparison between metabolic syndrome and framingham risk score as predictor of cardiovascular disease among Kazakhs population / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective@#To compare metabolic syndrome(MS)with Framingham risk score as predictors of cardiovascular disease(CVD)among Kazakhs population.@*Methods@#The participants were the residents who had been followed up for more than 5 years in representative areas of Kazakhs in Xinjiang. We assigned MS a continuous risk score for predicting the development of CVD based on the weights of MS components. MS and Framingham risk score were compared in terms of their ability in predicting years in representative areas of Kazakhs in Xinjiang. We assigned MS a continuous risk score for predicting the development of CVD based on the weights of MS components. MS and Framingham risk score were compared in terms of their ability in predicting development of CVD using Cox regression and receiver operating characteristic curve.@*Results@#The incidence of CVD was 13.87%. The incidence of CVD was higher in the MS group than it in the non-MS group(21.59% vs 11.10%, P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve of MS risk score was significantly larger than that of MS classification(0.727 vs 0.585, P<0.001); the area under the curve of MS risk score was close to that of Framingham risk score(0.732 vs 0.727, P=0.673). The association between CVD and each quintile of MS risk score was more significant than that between Framingham risk score and CVD under the same exposed condition(4.61, 9.33, 14.15, 22.29 vs 3.69, 6.36, 8.47, 16.99).@*Conclusion@#MS risk score that included age may be a better predictor of CVD among Kazakhs population.

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Based on Framingham Score / 实用妇产科杂志

Objective:To investigate the association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and cardiovascular risk factors and evaluate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women with PCOS.Methods:239 PCOS patients (PCOS group) and 134 age-matched non-PCOS participants (control) were enrolled in this retrospective study.The general data was collected and biochemical test, glucose tolerance, sex hormones were detected.The Framingham score (FRS) for all women was evaluated according to age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and history of smoking.The clinical features, laboratory parameters and FRS of PCOS patients and non-PCOS controls were compared.The correlation between FRS and metabolic indicators and sex hormones was analyzed.Results:①Compared with those of the control group, SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) significantly increased, the glucose and lipid metabolism was moredisordered, and the androgen level was higher in PCOS group (P＜0.05).② The FRS of the PCOS group was higher than that of the control women (P＜0.01).③ FRS were positively correlated with BP, FPG, PBG, FIns, PIns, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, LDL-C.FRS was negatively correlated with HDL-C and SHBG (P＜0.05).Conclusions:PCOS is correlated with major cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia.PCOS show a higher risk of 10-year CVD events than individuals without PCOS.The phenomenonis mainly related to blood pressure and glycolipid metabolism but not androgen.

Comparison between metabolic syndrome and framingham risk score as predictor of cardiovascular disease among Kazakhs / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To compare metabolic syndrome(MS)with Framingham risk score as predictors of cardiovascular disease( CVD) among Kazakhs. Methods The participants were the residents who had been followed up for more than 5 years in representative areas of Kazakhs in Xinjiang. We assigned MS a continuous risk score for predicting the development of CVD based on the weights of MS components. MS and Framingham risk score were compared in terms of their ability in predicting years in representative areas of Kazakhs in Xinjiang. We assigned MS a continuous risk score for predicting the development of CVD based on the weights of MS components. MS and Framingham risk score were compared in terms of their ability in predicting development of CVD using Cox regression and receiver operating characteristic curve. Results The incidence of CVD was 13.87％. The incidence of CVD was higher in the MS group than it in the non-MS group(21.59％ vs 11.10％, P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve of MS risk score was significantly larger than that of MS classification(0.727 vs 0.585, P<0.001);the area under the curve of MS risk score was close to that of Framingham risk score ( 0. 732 vs 0.727, P=0.673). The association between CVD and each quintile of MS risk score was more significant than that between Framingham risk score and CVD under the same exposed condition(4.61、9.33、14.15、22.29对3.69、6.36、8.47、16.99) . Conclusion MS risk score that included age may be a better predictor of CVD among Kazakhs.