Comparison on Volatile Oil Content and Chemical Constituents Among Different Parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong and Pieces with Different Processing Methods / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To compare the difference of the content of volatile oil and the total relative percentage of phthalein compounds in volatile oil among different parts about Ligusticum chuanxiong, or among different decoction pieces with different processing methods. Method::Steam distillation was used(in the extraction of volatile oil.The chemical constituents of the volatile oil were identified by GC-MS analysis, and relative content of each component was determined by normalization method. Result::The contents of volatile oil in different parts were obviously different, and the order of the contents from high to low was rhizome(1.12%)>fibrous root(0.75%)>aerial part(0.41%). The GC-MS analysis similar compounds find in the three different volatile oils, and the order of total relative percentages of phthalein compounds from high to low was roots(83.29%)>rhizomes(44.5%)>aerial part(39.95%). On the other hand, the volatile oil content of three different Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces with different processing methods was C(0.87%)>A(0.75%)>B(0.7%). The total relative percentages of phthalein compounds analyzed by GC-MS was C(79.14%)>A(73.09%)>B(67.29%). Conclusion::The content of phthalein compounds in the volatile oil of fibrous root was higher than that of rhizome, thus it can be appropriately used.The volatile oil content and chemical composition of different Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces were significantly different.The content of volatile oil and phthalein compounds in fresh-cut Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces were the most high, thus fresh-cutting can be used as a new processing method for Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces.

Optimization of response surface of fresh-cut processing technology in Corydalis Rhizoma producing area / 中草药

Objective To optimize the fresh-cutting process of Corydalis Rhizoma by response surface methodology, and obtain the best technology for fresh-cut processing of Corydalis Rhizoma. Methods The slice thickness, the hot air drying temperature and the loading amount were taken as the investigation factors. The total alkaloid content, the extract content and the drying efficiency were taken as the indicators. The weight coefficient of each index was obtained by principal component analysis method, and the comprehensive score was calculated. Single factor analysis was performed on the investigation factors to obtain the initial optimization range, and the response surface optimization method was used to optimize the final process optimization parameters. Results The best production conditions for fresh-cut processing were determined as slice thickness of 4 mm, dry load of 7 kg/m2, drying temperature of 85 ℃, total drying time of (279.0 ± 1.1) min, and comprehensive score of (0.860 6 ± 0.010 0). At this time, the total alkaloid content of Corydalis Rhizoma was (6.274 ± 0.030) mg/g, the content of the leachate was (17.86 ± 0.22)%, and the drying efficiency was (25.09 ± 0.00) g/(m2∙min). Conclusion The established drying process can better preserve the content of alkaloids and extracts in Corydalis Rhizoma, maintain high drying efficiency, ensure high quality and reduce energy consumption of enterprises, and provide a reliable theoretical basis for the production and processing of Corydalis Rhizoma pieces.

Effects of fresh-cut on drying rate and quality of Panax notoginseng / 中国中药杂志

To study the effects of fresh-cut drying methods on the appearance and internal components of Panax notoginseng, and explore the feasibility of fresh-cut drying methods of P. notoginseng, so as to provide more effective processing methods for the production of P. notoginseng slices and Chinese patent medicines. In this study, we have compared the effects of 6 different drying methods on drying time, drying rate, density, appearance and internal components of P. notoginseng roots. It takes about 453 h to dry by whole-root drying in the sun, with a long constant speed period and a slow drying rate, the time of whole-root drying at 50 ℃ was shortened by 61.6% compared with whole-root drying in the sun, which resulted in the decrease of density and poor appearance of the medicinal material with hollow and crack appeared in the xylem, while the drying time of fresh-cut drying method was reduced by 61.82% to 91.58% and the drying rate increased greatly, due to the relatively slow drying process in the sun or in the shade after fresh-cut, salting-out and whitening appeared on the surface, and the internal components were all decreased to some extent. The drying time of fresh-cut drying at 50 ℃ was 91.58% and 68.83% shorter than that of whole-root drying in the sun and at 50 ℃, respectively. When drying at 50 ℃ after fresh-cut, the appearance and content of internal components of the medicinal materials were better, the appearance was yellowish green, the cut sections were clear with uniform pore distribution, and the content of saponin components was increased by 7.24% compared with that of the whole-root drying at 50 ℃, When drying at 40 ℃, the surface of slices has salting-out and whitening spots, and the loss of dencichine and total sugar was large, but at 60 ℃, this high temperature made the rate of dehydration of slices was extremely fast, which led to severe cracking and fragmentation, and the loss of total sugar and alcohol extract was large. By vacuum freeze drying after fresh-cut, the structure of medicinal materials slices was loose, the density was greatly reduced, and the appearance was different from those recorded in traditional books. The contents of total saponin components and dencichine were increased by 16.51% and 22.54%, respectively, compared with traditional whole-root drying. The fresh-cut process method is feasible in the production of P. notoginseng slices. In production, it is recommended that drying at 50 ℃ after fresh-cut can make the medicinal materials better in appearance and content of internal components, which is convenient for the subsequent processing and industrial feeding extraction. For the purpose of internal contents, it is better to adopt freeze-drying after fresh-cut processing method.

Tannin extracts on quality of fresh cut crisp leaf lettuce / Extratos de taninos na qualidade de alface crespa minimamente processada

ABSTRACT: In the present study, tannin extracts (rinsed or not) were compared to the use of sodium hypochlorite and tap water on fresh cut crisp leaf lettuce stored under modified atmosphere packaging. Effects of these sanitizers on total color difference and microbial levels of the product after sanitization and storage for 9 days at 3°C were evaluated. Performance of rinsed SM(r) tannin extract was comparable to the results of chlorine solution for all the analyzed parameters and; furthermore, that extract presented a high reduction in the initial bacterial count of minimally processed lettuce. However, storage of tannin extracts, did not impart better outcomes than the use of tap water. Therefore, the tannin extract storage SM(r) could be used in washing water to reduce the initial microbiological load, avoiding cross contamination in vegetables minimally processed.

RESUMO: Extratos de taninos (com e sem enxague) foram comparados com o uso de hipoclorito de sódio e água em alface crespa minimamente processada, sob atmosfera modificada. Foram avaliadas diferença total de cor e análises microbiológicas após a sanitização e durante o armazenamento dos produtos (9 dias à 3°C). O extrato de tanino SM(r) com enxague apresentou resultados semelhantes aos da solução de cloro para todos os parâmetros analisados e, além disso, apresentou uma elevada redução da contagem inicial microbiológica de alface minimamente processada. No entanto, durante o armazenamento, SM(r) não apresentou melhores resultados do que o uso de água. Portanto, SM(r) poderia ser utilizado na desinfecção da água de lavagem das alfaces, reduzindo a microbiota inicial e, assim, impedir a contaminação cruzada durante o processamento mínimo de vegetais.

Simultaneous determination of eight water-soluble constituents in Zhejiang fritillary slices before and after sulfur fumigation process by HPLC-DAD / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for simultaneous determination of adenine, cytidine, inosine, uracil, uridine, thymidine, adenosine and 2-deoxyadenosine in Zhejiang Fritillary Slices, and determine and compare the contents of the eight compositions in Zhejiang Fritillary Slices before and after sulfur fumigation process. METHODS: The samples solution was determined by HPLC-DAD with an Inertsil ODS-SP C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5.0 μm) using water (A)-methanol (B) as the mobile phase by gradient elution (0-10 min, 1%→5% B; 10-15 min, 5%→15% B; 15-20 min, 15%→20% B; 20-30 min, 20% B; 30-35 min, 20%→100% B) at the flow rate of 1 mL·min-1. The column temperature was maintained at 25℃. RESULTS: All the components showed good linearity (r≥0.9995) in the range of the tested concentration. The average recoveries of the method were 100.90%, 97.92%, 100.28%, 98.95%, 100.42%, 99.02%, 101.96% and 100.39%, respectively. After sulfur-fumigation process, the contents of the six compositions in Zhejiang Fritillary Slices decreased obviously. CONCLUSION: The validated method has the advantages of simpleness, high precision and reliability, allowing the comprehensive quality control of Zhejiang Fritillary Slices. Sulfur fumigation can remarkably affect the amount of the eight water-soluble constituents in Zhejiang Fritillary Slices. So, sulfur fumigation shouldn't be apllied as primary processing method for Zhejiang Fritillary Slices.

Effects of Irradiation and Chemical Preservatives on the Microbiological Quality of Refrigerated Fresh-Cut Mangoes.

Fresh-cut mangoes are nutritious and offer consumers freshness, flavour and convenience. They however have a shorter shelf life compared to whole fruits due to their high susceptibility to microbial contamination. The effects of gamma irradiation and chemical preservatives on the microbiological quality of refrigerated fresh-cut mangoes were evaluated. Well matured fruits of Kent and Keitt varieties sliced into cubes were microbiologically analysed initially to determine counts of total viable cells (TVC), coliforms, Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The samples were subjected to various irradiation doses (0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kGy) and chemical preservatives (sucrose, citric acid, sodium benzoate and a combination of these chemicals in equal proportions) and stored at 6°C and 10ºC for 15 days. TVC was subsequently estimated at 3-day intervals for the treated samples. TVC was estimated as 3.53 ± 0.25 and 4.86 ± 0.38 log10cfu/g for the Kent and Keitt varieties respectively. No coliforms Salmonella sp., E. coli or S. aureus were detected in both varieties. Irradiation at doses of 1.5 kGy to 2.5 kGy in combination with storage at 6ºC was able to eliminate all viable cells after 9 days compared to 12 days of storage at 6ºC in the case of chemical preservatives. Irradiation is more effective and ideal compared to chemical preservatives in improving the microbiological quality and therefore extending the shelf life of refrigerated fresh-cut mangoes.

Avaliação de diferentes sanificantes na qualidade microbiológica de mandioquinha-salsa minimamente processada / Evaluation of different sanitizers on the microbiological quality of fresh-cut peruvian carrot

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a eficiência dos sanificantes hipoclorito de sódio, peróxido de hidrogênio e dicloro isocianurato de sódio aplicados antes e após o processamento mínimo de mandioquinha-salsa. Foram utilizadas raízes de mandioquinhasalsa da cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral adquiridas no comércio local. Para limpeza superficial das raízes foram utilizados detergente e água. Após, as raízes foram divididas em dois grupos: controle (não sanificado) e sanificado, por imersão em dicloro isocianurato de sódio 100 mg.L-1, por 15 minutos. Em seguida foram descascadas, fatiadas em rodelas e imersas nos seguintes sanificantes: hipoclorito de sódio (25, 50 e 100 mg.L-1, por 10 minutos), peróxido de hidrogênio (3 e 6 por cento, por 5 minutos) e dicloro isocianurato de sódio (50, 100 e 200 mg.L-1, por 10 minutos); embaladas e armazenadas em câmara fria ( 5 ± 1ºC e 98 por cento UR), durante 15 dias. As análises realizadas a cada 3 dias foram pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, colimetria e pesquisa de Salmonella sp.. As variáveis pH, AT e SS não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos utilizados. A presença de coliformes 45 ºC e Salmonella sp. não foi detectada, durante o armazenamento de mandioquinha-salsa minimamente processada, controle ou sanificada e foram observadas contagens baixas para coliformes 35 ºC. A sanificação do produto antes do processamento com dicloro isocianurato de sódio 100 mg.L-1 e condições higiênico-sanitárias adequadas, durante o processamento, possibilita a obtenção de um produto com padrão microbiológico de acordo com a legislação de alimentos, até o 15º dia de armazenamento.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the sanitizers sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and sodium dichloro isocianurate applied before and after the minimum processing of the Peruvian carrot. Peruvian carrots of the cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral purchased in the local commerce were utilized. Detergent and water were used for the surface cleaning of the roots. Afterwards, the roots were divided into two groups: control (not sanitized) and sanitized, for immersion into 100mg.L-1 sodium dichloro isocyanurate for 15 minutes. They were then peeled, sliced into rings and immersed into the following sanitizers: sodium hypochlorite (25, 50 and 100 mg.L-1 for 10 minutes), hydrogen peroxide (3 and 6 percent, for 5 minutes) and sodium dichloro isocyanurate (50, 100 and 200 mg.L-1 for 10 minutes); packed and stored in cold chamber ( 5 ± 1ºC and 98 percent RH) for 15 days. The following analyses were performed every 3 days: pH, titrable acidity, soluble solids, coliforms determination and search for Salmonella. The pH, AT and SS variables were not affected by the used treatments. The presence of coliforms at 45ºC and Salmonella was not detected during the storage of either control or sanitized fresh-cut Peruvian carrots and low counts for coliforms at 35ºC were found. The sanitization of the produce before processing with 100mg.L-1 sodium dichloro isocyanurate and hygienic-sanitary conditions during processing allow obtaining a produce with microbiological standard according to the food legislation until the 15th day of storage.

Cinética de degradação de vitamina c em mangas 'palmer' minimamente processadas armazenadas em diferentes temperaturas / Kinects of vitamin C degradation of 'palmer' mangoes (Mangifera indica L. ) stored at different temperatures

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de utilizar parâmetros cinéticos para avaliar a degradação de vitamina C sobre a vida útil de mangas (Mangifera indica L.) minimamente processadas e armazenadas em diferentes temperaturas. Mangas 'Palmer' foram lavadas em água corrente, sanificadas, descascadas, novamente sanificadas e fatiadas manualmente. O produto foi embalado em embalagem de polietileno com tampa e armazenado a 0ºC, 6ºC e 12ºC (85-90 por cento UR). Para o acompanhamento da sua vida útil, a cada 2 dias foram feitas as seguintes análises: valores L* a* e b*, perda de massa, pH, firmeza, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT) e teor de vitamina C. As mangas minimamente processadas armazenadas à 0ºC e 6ºC apresentaram vida útil de 10 dias contra 4 dias das mangas armazenadas à 12ºC. Os dados obtidos por meio de regressão linear com os valores do logaritmo neperiano do teor de ácido ascórbico pelo tempo de armazenagem (dias) mostram que a reação de degradação da vitamina C se ajusta ao modelo cinético de 1ª ordem. O Modelo de Arrhenius foi aplicado às velocidades de reação (k) nas diferentes temperaturas estabelecendo energia de ativação (Ea) de 34,32 kcal mol-1. A degradação de vitamina C foi mais lenta (t1/2 = 63,6dias; e k = 0,0109 dias-1) à 0ºC o que proporcionou maior retenção de seus teores (89 por cento) durante 10 dias de armazenamento. As frutas armazenadas à 12ºC apresentaram maior velocidade de degradação (k = 0,1729 dias-1) e, consequentemente, t1/2 inferior às demais temperaturas (apenas 4 dias).

This work was used to evaluate the kinetic parameters for degradation of vitamin C on the shelf-life of minimally processed mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) stored at different temperatures. 'Palmer' Mangos were washed in running water, sanitized, peeled, manually sliced and again sanitized. The product was packaged in polyethylene packaging with lid and stored at 0ºC, 6°C and 12 °C (85-90 percent RH). To monitor its shelf-life, the following tests were done every two days: values L* a* b*, weight loss, pH, firmness, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA) and content of vitamin C. The minimally processed mangoes stored at 0ºC and 6ºC showed shelf-life of 10 days, whereas the shelf-life of mangoes stored at 12°C was 4 days. The data obtained by linear regression with the values of the Neperian logarithm content of ascorbic acid by the time of storage (days) show that the reaction of degradation of vitamin C fits the kinetic model of 1st order. The Arrhenius model was applied to the speed of reaction (k) at different temperatures by setting the activation energy (Ea) of 34,32 kcal.mol-1. The degradation of vitamin C was slower (t1 / 2 = 63.6 days, and k = 0.0109 days-1) at 0°C, which provided greater retention of its contents (89 percent) during 10 days of storage. Fruits stored at 12°C showed a higher rate of degradation (k = 0.1729 days-1) and, consequently, t1 / 2 less than the other temperatures (only 4 days).

Qualidade de mandioquinha-salsa minimamente processada e armazenada sob atmosfera modificada / Quality of fresh-cut peruvian carrot: use of modified atmosphere

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da atmosfera modificada, passiva e ativa, sobre a conservação de mandioquinha-salsa minimamente processada da cultivar 'Amarela de Senador Amaral', adquirida de lavoura comercial do Município de Lavras, Minas Gerais (MG). As raízes foram selecionadas, lavadas com detergente neutro e enxaguadas em água corrente. Em seguida, foram imersas em solução de hipoclorito de sódio 300mg L-1, por 15 minutos, e secas em temperatura ambiente. As raízes foram descascadas e cortadas em fatias de aproximadamente 1cm de espessura, imersas em solução de hipoclorito de sódio 50mg L-1, por 10 minutos, drenadas em peneiras plásticas e embaladas. As bandejas contendo as fatias de mandioquinha-salsa foram armazenadas em câmara fria (5±1°C e 98 por cento UR) por 15 dias. As seguintes análises foram realizadas a cada três dias: pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis totais, firmeza, valores L* e b*, amido e avaliação sensorial (aparência e cor). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso (DIC), em esquema fatorial 3 x 6, sendo três tipos de atmosferas (passiva; ativa com injeção inicial das misturas: 2 por cento O2 + 10 por cento CO2 e 5 por cento O2 + 5 por cento CO2) e seis tempos de armazenamento (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias), com três repetições. Os valores médios de pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis e firmeza encontrados neste trabalho foram 6,79, 0,13 por cento de ácido málico, 4,04°Brix e 5,17N, respectivamente. A atmosfera modificada ativa (5 por cento de O2 + 5 por cento CO2) determinou maior valor L* às mandioquinhas-salsa minimamente processadas no sexto e no décimo segundo dia de armazenamento, quando comparada com a atmosfera (2 por cento de O2 e 10 por cento CO2). A atmosfera modificada ativa com 5 por cento O2 + 5 por cento CO2 determinou maiores valor b* e teores de amido às fatias de mandioquinha-salsa em comparação com as outras atmosferas. Conclui-se que a atmosfera ...

The aim of this research was to verify the effect of the passive and active modified atmosphere on the conservation of fresh-cut peruvian carrot, cv. Amarela de Senador Amaral, purchased from a commercial crop of Lavras, MG, Brazil. The roots were screened, washed with neutral detergent and rinsed in running water. Afterwards, they were immersed into a solution of 300mg L-1 sodium hypochlorite for 15 minutes and dried at room temperature. The roots were peeled and cut in slices of about 1cm of thickness and immersed into a solution of 50mg L-1 sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes, drained in plastic sieves and packed. The trays containing the slices of Peruvian carrot were stored in a cold room (5±1°C and 98 percent RH) for 15 days. The following analyses were performed every 3 days: : pH, titrable acidity, total soluble solids, firmness, L* and b* values, starch and sensorial evaluation (appearance and color). The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) in a 3 x 6 factorial scheme, with 3 sorts of atmospheres (passive; active with initial injection of the mixtures: 2 percent O2 + 10 percent CO2 e 5 percent O2 + 5 percent CO2) and 6 times of storage (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days) with 3 replicates. The average values of pH, titrable acidity, soluble solids and firmness found in this work were 6.79, 0.13 percent of malic acid, 4.04°Brix and 5.17 N, respectively. The active modified atmosphere (5 percent de O2 + 5 percent CO2) determined higher L* value to the fresh cut Peruvian carrots at the sixth and twelfth day of storage as compared with the active (2 percent of O2 + 10 percent CO2). The active modified atmosphere with 5 percent O2 + 5 percent CO2 determined higher b* values and starch contents to the slices of Peruvian carrots as compared with the other atmospheres. It can be concluded that the passive modified atmosphere associated with refrigeration and good practices of manufacture is enough to extend the ...

Descascamento de laranja 'Pêra' em função da duração do tratamento hidrotérmico / Peeling of 'Pera' sweet orange related to the duration of the hydrothermal treatment

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram adequar a tecnologia de descascamento de laranja 'Pêra' pelo uso do tratamento hidrotérmico e avaliar sua influência na atividade respiratória e nas características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais dos frutos. O tempo de descascamento, o rendimento em frutos comercializáveis e a temperatura interna dos frutos durante o tratamento também foram avaliados. O tratamento consistiu em colocar os frutos em banho-maria a 50°C por 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 minutos. Em seguida, os frutos foram descascados retirando-se a parte peduncular com a faca e, posteriormente, o flavedo e o albedo foram retirados manualmente. Os frutos sem tratamento hidrotérmico foram considerados controle. Os frutos foram armazenados durante seis dias a 5°C. O tratamento hidrotérmico alterou a atividade respiratória dos frutos somente nas primeiras horas após o processamento. A temperatura interna dos frutos, após 30 minutos de tratamento, atingiu no máximo 35°C. Não ocorreram alterações nas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas dos frutos. O tratamento não alterou o sabor, melhorou a aparência, diminuiu em até 78 por cento o tempo de descascamento e aumentou o rendimento em frutos comercializáveis. Conclui-se que o tratamento hidrotérmico de 10 a 30 minutos pode ser utilizado como técnica de descascamento para laranja 'Pêra'.

The objective of this research was to adapt the technology of peeling of 'Pera' sweet orange for the use of hydrothermal treatment, and to evaluate its influence in the respiratory activity and physicochemical, microbiologic and sensorial characteristics of fruits. Peeling time, marketable fruits yield and internal fruit temperature during the treatment were also evaluated. The hydrothermal treatment consisted of water-bath fruits at 50°C for 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 minutes. The fruits were peeled by first opening cut the peduncle region with a knife and then, the flavedo and albedo were removed, manually. Fruits with no hydrothermal treatment were considerate as control. The fruits were stored at 5°C by six days. Hydrothermal treatment caused changes in respiratory activity just in first hours after processing. Internal fruit temperature after 30 minutes of treatment reached up to 35°C. There were no changes in the physicochemical and microbiologic characteristics of the fruits. The treatment did not change the flavor and improved the appearance. The treatment decreased in until 78 percent the peeling time of the treated fruits and it increased marketable fruits yield. In conclusion, the hydrothermal treatment from 10 to 30 minutes at 50°C can be used as peeling technique for 'Pera' sweet orange.

Qualidade de produtos minimamente processados e comercializados em gôndolas de supermercados nas cidades de Lavras - MG, Brasília - DF e São Paulo - SP / Quality of fresh-cut produce commercialized on supermarket shelves in the cities of Lavras-MG, Brasília-DF, and São Paulo-SP

A produção de frutos e hortaliças minimamente processados mostrou crescimento relevante nos últimos anos, em razão de acentuadas mudanças no estilo de vida do consumidor, como redução das famílias, busca de conveniência e conscientização da necessidade de uma dieta alimentar saudável e que atenda às exigências de segurança alimentar. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, caracterizar a qualidade química, físico-química e microbiológica dos produtos minimamente processados, coletados em gôndolas de supermercados em Lavras - MG, Brasília - DF e São Paulo - SP para orientar seus fornecedores e consumidores quanto à necessidade de maior controle de qualidade, devido aos riscos de contaminação de matérias-primas por microrganismos patogênicos e deteriorantes. 144 amostras foram coletadas e submetidas às determinações de pH, acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis e avaliações microbiológicas (coliformes a 45ºC, Escherichia coli e Salmonella sp.). Os resultados mostraram variações significativas nos valores de pH e foi observada diminuição de acidez e sólidos solúveis, durante o armazenamento. Foi detectada contaminação por coliformes a 45ºC sendo que, em 50 por cento dessa presença, houve isolamentos de Escherichia coli, evidenciando contaminação oriunda de matéria-prima inadequadamente higienizada ou por sua presença nos manipuladores. Contudo, não foi detectada contaminação por Salmonella sp.. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a necessidade de implementação de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF), no controle de qualidade desses produtos.

The production of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables has shown an outstanding growth in the latest years, due to the remarkable changes in the consumers' life style, such as family reduction, search for convenience and increased awareness of a wholesome food diet which meets the requirements of food safety. The aim of this work was to characterize the physicochemical and microbiological quality of fresh-cut produce collected from shelves of supermarkets in Lavras, Brasília and São Paulo as so to guide their suppliers and consumers for the need for an increased quality control due to the risks of contamination of raw material by pathogenic and decay-causing microorganisms. 144 samples were submitted to pH, titratable acidity, soluble solid analyses and microbiological analyses (coliforms at 45ºC, Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli). The results showed significant alterations in pH values. A decrease in acidity and soluble solids during storage was found. Contamination by coliforms at 45ºC during manufacture was verified in 50 percent of the presence verified. We have isolated Escherichia coli, which evidences contamination coming from inadequately cleaned raw material or by their presence on the handlers. However, no contamination by Salmonella sp. was detected. Our results indicate the need of the implementation of the Good Handling Practices for the quality control of these produce.

Effectiveness of the Preprocessed Foods on Productivity and Satisfaction in School Foodservices

Fresh-cut foods have been widely used in the school foodservice industry due to their convenience and saving effects of labor and working hours. This study evaluated the effectiveness of using fresh-cut foods in school foodservice with respect to cost efficiency, customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and productivity. First, in terms of cost efficiency, the cost of the fresh-cut food per meal price significantly increased by 2.6% via the new production plan. Meanwhile, the costs of labor and food wastes significantly decreased by 3.0% and 0.3%, respectively, after implementing the new plan. Second, customer satisfaction towards foodservice significantly increased, from 2.94 points prior to the new plan to 3.45 points. Third, foodservice productivity such as of the number of meals per full-time equivalent employee increased by 5.7 meals, from 143.0 meals to 148.7 meals after intervention. The productivity index of work hours for producing a meal also increased and was reflected by a work time reduction of 0.77 minutes, specifically from 4.25 minutes to 3.48 minutes. The labor cost per meal also decreased by 29.9 won, from 331.91 won to 301.97 won, but there was no significant difference. Through these results, we identified that using pre-process foods in school foodservice has positive effects on labor saving, customer satisfaction, and employee work satisfaction.

Effect of antioxidants in fresh cut radishes during the cold storage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of antioxidants in the cold storage of fresh cut radishes. The shredded roots were submerged in the respective treatments during 3 min (ascorbic acid or citric acid) and stored at 5ºC and 90 percent RH during 10 days. The radish treated with ascorbic acid showed the higher respiratory rate in the first 4 h after the processing during the storage. The content of total soluble solids (TSS) was significantly higher in the treatment with citric acid. There was an increase in the content of ascorbic acid after two day of storage in the treatments with this antioxidant. The values of lightness (L*) were decreasing along the storage. Citric acid treatments caused strongly red coloration in the minimally processed roots. None of the treatments avoided the browning of the shredded radishes during the cold storage.

O presente experimento objetivou testar o uso de antioxidantes na conservação de rabanetes minimamente processados. Os rabanetes minimamente processados foram submersos nos tratamentos por 3 minutos (ácido ascórbico ou ácido cítrico) e armazenados a 5ºC (±1ºC) e 90 por cento (±5 por cento) UR durante 10 dias. O tratamento com ácido ascórbico gerou a maior taxa respiratória nas 4 primeiras horas após o processamento e durante o armazenamento. O teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) foi significativamente maior no tratamento com ácido cítrico. Quanto ao teor de ácido ascórbico, para os tratamentos com ácido ascórbico houve um aumento significativo no 2º dia. Os valores de luminosidade (L*) apresentaram redução durante o armazenamento. Os tratamentos com ácido cítrico provocaram uma forte coloração vermelha nas raízes minimamente processadas. Nenhum dos tratamentos evitou o escurecimento das raízes de rabanete minimamente processadas.

Processamento mínimo de tangerinas sob duas temperaturas / Fresh-cut tangerine stored under two temperatures

Conduziu-se este trabalho para avaliar o efeito de duas temperaturas na qualidade de Tangerina 'Poncã', minimamente processada, durante 12 dias. O processamento mínimo consistiu de lavagem, sanificação, retirada das cascas das frutas e embalagem. Os frutos foram refrigerados a 0ºC e 10ºC. Foram avaliados, a cada três dias, as seguintes variáveis: concentração de O2 e CO2, perda de massa, valor L*, a* e b*, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, rendimento do suco, vitamina C e beta-caroteno. Concluiu-se que, as temperaturas de 0ºC e 10ºC, não tiveram influência distinta sobre a cor, teores de vitamina C e beta-caroteno e sólidos solúveis, contudo influenciaram o rendimento do suco, que foi melhor nas frutas armazenadas a 10ºC. A interação temperatura e tempo afetaram a perda de massa e o pH, observando-se que, quanto maior a temperatura e o tempo de armazenamento, maiores são as perdas sofridas pelos frutos minimamente processados.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of two temperatures on the quality of fresh-cut Tangerine 'Poncã' during 12 days. The minimal processing consisted of washing, sanitization, the peelling of the fruit and packing. The fruit were cooled at 0ºC and 10ºC. The following variable were evaluated every 3 days: concentration of O2 and CO2, mass loss, L *, a* and b * values, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, juiciness, vitamin C and beta-carotene. It was concluded that of temperature at 0ºC and 10ºC did not have different influence on color, vitamin C, beta-carotene and soluble solids, however held the juiciness what was the best in the fruit stored 10ºC. The interaction temperature and time affected the mass loss and pH, observing that the bigger temperature and the time of storage, the bigger are the losses suffered for the fresh-cut fruits.

Efeito do tipo de corte e sanificantes no amaciamento de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) minimamente processado / Effect of the cut type and sanitizers on the softening of fresh cut pequi fruit (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.)

Frutos e hortaliças minimamente processados devem apresentar atributos de conveniência e qualidade do produto fresco. Com o presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a influência dos sanificantes hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) 50 ppm e 100 ppm e peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) 4 por cento e 6 por cento, sobre os processos envolvidos no amaciamento de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) minimamente processado submetido a dois tipos de processamento: "caroço fatiado" e "caroço inteiro" e armazenado a 6 ± 1ºC e 90 por cento a 95 por cento UR, durante 15 dias. A cada três dias foram avaliados: perda de massa, firmeza, pectina total, pectina solúvel, atividade de pectinametilesterase (PME) e atividade de poligalacturonase (PG). O pequi minimamente processado apresentou perda de massa e decréscimo de firmeza ao longo do período de armazenamento, concomitante ao aumento da atividade da enzima poligalacturonase, bem como solubilização de substâncias pécticas. Não foi verificada atividade de PME no pequi minimamente processado avaliado. Os caroços fatiados apresentaram maior teor de pectina solúvel, do 3° ao 6° dia e atividade da enzima poligalacturonase, do 3° ao 12° dia de armazenamento, em relação aos caroços inteiros. A sanificação com NaClO 50 ppm e 100 ppm, H2O2 4 por cento e 6 por cento determinou maior solubilização péctica em pequis minimamente processados, ao longo do armazenamento, não sendo observada influência dos sanificantes sobre as variáveis firmeza, perda de massa e atividade de poligalacturonase.

Fresh cut fruits and vegetables should present convenience and quality features of the fresh produce. The present work aimed to evaluate the influence of the sanitizers 50ppm and 100ppm sodium hypochloride (NaClO) and 4 percent and 6 percent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the involved processes in the softening of fresh cut pequi fruit (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) submitted to two types of processing: "sliced stone" and "whole stone" stored at 6 ± 1°C and 90 percent to 95 percent of RH during 15 days. Every three the days mass loss, firmness, total pectin, soluble pectin, pectinmethylesterase activity (PME) and polygalacturonase activity (PG) were evaluated. The fresh cut pequi fruit presented mass loss, firmness decrease along the period of storage, concomitant to the increase of the activity of the enzyme polygalacturonase, as well as the solubilization of substances pectics. Activity of PME was not detected in fresh cut pequi fruit evaluated. The sliced stone showed, higher content of soluble pectins, from 3rd to 6th day and activity of the enzyme polygalacturonase, of 3rd to 12th day of storage, in relation to the whole stones. The sanification with NaClO 50ppm and 100ppm, H2O2 4 percent and 6 percent presented greater solubilization of pectic substances in fresh cut pequi fruit, during the storage, but it did not influence of the sanitizers on the variable firmness, loss of mass and activity of polygalacturonase.

Qualidade e vida útil de pequi minimamente processado armazenado sob atmosfera modificada / Quality and shelf life of fresh-cut peki stored under modified atmosphere

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a eficiência do uso de atmosfera modificada passiva e ativa na manutenção da qualidade e prolongamento da vida útil de pequi minimamente processado armazenado a 5ºC, por 12 dias, através de avaliações fisiológicas, físicas, físico-químicas e químicas. Os pequis foram lavados em água corrente e sanificados antes e após a retirada da casca em solução de hipoclorito de sódio 200 mg.L-1 e 100 mg.L-1, por 15 e 5 minutos, respectivamente. Os pequis foram acondicionados em embalagem rígida de polipropileno (PP), da seguinte forma: coberta com tampa do mesmo polímero; envolta com filme de policloreto de vinila (PVC) 0,014 mm; selada passiva e ativamente (3,2 por cento O2 + 9,2 por cento CO2) e (7,7 por cento O2 + 3,9 por cento CO2) com filme de polietileno (PE) + PP 0,060 mm. Conclui-se que as embalagens rígidas seladas passiva e ativamente com filme de PE + PP 0,060 mm não são recomendadas para acondicionar pequi minimamente processado, em razão do nível de O2 estar próximo a 0 por cento, no terceiro dia de armazenamento, o que compromete a sua qualidade. As embalagens rígidas de polipropileno com tampa do mesmo polímero e as envoltas com filme de PVC são as mais indicadas para pequi minimamente processado, visto que não propiciam condições de anaerobiose e nem alteraram expressivamente suas características físicas, físico-químicas e químicas, resultando em uma vida útil de 12 dias de armazenamento a 5 ± 1ºC e UR 90 ± 5 por cento.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the use of passive and active modified atmosphere on the maintenance of quality and prolongation of the shelf life of fresh-cut peki fruit stored at 5ºC, for 12 days, through physiological, physical, physico-chemistry and chemistry evaluations. Peki fruit were washed with stream water and sanitized with sodium hypochlorite 200 and 100 mg.L-1, for 15 and 5 minutes, before and after peeling, respectively. Peki fruit were packed into rigid propylene package (PP): with rigid cover of same polymer; covered with polyvinyl chloride film (PVC) 0,014 mm; passive and actively (3,2 percent O2 + 9,2 percent CO2) and (7,7 percent O2 + 3,9 percent CO2) sealed with polyethylene (PE) + PP film 0,060 mm. One concluded that rigid packages sealed passive and actively with film of PE + PP 0,060 mm are not recommended to fresh-cut peki fruit condition, due to the fact of the level of O2 to be next to 0 percent in the third day of storage, what compromises its quality. The rigid packages of polypropylene with cover of same polymer and those covered with PVC film are the most suitable to fresh-cut peki fruit, since they do not promote anaerobiosis conditions and do not change expressively their physical, physical-chemical and chemical characteristics during 12 days of storage at 5 ± 1ºC and RH 90 ± 5 percent.

Qualidade do melão 'Orange Flesh' minimamente processadoarmazenado sob atmosfera modificada / Quality of the fresh cut 'Orange Flesh' melon stored under modified atmosphere

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da atmosfera modificada na qualidade do melão‘OrangeFlesh’minimamente processado. Os cubos de melões foram sanificados com 100 mg L-1 de hipoclorito desódio por um minuto, lavados, drenados e embalados com diferentes concentrações de O2 e CO2 emsacos plásticos de polietileno (Nylon Poli). Foram avaliados a cada dois dias durante dez dias quanto afirmeza, pectina total, pectina solúvel e atividade da polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. Ao final do períodode conservação, os produtos vegetais com modificação da atmosfera mantiveram a textura mais firme ea concentração de 5%O2 + 3% CO2 apresentaram menor teor de pectina total e juntamente com aconcentração de 100% N2 o menor teor de pectina solúvel e não apresentaram atividades depolifenoloxidase e peroxidase.

This work aimed at evaluate the effect of the fresh cut ‘Orange Flesh’ melon stored under modified atmosphere. The cubes of melons were sanitizationed with 100 mg L-1 of hypoclorite of sodium for one minute, washed, drained and wrapped with different concentrations of O2 and CO2 in plastic bags of polyethylene (Nylon Polished). They were appraised every other day for ten days as regards the firmness, total pectin, soluble pectin and activity of the polifenoloxidase and peroxidase. At the end of the conservation period, it was verified that melons sustained the firmest texture of the vegetable products under modified atmosphere, and the concentration of 5%O2 + 3% CO2 showed smaller content of total pectin and together with the concentration of 100% N2 the smallest content of soluble pectin, the polifenoloxidase activity was not verified as well as of the peroxidase.

Qualidade de tangerina 'poncã' minimamente processada, armazenada a 5°c / Quality of fresh-cut 'Poncã' Tangerine, stored at 5°C

Com o presente trabalho, objetivou-se analisar o comportamento da Tangerina 'Poncã' minimamente processada armazenada a 5°C. O experimento foi executado no Laboratório de Pós-Colheita de Frutas e Hortaliças do Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos da Universidade Federal de Lavras MG. As frutas foram lavadas com detergente neutro e sanificadas com hipoclorito de sódio a 200 ppm por 15 minutos, descascadas, embaladas e resfriadas imediatamente a 5°C. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado simples, com 3 repetições e 3 frutas por parcela experimental. A influência de 5 níveis do fator tempo (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias) foi avaliada. A qualidade das frutas foi analisada a partir das seguintes variáveis: perda de massa, rendimento em suco, concentração de O2 e CO2 no interior das embalagens, valores L*, a* e b*, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, beta-caroteno e vitamina C. A temperatura de 5°C foi adequada no armazenamento de Tangerina 'Poncã' minimamente processada, baseado nas pequenas modificações na cor, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, perda de massa e rendimento do suco, embora, perdas nos teores de vitamina C (34,07 por cento) e beta-caroteno (42,75 por cento) tenham sido observadas.

The objective of the work was to analyze the behavior of the fresh-cut 'Poncã' Tangerine stored 5°C. The experiment was carried out in the Postharvest Fruit and Vegetables Laboratory of the Food Science Department / Federal University of Lavras - Brazil. The fruit were washed with neutral detergent and sanitized with sodium hipochlorite 200ppm for 15 minutes, peeled, packed and immediately cooled at 5°C. It was used a fully randomly design, with 3 replications and 3 fruits per plote. The influence of 5 levels of the factor time (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days) was evaluated. The quality of the fruit was analyzed based in the following variable: mass loss, juiciness, concentration of O2 and CO2 into the packages, L *, a* and b * values, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, beta-carotene and vitamin C content. The temperature of 5°C was indicated to the storage of fresh-cut 'Poncã' tangerine based in minor changes in color, titratable acidity, soluble solids, mass loss and juiciness although losses in vitamin C (65,93 percent) and beta-carotene (42,75 percent) have been observed.