A review: Antimicrobial activity and toxicity analysis of the peel of banana, pomegranate, papaya, and citrus fruits (lemon and orange)

ABSTRACT@#Fruits have nutrients and health-promoting compounds and usually fruits are eaten fresh with minimally processed. To meet rising demand, the production and processing of horticultural crops of fruits have grown massively in response to the population and changing dietary habits. It is rarely known that some fruit wastes, including peel, actually have their own advantages to humans as well as industry. In fact, these fruit wastes, including fruit peel, should be handled and used to minimise the environmental impacts. The functional properties of the peel of banana, pomegranate, papaya, and citrus fruits such as lemon and orange can beneficially help in the production of new health products and in food industries. Antimicrobial compounds in fruit peel play an important role in inhibiting the microbial growth, specifically pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus aureus, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial compounds present in the fruit peel are typically secondary metabolites consisting, in particular, of phenolic compounds, steroids and alkaloids, which give certain functional effects on human health. It has been reported that every fruit peel has its own antimicrobial compounds which are responsible for inhibiting microbial growth. These fruit peel, despite their beneficial effects, have also been shown to have toxicity effects on their consumption depending on the amount of doses used in the implementation. This review covers physiological properties, chemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and the toxicity analysis of the fruit peels from banana, pomegranate, papaya, and citrus fruits.

The Potential of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereuspolyrhizus) Rind Extract Accelerates Wound Healing Process Post Tooth Extraction

@#Introduction: Biological process of wound healing in soft tissue injury which include some phase that its highly organized cascade, such as haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Healing process will be impaired when there is an interference with one of the four of the phase not going well. This study is aimed to proving the role of dragon fruit peel extract towards the interpretation of TGF- β, fibroblast cell and formation of new blood vessels during wound healing process. Methods: 20 rattus norwegicus wistar strain rats are separated into four groups. The one lower incisor is extracted, afterward the wound post extraction of the treatment group was treated with dragon fruit peel extract gel with the concentration of 15%, 30% and 60%, meanwhile, for the control groups, they are treated with polyethylene glycol gel. On the fourth day, the rats were sacrificed and preparation of immunohistochemical and histopathology are made. Observe under the light microscope with 400x magnification. Results: This study shows that the 30% concentration increase the expression of TGF- β (16.6±2.07), fibroblast proliferation (77.6±5.27) and new blood vessels (33.8±2.28) compare to the control group, 15% and 60% concentration in a meaningful way (p=0.00, p=0.00 and p=0.00). Conclusions: The dragon fruit peel extract gel may affect the wound healing process of extraction by increasing the expression of TGF- β, number of fibroblast and formation of new blood vessels.

Peel mask inhalation prevents nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy / 现代临床护理

Objective To study the effect of peel mask inhalation on nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Methods Ninety-six patients who received FOLFOX chemotherapy initially were divided into observation group and control group randomly with 48 cases in each group. The patients of the two groups received routine nursing and besides it, the observation group was treated with peel mask inhalation therapy. The two groups were compared in view of nausea and vomiting. Result The total levels of nausea and vomiting in the observation group were both significantly alleviated as compared to the control groups (P<0.05). Conclusions The peel mask inhalation can reduce nausea and vomiting significantly caused by chemotherapy. Meanwhile, it can improve the quality of life of patients. It's practical, convenient, safe, worthy of clinical promotion.

Peel mask inhalation prevents nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy / 现代临床护理

Objective To study the effect of peel mask inhalation on nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Methods Ninety-six patients who received FOLFOX chemotherapy initially were divided into observation group and control group randomly with 48 cases in each group. The patients of the two groups received routine nursing and besides it, the observation group was treated with peel mask inhalation therapy. The two groups were compared in view of nausea and vomiting. Result The total levels of nausea and vomiting in the observation group were both significantly alleviated as compared to the control groups (P<0.05). Conclusions The peel mask inhalation can reduce nausea and vomiting significantly caused by chemotherapy. Meanwhile, it can improve the quality of life of patients. It's practical, convenient, safe, worthy of clinical promotion.

Evaluation of the effects of passion fruit peel flour (Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpa) on metabolic changes in HIV patients with lipodystrophy syndrome secondary to antiretroviral therapy

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of using passion fruit peel flour together with diet therapy and counseling in 36 patients with HIV lipodystrophy who were in an ambulatory clinic in a university hospital. The patients were divided into two groups. One received 30 g of passion fruit peel flour daily for 90 days and diet therapy counseling. The other group received only diet therapy counseling. The metabolic changes were analyzed before and after the intervention, with a significance level predetermined at p ≤ 0.05. The use of passion fruit peel flour was effective in reducing total cholesterol and triacylglycerides after 30 days. The concentrations of LDL-C decreased, while HDL-C increased in the blood of lipodystrophy patients after 90 days passion fruit peel flour treatment. No significant differences in food consumption were seen between groups. The use of 30 g of passion fruit peel flour for 90 days together with diet therapy counseling was effective in improving plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and triacylglycerides.

Capacidade antioxidante e composição química da casca de maracujá (Passiflora edulis) / Antioxidant capacity and chemical composition of passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a composição centesimal da farinha obtida da casca do maracujá e sua atividade antioxidante in vitro, buscando viabilizar suas potencialidades para incorporação em produtos alimentares. Os frutos foram higienizados, as cascas foram separadas da polpa, secas em estufa com circulação de ar e moídas para obtenção de uma farinha. Foi determinada a composição centesimal e os polifenóis presentes na casca foram extraídos por três metodologias, tendo sido quantificados o teor de fenóis totais e a atividade antioxidante por três métodos distintos (sequestro do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil - DPPH, capacidade antioxidante de redução do ferro - FRAP e capacidade de absorção do radical oxigênio - ORAC). Os resultados mostram que a farinha apresenta elevado teor de fibras (65,22±0,27%), das quais 74% são fibras insolúveis. Embora os resultados do teor de polifenóis indiquem que possivelmente há um predomínio de compostos com características hidrofílicas na casca, visto que a água foi o solvente que apresentou maior rendimento na extração dos fenóis totais, a avaliação da atividade antioxidante dos extratos mostra que o poder antioxidante dos compostos lipofílicos presentes no extrato metanólico/acetona foram superiores ao dos compostos presentes no extrato aquoso e etanólico. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo demonstram que a casca do maracujá poderia ser utilizada como fonte de fibras e antioxidantes. No entanto, sua incorporação em formulações alimentares deve atentar as suas características físicas, químicas e sensoriais, para garantir seu melhor aproveitamento e aceitação entre os consumidores. .

The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition of flour obtained from the peel of passion fruit and their antioxidant activity in vitro. The fruits were cleaned, the peels were separated from pulp, dried in an oven with circulating air and ground to obtain the flour. The centesimal composition was determined and the polyphenols present in the peel were extracted by three methodologies. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were determined using three different methods (scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl - DPPH free radical, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power - FRAP e Oxigen Radical Absorbance Capacity - ORAC). The results show that the flour has high fiber content (65.22±0.27%) and 74% of which correspond to insoluble fraction. Although the results of total polyphenol indicate that there is a predominance of compounds with hydrophilic characteristics in the peel, the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the extracts showed that the antioxidant power of lipophilic compounds present in the methanol / acetone extract was superior to the compounds present in the aqueous and ethanol extracts. The results of this study demonstrate that the passion fruit peel could be used as a source of fiber and antioxidants, however , its incorporation into food formulations must address their physical, chemical and sensory, to ensure their best use and acceptance among consumers. .

Efeito do consumo da aveia e farinha da casca de maracujá sobre a glicemia e lipemia em um grupo de voluntários / Effect of consumption of oats and passion fruit peel flour on glycemia and lipemia in a gr oup of volunteers

The purpose of this article is to assess the effects ofconsuming (rolled) oat flakes and passion fruit peelflour on glycemia and lipemia in a group of volunteersof sedentary habits. A clinical study was conductedin 2010 with 28 people in the city of Viçosa (MinasGerais, Brazil), whose age ranged from 30 to 60 years.The subjects were divided randomly into two groupsof 14. Group 1 ate 30g of oat flakes and group 2, 30gof passion fruit peel flour, every day for 60 days. Todetermine the biochemical effects, blood samples werecollected at three times: the first at time zero (t0), thesecond after 30 days (t30) and the third after 60 days(t60). In group 1 (treated with oats), it was observedthat HDL levels increased, while the serum glucoseconcentration decreased significantly; however, thevariables body weight, total cholesterol and LDLdid not change statistically. In group 2 (treatedpassion fruit peel flour) the serum glucose and totalcholesterol concentration decreased significantly;however, the variables body weight, HDL and LDLdid not change statistically. The products used inthis study were effective in reducing serum glucoselevels and there was also an improvement in the lipidprofile.

O objetivo do presente artigo foi analisar os efeitos do consumo da aveia em flocos e da farinha da casca de maracujá sobre a glicemia e a lipemia em um grupo de voluntários, com hábitos sedentários. Foi realizado um estudo clínico com 28 pessoas na cidade de Viçosa, MG, no ano de 2010, com idade variando entre 30 a 60 anos, onde essas foram divididas de forma aleatória em dois grupos de 14 pessoas. O grupo 1 recebeu 30 g de aveia em flocos enquanto o grupo 2, 30 g de farinha da casca de maracujá, durante 60 dias. Para verificação dos resultados bioquímicos, foram realizadas três coletas de sangue: a primeira, no início do estudo (tempo zero), a segunda, após 30 (t30) dias; e a terceira, após 60 dias (t60). Com o uso da aveia em flocos, observou-se que a concentração de HDL aumentou e a concentração sérica de glicose diminuiu significativamente, porém as variáveis peso, colesterol total e LDL não diferiram estatisticamente. Com a ingestão da farinha da casca do maracujá, houve diminuição significativa das concentrações de glicose e de colesterol total, contudo, as variáveis peso, HDL e LDL não diferiram estatisticamente. Os produtos utilizados foram eficazes na redução da concentração sérica de glicose e houve também melhora no perfil lipídico.

Influence of volatile constituents of fruit peels of Citrus reticulata Blanco on clinically isolated pathogenic microorganisms under In-vitro

Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of volatile constituents of fruit peels of Citrus reticulata Blanco on clinically isolated pathogenic microorganisms. Methods: Extraction of volatile oil was carried out by Clevenger’s apparatus. Volatile chemical components were measured by GC-MS. Antimicrobial activity was carried by Agar well diffusion assay with reference to standard fluconazole and tetracycline. Results: The chemical composition of volatile oil of the fruit peels of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae) of Delhi Region was composed mainly monoterpenes (99.1 %) constituting l-limonene (92.4 %), γ-terpene (2.6 %) andβ-phellandrene (1.8 %). The volatile oil showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against the clinically isolated pathogenic microbial strains Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans under in vitro condition. Conclusions: The potential antimicrobial activity of volatile oil present in fruit peels of C. reticulata can be useful for treatment of skin disorder and/or in aroma. Therapy, it can be incorporated into cosmetic formulations.

Elaboração de barras de cereais com ingredientes alternativos e regionais do oeste do Paraná / Elaboration of cereal bars with alternative and regional ingredients from the western of Paraná

A tendência de consumir mais alimentos nutritivos, no lugar de doces e guloseimas tem levado ao aparecimento de novos tipos de produtos, tais como barras de cereais diversificadas. Dentro dos produtos a base de cereais, as barras podem fornecer importante suplementação de calorias e elementos nutritivos como lipídeos, fibras, proteínas, minerais e vitaminas. Uma alternativa que vem ganhando corpo desde o início da década de 1970 consiste no aproveitamento de resíduos (principalmente cascas e sementes), ou seja, o processo de fabricação de farinhas, a partir de certas frutas como matéria-prima para a produção de alguns alimentos perfeitamente passíveis de serem incluídos na alimentação humana. Desse modo, este trabalho teve por objetivo utilizar ingredientes alternativos na elaboração das barras de cereais, tornando estas mais nutritivas, com propriedades funcionais diversificadas e verificar a aceitabilidade desse produto. Foram desenvolvidas quatro diferentes tipos de barras de cereais com ingredientes alternativos e disponíveis na região, tais como: sementes de abóbora, melão e melancia, e farinha da casca de maracujá. Realizou-se análise sensorial das barras desenvolvidas por uma equipe orientada, para avaliação da aceitabilidade de cada uma das barras de cereais. Assim, determinou-se a composição centesimal de uma das barras por meio das análises físico-químicas de: lipídeos, carboidratos, fibras, minerais, umidade, proteínas e valor calórico. A barra de cereal formulada a partir de produtos alternativos, como sementes e casca de frutas, apresentou baixo valor calórico, apreciáveis quantidades de fibras e proteínas e baixo teor de lipídeos. Além disso, também apresentaram grande aceitabilidade; e devido à introdução de alimentos alternativos como sementes e casca de frutas, tornaram-se um produto mais nutritivo, e com propriedades funcionais diversificadas para serem consumidas diariamente, como lanches.

The tendency of consuming more nutritious food instead of sweets and candies led to the emergence of new sorts of products such as diverse cereal bars. Among the products made from cereals, bars can provide important supplemental calories and nutrients such as lipids, fiber, protein, minerals and vitamins. One alternative that has become popular since the beginning of the 1970s is the use of waste material (mainly peels and seeds), that is, the process of making flour from certain fruits as raw material for the production of some foods is perfectly likely to be included in food. This study aimed to use alternative ingredients in the preparation of cereal bars, making them more nutritious, with diverse functional properties and acceptability of the same. It was developed four different sorts of cereal bars with alternative ingredients and also available in the region, such as, pumpkin seeds, melon and watermelon, and passion?s peel flour. It was accomplished a sensory analysis of the developed bars by a team-oriented to evaluate the acceptability of each of the cereal bars. It was determined the chemical composition of one of the bars through the physical and chemical analysis of: lipids, carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, humidity, protein and calorific content. The cereal bar made from alternative products such as seeds and fruit?s peel, showed lower calorific value, greater amount of fiber and carbohydrates and less fat. The cereal bar presented great acceptability and because of the introduction of alternative food such as seeds and fruit?s peel, became a more nutritious product with functional diverse properties to be consumed daily as snacks.

Anti-hyperglycaemic potential of Psidium guajava raw fruit peel.

Background & objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate the glycaemic potential of aqueous extract of Psidium guajava unripe fruit peel on blood glucose level (BGL) of normal and streptozotocin induced mild and severely diabetic rats as an extension of our previous work carried out on Psidium guajava ripe fruit peel. Methods: The aqueous extract of P. guajava unripe fruits was prepared. Male 6-8 wk old albino Wistar rats were selected for the experiments. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin infection. Blood glucose levels were measured by glucose oxidase method. Antihyperglycaemic activity of the extract was assessed in mild and severely diabetic rats. Results: The maximum fall of 21.2 per cent (P<0.01) and 26.9 per cent (P<0.01) after 3 h of glucose administration during glucose tolerance test (GTT) was observed in BGL from a dose of 400 mg/kg, identifi ed as the most effective dose, in normal and mild diabetic rats respectively. In severely diabetic rats the maximum fall of 20.8 and 17.5 per cent in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and post prandial glucose (PPG) levels, and 50 per cent (P<0.01) in urine sugar levels was observed with the same dose. Haemoglobin level increased by 5.2 per cent (P<0.05) and body weight by 2.5 per cent (P<0.05) after 21 days treatment. Interpretation & conclusions: Normal, mild and severely diabetic rat models had shown hypoglycaemic as well as antidiabetic effect of the unripe guava fruit peel aqueous extract. Further studies need to be done to characterize the active components of the peel.