ABSTRACT
Introducción: La leucemia linfoide crónica es una neoplasia linfoproliferativa crónica caracterizada por el aumento de una población clonal linfoide disfuncional con inmunofenotipo B (> 95 por ciento) y excepcionalmente T (< 5 por ciento) que afecta sobre todo a personas mayores de 55 años de edad y se incrementa su frecuencia hacia la séptima década de vida. Objetivo: Analizar las principales modalidades terapéuticas para el manejo de la leucemia linfoide crónica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, en inglés y español, a través del sitio web PubMed y el motor de búsqueda Google académico de artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años. Se hizo un análisis y resumen de la bibliografía revisada. Análisis y síntesis de la información: La leucemia linfoide crónica se consideró durante décadas una enfermedad del paciente añoso, en general de curso indolente, con una evolución impredecible e incurable. El tratamiento de esta enfermedad en los últimos 30 años ha sufrido cambios muy significativos que han repercutido favorablemente en el incremento de la supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad de los pacientes que la padecen. Conclusión: Se debe mantener un adecuado seguimiento de los pacientes con leucemia linfoide crónica, pues esto permitirá disminuir en lo posible las complicaciones, la progresión y un aumento de la supervivencia global(AU)
Introduction: Chronic lymphoid leukemia is a chronic lymphoproliferative neoplasm characterized by the increase of a dysfunctional lymphoid clonal population with immunophenotype B (> 95 percent) and exceptionally T (<5 percent), it mainly affects people over 55 years of age, increasing towards the seventh decade of life. Objective: To analyze the main therapeutic modalities for the management of chronic lymphoid leukemia. Methods: A literature review was carried out, in English and Spanish, through the PubMed website and the academic search engine Google for articles published in the last 5 years. An analysis and summary of the revised bibliography was made. Analysis and synthesis of the information: Chronic lymphoid leukemia was considered for decades a disease of the elderly patient, generally of an indolent course, unpredictable and incurable evolution. The treatment of this disease has undergone in the last 30 years very significant changes that have had a favorable impact on the increase in the overall and disease-free survival of patients who suffer from it. Conclusion: Adequate follow-up of patients with chronic lymphoid leukemia must be maintained, as this will make it possible to reduce complications, progression and increase overall survival as much as possible(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Survival , Leukemia, Lymphoid/therapy , Aftercare , Disease-Free SurvivalABSTRACT
Resumo A expectativa de vida aos 60 anos no Brasil aumentou cerca de 9 anos em pouco mais de meio século. Trata-se de um ganho de sobrevida generalizado, mas que também ocorre de forma heterogênica entre as Grandes Regiões do país. Por outro lado, pouco se sabe, ainda, como os aumentos da expectativa de vida aos 60 anos por região podem ser acompanhados por acréscimos ou decréscimos tanto nos anos vividos com incapacidade, quanto nos vividos livre de incapacidade. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar, para 1998 e 2013, aumentos na Expectativa de Vida Total e suas componentes: Expectativa de Vida Livre de Incapacidade Funcional (EVLI) e com Incapacidade Funcional (EVCI), aos 60, 70 e 80 anos para a população do Brasil e Grandes Regiões. O estudo utilizou informações sobre incapacidade funcional da PNAD de 1998 e PNS de 2013 e empregou o método de Sullivan para estimação da EVLI por sexo e idade. No geral, os resultados mostraram que, entre 1998 e 2013, concomitantemente aos ganhos na EV, ocorreu um crescimento na EVLI. Contudo, os ganhos na EVLI não foram estatisticamente significativos para as regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste. Ou seja, com exceção dessas regiões, além de viver mais, a população idosa de 60 anos poderia esperar viver um número maior de anos com saúde.
Abstract Life expectancy at age 60 in Brazil has increased by around nine years in a little over 50 years. This general gain in life expectancy at national level has been heterogeneous across the country's major regions. Furthermore, little is known about how increases in life expectancy at age 60 across regions influence the number of years lived with some form of associated disability or the number of years lived free from disability. This study aimed to analyze increases in total life expectancy and its components [disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) and disability life expectancy (DLE)] at ages 60, 70, and 80 in Brazil and Major Regions in 1998 and 2013. The study used data on disability obtained from the 1998 National Household Sample Survey (PNAD - acronym in Portuguese) and 2013 National Health Survey (PNS- acronym in Portuguese) and used the Sullivan method to estimate DFLE by sex and age. The findings show that there was an increase in life expectancy and a concomitant increase in DFLE between 1998 and 2013. However, the gains in DFLE were not statistically significant in the North and Center-west regions. This means that, with the exception of the latter regions, in addition to living longer, the Brazils population aged 60 years can expect to live a greater number of healthy years.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Health Status , Life Expectancy/trends , Disabled Persons/statistics & numerical data , Time Factors , Brazil , Health Surveys , Age Factors , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Background: Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), which is expressed in liver, muscle and adipose tissue, is closely related to fat metabolism. Furthermore, HDAC3 expressed in intestinal epithelial cells is a critical factor that regulates host-commensal flora relationship and maintains intestinal homeostasis. Aims: To investigate the relationship between HDAC3 expression in terminal ileum and obesity and intestinal flora. Methods: Eight SPF C57BL/6 mice and eight germ-free C57BL/6 mice aged six weeks were randomly placed on a standard chow or a high-fat chow, respectively, for 5 weeks. Changes in body weight were recorded weekly, and the terminal ileum was obtained for detection of HDAC3 protein and mRNA expressions by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Results: Increase of body weight of mice in SPF high-fat diet group was much more than that in SPF normal diet group (P0.05). No significant differences were found in HDAC3 protein and mRNA expressions between germ-free high-fat diet group and germ-free normal diet group (P>0.05). Conclusions: Expression of HDAC3 in terminal ileum might be regulated by intestinal flora and participates in the occurrence of obesity.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: Acanthamoeba y Naegleria son géneros de amebas de vida libre resistentes a cambios extremos de temperatura y pH, aislados de diversos ambientes (suelo, aire y agua). Debido a la cantidad de habitantes que se benefician de las aguas del Río Pamplonita, al desconocimiento de su presencia en la región y al aumento de enfermedades relacionadas con el consumo de agua, se considera necesario realizar estudios sobre la distribución de estos microorganismos. Objetivo: Identificar Acanthamoeba spp. y Naegleria spp. en aguas del curso principal del río Pamplonita de la zona metropolitana de Cúcuta, Colombia. Métodos: La búsqueda de las amebas de interés se realizó mediante examen directo y cultivo a 28, 37 y 42 °C en agar no nutritivo a partir de 21 muestras de agua de siete sectores del río Pamplonita. Adicionalmente, se midió pH y temperatura in situ y se determinó la carga de coliformes. Resultados: Se encontró que 76,2 por ciento de las muestras fueron positivas para alguna de las amebas. La Acanthamoeba fue la que se aisló con mayor frecuencia. El 28,6 por ciento de los cultivos incubados a 42 °C fueron positivos principalmente para Naegleria spp., lo que indica que estos aislados termotolerantes podrían tener potencial patógeno. Conclusiones: Acanthamoeba spp. y Naegleria spp. son frecuentes en aguas del Río Pamplonita en áreas de importante intervención humana. El hallazgo de amebas termotolerantes alerta sobre el riesgo de salud para la población que se encuentra expuesta a esta fuente hídrica(AU)
Introduction: Acanthamoeba and Naegleria are genus of free-living amoeba (AVL) resistant to extreme changes in temperature and pH, isolated from different environments (soil, air and water). Due to the number of inhabitants that benefit from the waters of Pamplonita River, the lack of knowledge about its presence in the region and the increase of diseases related to water consumption, it is necessary to carry out studies on its distribution. Objective: To identify Acanthamoeba spp and Naegleria spp in the water of the main course of Pamplonita River, in the metropolitan area of Cúcuta, Colombia. Methods: The search for the amoebas of interest was performed by direct examination and culture at 28, 37 and 42 °C on non-nutritive agar from 21 water samples from seven sectors of Pamplonita River. Additionally, pH and temperature were measured in situ and the coliforms´ load was also determined. Results: It was found that 76.2 percent of the samples were positive for some of the amoebas, with Acanthamoeba being the most frequently isolated. 28.6 percent of the cultures incubated at 42 °C were positive mainly for Naegleria spp, indicating that these thermotolerant isolates could have pathogen potential. Conclusions: Acanthamoeba spp and Naegleria spp are frequent in waters of Pamplonita River which are areas of important human intervention. The finding of thermotolerant amoebas warns about the health risk for the population that is exposed to this water source(AU)
Subject(s)
Naegleria/microbiology , Water Samples , Amebiasis/microbiology , River Pollution/adverse effects , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , ColombiaABSTRACT
Abstract The present study aims to evaluate the longitudinal effects of induced experimental infections in gnotoxenic animals on the expression of inflammatory chemokines and their receptors in periradicular tissues. The null hypothesis tested was that Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum had no effect on CCR5, CCL5, CXCL10, CCL2/MCP-1, CXCR2 and CCR1 expression. Two groups of five animals (n = 5) aged between 8 and 12 weeks were used in this study. The animals were anaesthetized, and coronary access was performed in the first molar on the right and left sides. Microorganisms were inoculated into the left molar, and the right molar was sealed without contamination to function as a control. Animals were sacrificed 7 and 14 days after infection, and periapical tissues were collected. The cytokine mRNA expression levels were assessed using real-time PCR. The chemokine mRNA expression levels demonstrated that the experimental infection was capable of inducing increased chemokine expression on day 7 compared to that on day 14, except for CCR5 and CCL5, which showed no changes. The gnotoxenic animal model proved to be effective and allowed evaluation of the immune response against a known infection. Additionally, this study demonstrates that gene expression of chemokines and their receptors against the experimental infection preferentially prevailed during the initial phase of induction of the periradicular alteration (i.e., on day 7 post-infection).
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/immunology , Chemokines/analysis , Receptors, Chemokine/analysis , Dental Pulp Cavity/immunology , Dental Pulp Diseases/immunology , Fusobacterium Infections/immunology , Germ-Free Life , Periapical Diseases/immunology , Periapical Diseases/microbiology , Reference Values , Time Factors , Gene Expression , Chemokines/genetics , Receptors, Chemokine/genetics , Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology , Dental Pulp Diseases/microbiology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of physical inactivity among the elderly in Jing'an District during 2002-2011;to quantify the burden of stroke and coronary heart disease attributable to physical inactivity; and to estimate the benefits in disability free life expectancy ( DFLE) from reasonable physical activity. Methods To understand the epidemiological characteristics of physical inactivity among the elderly in Jing'an District, through analyzing DFLE data.To obtain relative risk ( RR) of stoke and coronary heart disease attributable to physical inactivity, via World Health Organi-zation ( WHO) Comparative Risk Assessment ( CRA) project.To calculate population attributable frac-tions ( PAFs) using CRA methodology.To estimate the increase of DFLE attributable to physical activity, based on the results of Jing'an District DFLE research. Results From 2002 to 2011 , the prevalence of physical inactivity and the incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease associated with physical inactivity among the elderly in Jing'an District presented a downward trend, i.e.incidence of stroke at 13.80%(range 9.16%-21.43%) and that of coronary heart disease at 16.83% (11.19%-26.76%).With the elimination of physical inactivity, DFLE is expected to increase by 0.94 (0.11-2.70) years from stroke and 0.65 (0.11-1.91) years from coronary heart disease. Conclusion Increase of physical activity could reduce the incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease among the elderly, increase DFLE , and gain health benefits.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo desse trabalho foi fazer a descrição morfológica e a identificação de Nematoda encontrados em uma estação de tratamento de esgoto de Feira de Santana, BA, Brasil. Foram coletadas 56 amostras de 500 mL em todos os pontos das etapas aeróbias do tratamento. As amostras foram processadas para estudo em microscopia óptica de campo claro (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Foram encontradas larvas L1e L4, classificadas de acordo com o tamanho. As larvas L1 apresentaram as seguintes medidas de comprimento Md = 255,0?m; diâmetro Md = 15,0?m; vestíbulo bucal Md = 10,0?m; esôfago Md = 82,5?m; e cauda Md = 26,2?m. As larvas L4 apresentaram as seguintes medidas de comprimento Md = 740,0?m; diâmetro Md = 42,0?m; vestíbulo bucal Md = 22,5?m; esôfago Md = 200,0?m; e cauda Md = 47,5?m. Fêmeas adultas também foram encontradas, caracterizando-se por apresentam esôfago rabditoide, maturação sexual com presença de ovos na tuba uterina em diferentes fases de formação embrionária. Alguns ovos foram vistos larvados, sugerindo um padrão de larviparidade. Os vermes foram considerados de vida livre e classificadas como da Ordem Rhabditida, Família Strongyloidae e Gênero Strongyloides.
The objective of this work was to morphologically describe and identify Nematoda found in a sewage treatment plant in Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil. A total of 56 samples with 500-mL each were collected at all points in the aerobic treatment stages. The samples were processed for bright light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). L1 and L4 larvae were found, classified according to size. L1 larvae presented the following measurements: Md=255.0-?m length; Md=15.0-?m diameter; Md=10.0-?m oral vestibule; Md=82.5-?m esophagus; and Md=26.2 ?m tail. L4 larvae presented the following measurements: Md=740.0-?m length; Md=42.0-?m diameter; Md=22.5-?m oral vestibule; Md=200.0-?m esophagus; and Md=47.5-?m tail. Adult females have also been found, characterized by rhabditoid esophagus, sexual maturation with presence of eggs in the uterine tube at different stages of embryo formation. Some eggs were seen at larvae stage, suggesting a pattern of larvae parity. The worms were considered as free-living and classified in the Rhabditida order, Strongyloidae Family and Strongyloides genus.
El objetivo de ese trabajo fue realizar la descripción morfológica y la identificación de Nematodo encontrados en una estación de tratamiento de alcantarilla de Feira de Santana, BAHIA, Brasil. Fueron recogidas 56 muestras de 500 mL en todos los puntos de las etapas aerobias del tratamiento. Las muestras fueron procesadas para estudio en microscopía óptica de campo claro (MO) y microscopia electrónica de barrido (MEB). Se encontraron larvas L1 y L4, clasificados según el tamaño. Las larvas L1 presentaron las siguientes medidas de longitud Md=255.0?m; diámetro Md=15.0?m; vestíbulo oral Md=10.0 µm; esófago Md=82,5?m; y cola Md=26.2?m. Las larvas L4 presentaron las siguientes medidas de longitud Md=740.0?m; diámetro Md=42.0?m; vestíbulo oral Md=22,5?m; esófago Md=200.0?m; y cola Md=47.5?m. También se han encontrado hembras adultas, caracterizándose por presentar esófago rabditoide, maduración sexual con presencia de huevos en las trompas uterina en diferentes etapas de la formación del embrión. Algunos huevos fueron vistos larvados, sugiriendo un estándar de larviparidad. Los gusanos fueron considerados de vida libre y clasificados como de Orden Rhabditida, Familia Strongyloidae y género Strongyloides.
Subject(s)
Animals , Sewage/analysis , Sewage/parasitology , Helminths/classification , Helminths/growth & developmentABSTRACT
O objetivo desse trabalho foi fazer a descrição morfológica e a identificação de Nematoda encontrados em uma estação de tratamento de esgoto de Feira de Santana, BA, Brasil. Foram coletadas 56 amostras de 500 mL em todos os pontos das etapas aeróbias do tratamento. As amostras foram processadas para estudo em microscopia óptica de campo claro (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Foram encontradas larvas L1e L4, classificadas de acordo com o tamanho. As larvas L1 apresentaram as seguintes medidas de comprimento Md = 255,0μm; diâmetro Md = 15,0μm; vestíbulo bucal Md = 10,0μm; esôfago Md = 82,5μm; e cauda Md = 26,2μm. As larvas L4 apresentaram as seguintes medidas de comprimento Md = 740,0μm; diâmetro Md = 42,0μm; vestíbulo bucal Md = 22,5μm; esôfago Md = 200,0μm; e cauda Md = 47,5μm. Fêmeas adultas também foram encontradas, caracterizando-se por apresentam esôfago rabditoide, maturação sexual com presença de ovos na tuba uterina em diferentes fases de formação embrionária. Alguns ovos foram vistos larvados, sugerindo um padrão de larviparidade. Os vermes foram considerados de vida livre e classificadas como da Ordem Rhabditida, Família Strongyloidae e Gênero Strongyloides...
The objective of this work was to morphologically describe and identify Nematoda found in a sewage treatment plant in Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil. A total of 56 samples with 500-mL each were collected at all points in the aerobic treatment stages. The samples were processed for bright field light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). L1 and L4 larvae were found, classified according to size. L1 larvae presented the following measurements: Md=255.0-μm length; Md=15.0-μm diameter; Md=10.0-μm oral vestibule; Md=82.5-μm esophagus; and Md=26.2 μm tail. L4 larvae presented the following measurements: Md=740.0-μm length; Md=42.0-μm diameter; Md=22.5-μm oral vestibule; Md=200.0-μm esophagus; and Md=47.5-μm tail. Adult females have also been found, characterized by rhabditoid esophagus, sexual maturation with presence of eggs in the uterine tube at different stages of embryo formation. Some eggs were seen at larvae stage, suggesting a pattern of larvae parity. The worms were considered as free-living and classified in the Rhabditida order, Strongyloidae Family and Strongyloides genus...
El objetivo de ese trabajo fue realizar la descripción morfológica y la identificación de Nematodo encontrados en una estación de tratamiento de alcantarilla de Feira de Santana, BAHIA, Brasil. Fueron recogidas 56 muestras de 500 mL en todos los puntos de las etapas aerobias del tratamiento. Las muestras fueron procesadas para estudio en microscopía óptica de campo claro (MO) y microscopia electrónica de barrido (MEB). Se encontraron larvas L1 y L4, clasificados según el tamaño. Las larvas L1 presentaron las siguientes medidas de longitud Md=255.0μm; diámetro Md=15.0μm; vestíbulo oral Md=10.0 µm; esófago Md=82,5μm; y cola Md=26.2μm. Las larvas L4 presentaron las siguientes medidas de longitud Md=740.0μm; diámetro Md=42.0μm; vestíbulo oral Md=22,5μm; esófago Md=200.0μm; y cola Md=47.5μm. También se han encontrado hembras adultas, caracterizándose por presentar esófago rabditoide, maduración sexual con presencia de huevos en las trompas uterina en diferentes etapas de la formación del embrión. Algunos huevos fueron vistos larvados, sugiriendo un estándar de larviparidad. Los gusanos fueron considerados de vida libre y clasificados como de Orden Rhabditida, Familia Strongyloidae y género Strongyloides...
Subject(s)
Animals , Helminths/anatomy & histology , Helminths/growth & development , Helminths/physiology , Primary Treatment Plants/analysisABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Evaluar la percepción de las usuarias sobre la atención recibida en relación con prácticas consideradas como violencia obstétrica. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, exploratorio, de corte transversal por medio de una encuesta anónima a 425 puérperas atendidas en la Maternidad Concepción Palacios entre mayo y agosto de 2011, sobre aspectos relativos a violencia obstétrica. RESULTADOS: El 66,8 % manifestó la realización de procedimientos médicos sin consentimiento informado, 49,4 % fue objeto de algún tipo de trato deshumanizante, solo 20,5 % percibió trato no violento. Entre los reportes de trato deshumanizante predominó el obstaculizar el apego precoz (23,8 %). El trato deshumanizante fue percibido con más frecuencia por las gestantes tardías y las adolescentes (P<0,0001). Los principales perpetradores señalados son las enfermeras y los médicos. Entre los procedimientos sin consentimiento el más frecuentemente reportado fue la realización de múltiples tactos (37,2 %) y la administración de oxitócicos (31,3 %). Este tipo de violencia fue percibido con más frecuencia por las adolescentes (P<0,0002). A más alto nivel de educación se observó menor percepción de violencia (P<0,0059). Una de cada 4 usuarias conoce el término violencia obstétrica, y 1 de cada 5 sabe donde denunciarla. Solo 12 % recibió información sobre el consentimiento informado y 17 % firmó un formulario. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una elevada percepción de violencia en la atención obstétrica dada por la realización de procedimientos médicos sin consentimiento informado y trato deshumanizante por parte del personal de salud. No se aplica de manera sistemática la obtención del consentimiento informado.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the perception of the users on the attention received in relation to considered practices obstetric violence. METHOD: Prospective, descriptive, exploratory, transverse- court study by means of an anonymous opinion poll to 425 women in postpartum period attended in Concepción Palacios Maternity between May and August 2011, on relative aspects to obstetric violence. RESULTS: 66.8 % manifested the realization of medical procedures without informed consent, 49.4 % it was some kind of dehumanizing deals object, only 20.5 % perceived deal I do not force. The reports of dehumanizing deal predominated to obstruct the precocious attachment (23.8 %). The dehumanizing deal was perceived with more frequency by the overdue pregnant and teens (P 0.0001). The principal marked perpetrators are nurses and doctors. In the procedures without consent the more frequently reported was the realization of multiple vaginal touches (37.2 % ) and oxytocin administration (31.3 % ). This type of violence was perceived with more frequency by the teens (P 0.0002). Minor perception of violence was observed to higher level of education (P 0.0059). One out of every 4 users knows the term obstetric violence, and 1 out of every 5 knows where to denounce her. Only 12 % received information on the informed consent and 17 % signed a fill-out form. CONCLUSIONS: There is an elevated perception of violence in the obstetric attention given the realization of medical procedures without informed consent and dehumanizing deal for part of the staff of health. The obtaining of the informed consent is not applicable of systematic way.