Identification and Expression Pattern of Salvia miltiorrhiza Terpenoid Synthase Gene Family / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveBioinformatics methods were used to systematically identify the Salvia miltiorrhiza terpenoid synthase （SmTPS） gene family members and predict their functions from the perspective of the genome. MethodThe genome and transcriptome data of S. miltiorrhiza， Arabidopsis thaliana， and tomato were obtained from the national genomics data center （NGDC）， national center for biotechnology information （NCBI）， the Arabidopsis information resource （TAIR）， and tomato functional genomics database （TFGD）， and the whole genome identification and bioinformatics analysis of the SmTPS gene family member were carried out with the help of Perl language programming， Tbtools， and other bioinformatics tools. ResultA total of 52 TPS gene family members were identified， and they were distributed on eight chromosomes of S. miltiorrhiza. Their coding amino acid number was 207-822 aa. The isoelectric points were 4.76-9.16. The molecular mass was 24.11-94.81 kDa， and all members are hydrophilic proteins. Gene structure analysis showed that there were significant differences in the number of introns among different subfamilies. The number of introns in 72.6% of TPS-a， b， and g subfamilies was 6， and that in 88.9% of TPS-c and e/f subfamilies was more than 10. Protein motifs were conserved among TPS subfamilies. The analysis of promoter cis-acting elements showed that all promoters of the SmTPSs contained a large number of light-responsive elements， and most of them had hormone-responsive elements. Gene expression analysis showed that SmTPS gene family members exhibited tissue-specific expression， and 24 of them responded to exogenous methyl jasmonate. ConclusionBased on the published S. miltiorrhiza genome， 52 SmTPS gene family members were identified， and their functions were predicted based on the phylogenetic analysis and expression patterns. This paper provides reference information for the further biosynthesis pathway and regulatory mechanism analysis of terpenoids in S. miltiorrhiza.

The Siberian pine growth dynamics in Altai Mountains, China / A dinâmica de crescimento do pinheiro siberiano nas montanhas de Altai, China

Climatic factors play an essential role in the growth of tree ring width. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between climatic variables and tree-ring growth characteristics of Pinus sibirica in Altai mountains, northwestern China. This study being is first of its kind on climate growth analysis of Pinus sibirica in northwestern China. The study showed great potential to understand the species growing under the specific climatic conditions. Total of 70 tree cores collected from three sites in the sampling area, out of which 63 tree cores considered for this study. The effect of climatic variables which was studied include precipitation, temperature and PDSI. Our results showed that Tree Ring Width chronology has a significantly positive correlation with the late winter (March) temperature and significant negative correlation with the July temperatures. A significant correlation was observed with the late summer precipitation whereas no significant relation found with the Palmer Drought Severity Index. These significant correlations with temperature and precipitation suggested that this tree species had the potential for the reconstruction of the past climate in the area.

Fatores climáticos desempenham papel essencial no crescimento da largura dos anéis das árvores. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a correlação entre variáveis climáticas e características de crescimento de anéis de árvores de Pinus sibirica nas montanhas de Altai, noroeste da China. Este estudo é o primeiro desse tipo na análise do crescimento climático de Pinus sibirica no noroeste da China. O estudo mostrou grande potencial para entender as espécies que crescem sob as condições climáticas específicas. Total de 70 testemunhos coletados em três locais na área de amostragem, dos quais 63 testemunhos considerados para este estudo. O efeito das variáveis climáticas estudadas incluem precipitação, temperatura e PDSI. Nossos resultados mostraram que a cronologia da Largura do Anel da Árvore tem uma correlação significativamente positiva com a temperatura do final do inverno (março) e uma correlação negativa significativa com as temperaturas de julho. Uma correlação significativa foi observada com a precipitação do final do verão, enquanto nenhuma relação significativa foi encontrada com o Índice de Severidade de Seca de Palmer. Essas correlações significativas com a temperatura e precipitação sugeriram que esta espécie de árvore tinha o potencial para a reconstrução do clima passado na área.

The Siberian pine growth dynamics in Altai Mountains, China

Abstract Climatic factors play an essential role in the growth of tree ring width. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between climatic variables and tree-ring growth characteristics of Pinus sibirica in Altai mountains, northwestern China. This study being is first of its kind on climate growth analysis of Pinus sibirica in northwestern China. The study showed great potential to understand the species growing under the specific climatic conditions. Total of 70 tree cores collected from three sites in the sampling area, out of which 63 tree cores considered for this study. The effect of climatic variables which was studied include precipitation, temperature and PDSI. Our results showed that Tree Ring Width chronology has a significantly positive correlation with the late winter (March) temperature and significant negative correlation with the July temperatures. A significant correlation was observed with the late summer precipitation whereas no significant relation found with the Palmer Drought Severity Index. These significant correlations with temperature and precipitation suggested that this tree species had the potential for the reconstruction of the past climate in the area.

RESUMO Fatores climáticos desempenham papel essencial no crescimento da largura dos anéis das árvores. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a correlação entre variáveis climáticas e características de crescimento de anéis de árvores de Pinus sibirica nas montanhas de Altai, noroeste da China. Este estudo é o primeiro desse tipo na análise do crescimento climático de Pinus sibirica no noroeste da China. O estudo mostrou grande potencial para entender as espécies que crescem sob as condições climáticas específicas. Total de 70 testemunhos coletados em três locais na área de amostragem, dos quais 63 testemunhos considerados para este estudo. O efeito das variáveis climáticas estudadas incluem precipitação, temperatura e PDSI. Nossos resultados mostraram que a cronologia da Largura do Anel da Árvore tem uma correlação significativamente positiva com a temperatura do final do inverno (março) e uma correlação negativa significativa com as temperaturas de julho. Uma correlação significativa foi observada com a precipitação do final do verão, enquanto nenhuma relação significativa foi encontrada com o Índice de Severidade de Seca de Palmer. Essas correlações significativas com a temperatura e precipitação sugeriram que esta espécie de árvore tinha o potencial para a reconstrução do clima passado na área.

Morphometric assessment methods for estimation of sexual dimorphism from cranial occipital condyles / Métodos de evaluación morfométrica para la estimación del dimorfismo sexual de los cóndilos occipitales craneales

SUMMARY: Identification of fragmentary human remains is an integral par of medico legal investigations. Occipital region is commonly not affected in traumatic injuries and accidents due to its secluded position which makes it the integral part in determination of sex in the absence of entire skeleton. Occipital condylar region is also the most common area for degenerative and neoplastic diseases. So thorough knowledge of anatomy of occipital condyle is very essential during surgical interventions. 86 skulls were studied from osteological collections of Department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College. Maximum length and breadth of the occipital condyle, anterior intercondylar distance and posterior intercondylar distance was measured with the help of vernier callipers. Descriptive statistics was calculated for the parameters considered. Metric data of right and left sides were compared with student t test and p value was calculated.All data obtained was subjected for discriminant function analysis to derive the statistical model. All the measurements were significantly high in males compared to females. Condylar length and width, anterior and posterior intercondylar distance can be used to derive formula for determination of sex in south Indian population with an accuracy of 66.3 %.

RESUMEN: La identificación de restos humanos fragmentarios es una parte integral de las investigaciones médico legales. La región occipital comúnmente no se ve afectada en lesiones traumáticas y accidentes debido a su posición apartada que la convierte en parte integral en la determinación del sexo en ausencia de un esqueleto completo. La región condilar occipital es también el área más común de enfermedades degenerativas y neoplásicas. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento integral de la anatomía del cóndilo occipital es esencial durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Se estudiaron 86 cráneos de colecciones osteológicas del Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina de Yenepoya. Se midió el largo y ancho máximo del cóndilo occipital, la distancia intercondilar anterior y la distancia intercondilar posterior con la ayuda de un calibrador vernier. Se calculó la estadística descriptiva para los parámetros considerados. Los datos métricos de los lados derecho e izquierdo se compararon con la prueba t de Student y se calculó el valor de p. Todos los datos obtenidos se sometieron a análisis de función discriminante para derivar el modelo estadístico. Todas las medidas fueron significativamente altas en los hombres en comparación con las mujeres. La longitud y el ancho del cóndilo, la distancia intercondilar anterior y posterior se pueden utilizar para derivar la fórmula para determinar el sexo en la población del sur de la India con una precisión del 66,3 %.

Sex estimation using ulna in a Thai population / Estimación del sexo utilizando la ulna en una población tailandesa

SUMMARY: Sex estimation from fragmentary bone remain is still challenge for forensic pathologist. Ulna has been reported useful for sex estimation by metric analysis. This study generated sex estimation function for fragment and complete of ulnar bone in a Thai population. The function was generated from 200 pairs of ulnar bone, and others 20 pair of ulnar bone were used for test the accuracy of the functions. Olecranon width was the best single variable for sex predicting of proximal part of ulna, which right olecranon width could be classified the sex 90.5 %. While distal end width of ulna was the variable for predicting the sex of distal part, which left distal end width could be classified the sex with 83.0 %. Stepwise discriminant function analysis was applied to proximal part. For proximal part of right ulna 4 measurements were selected (inferior-medial trochlear notch length, olecranon width, olecranon-coronoid process length, and maximum proximal ulnar width), while the left side, superior trochlear notch width, olecranon width, and maximum proximal ulnar width were chosen, and their functions could be predicted the sex with 91.0 % and 90.0 %, respectively. Our results indicated the ulnar bone had high ability for estimating the sex in a Thai population.

RESUMEN: La estimación del sexo a partir de restos óseos fragmentarios sigue siendo un desafío para el patólogo forense. Se ha informado de la utilidad de la ulna para la estimación del sexo mediante análisis métrico. En este estudio se analizó la estimación del sexo para un fragmento y de la ulna completa en una población tailandesa. La función se generó a partir de 200 pares de ulnas y se utilizaron otras 20 pares de ulnas estimando la precisión de las funciones. El ancho del olécranon fue la mejor variable individual para predecir el sexo en la parte proximal de la ulna (90, 5 %). Si bien el ancho del extremo distal de la ulna fue la variable para predecir el sexo, el ancho del extremo distal izquierdo podría clasificarse por sexo con un 83,0 % de certeza. Se aplicó un análisis de función discriminante escalonada a la parte proximal. Para la parte proximal de la ulna derecha se seleccionaron 4 medidas (longitud de la incisura troclear inferior-medial, ancho del olécranon, longitud del proceso olecraneano-proceso coronoides y ancho ulnar proximal máximo), mientras que en el lado izquierdo, fue determinado el ancho de la incisura superior troclear, ancho del olécranon y ancho ulnar proximal máximo. Se eligió el ancho, y se pudo predecir el sexo en el 91,0 % y 90,0 % de los casos, respectivamente. Nuestros resultados indicaron que la ulna tenía una alta capacidad para estimar el sexo en una población tailandesa.

Comparative analysis of miRNA profiles of platelets treated and untreated with riboflavin and ultraviolet-B light / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the changes of microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles on day 1 and day 5 after storage with or without riboflavin and ultraviolet-B (UVB) light (VB2-PRT) treatment, and to explore the molecular mechanism of miRNAs involved in the regulation of platelet storage lesion (PSL) under VB2-PRT treatment. 【Methods】 20 apheresis platelet concentrates (5mL / sample), collected from voluntary donors, were split into two group after mixing and agitation. One was treated with riboflavin (final concentration 50 μmol/L) plus 6.24 J/mL UVB light(E group), and the other worked as a control group (C group) without any treatment. Both groups were subjected to agitated storage at (22±2) ℃ horizontally. The platelet concentrates were sampled on d1 and d5 (5mL) during storage, named as E1, E5, C1 and C5 groups, respectively, and sequenced by DNA nanoball (DNB) sequencing technology. The differentially expressed miRNAs between E and C groups were screened by using DEGseq and MA-plot analysis software, and GO function enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were further performed when the different expression between groups reached twofold and above. 【Results】 Compared with C1 group, 487 miRNAs with significantly different expression (P<0.01) were screened in E1 group, including 220 up-regulated miRNAs, such as miR-146a and let-7b, and 267 down regulated miRNAs, such as miR-7 and miR-1260. Compared with C5 group, 229 miRNAs with significantly different expression (P<0.01) were screened in E5, including 80 miRNAs with up-regulated expression, such as miR-423 and miR-378, and 149 down regulated miRNAs, such as miR-451 and miR-30.The target genes with differentially expressed miRNAs in E1 vs C1 groups and E5 vs C5 groups were similar in the numbers of enriched GO terms, including cell components, organelles, cell membrane and other cell structures, molecular functions such as adhesion, catalysis, molecular transformation, transportation, transcription factors and receptor activity, cell processing, metabolism, biological regulation, stress and other biological processes etc. Compared with E1 and C1 groups, E5 and C5 groups lacked of signal pathways related to environmental adaptation, translation and mucin synthesis, however, it increased inositol phosphate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling system and chemokine signaling pathway. 【Conclusion】 The expression profiles of platelets miRNAs treated with VB2-PRT has changed significantly after storage for a period of time. Functional prediction suggests that these miRNAs might be involved in the regulation of platelet PSL induced by VB2-PRT.

Expression analysis of miRNA profiles in apheresis platelets at the end of storage under riboflavin and ultraviolet-Blight treatment / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the changes of platelet microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles on d1 and d5 during storage with riboflavin and ultraviolet-B (UVB) light (VB2-PRT) treatment, and to explore the molecular mechanism of miRNAs involved in the regulation of platelet storage lesion (PSL) under VB2-PRT treatment. 【Methods】 20 apheresis platelet concentrates (5mL / sample) were collected from voluntary blood donors. After mixing and shaking, the samples was treated with riboflavin (final concentration 50 μmol/L) and 6.24J/mL UVB light for 8min, then split into two aliquots and agitated stored at (22±2) ℃. The concentrates were sampled (5mL) on d1 and d5, respectively, and sequenced by DNA nanoball (DNB) sequencing technology. The differentially expressed miRNAs between the two groups (at different storage periods) were screened by DEGseq and MA-plot analysis software. The miRNAs, reached more than 2 times different expression between groups, were considered significant different(P<0.01). The miRanda and TargetScan softwares were used to predict the target genes. Gene Ontology (GO) function enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed on the target genes of significant differentially expressed miRNAs. The expression of miRNAs was verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). 【Results】 miRNA expression profile: compared with d1 platelets, there were 590 miRNAs with significantly different expression (P< 0.01) in d5 group, including 255 up-regulated miRNAs (such as miR-99b, miR-7) and 335 down regulated miRNAs (such as miR-451a, miR-19b). Among the 272 known miRNAs, 112 were up-regulated and 160 were down regulated. There were 318 new miRNAs sequences. The enriched GO terms of target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs in d5 and d1 groups included cell components, organelles, cell membranes and other cellular structures, molecular functions such as adhesion, catalysis, molecular conversion, transportation, transcription factor and receptor activity, and biological processes such as cell processing, metabolism, biological regulation and stress. The corresponding pathways in the top 10 of KEGG enrichment were mainly secretion, glucose metabolism, signal transduction, membrane transport, translation, environmental adaptation and other signal pathways. The six randomly selected differentially expressed miRNAs verified by qRT-PCR was consistent with those of DNB sequencing. 【Conclusion】 The expression profiles of platelets miRNAs has changed significantly between d1- and d5-storage under VB2-PRT treatment. Functional prediction suggests that these miRNAs might be involved in the regulation of platelet PSL underVB2-PRT treatment.

The Ganges basin fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae): detection of wild populations stock structure with landmark morphometry

Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) is an Indian major carp originally inhabitant of the Ganga river system in Northern India. No information is available on morphometric variation in natural populations of C. mrigala from Ganga river basin. Therefore, to promote management optimization, this study was undertaken to evaluate the population structure on landmark-based morphometric variations of this commercially important species in Ganges. A total of 381 fish samples of C. mrigala were collected from 10 locations of 10 rivers belonging to Ganges basin. A 12-landmark truss network system was used to generate 66 morphometric variables were transformed (standard length was excluded from the final analysis retaining 65 variables). Transformed measurements were employed to univariate analysis of variance, principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA). Univariate analysis of variance showed significant differences in all the 65 transformed morphometric characters studied. Eight principal components were extracted from 65 significant characters accounting for 94.1 % of the variation. Forward stepwise discriminant function analysis of the 65 significant variables produced eight discriminating variables. DFA extracted eight discriminating functions contributed overall to the variance. The first discriminant function (DF) accounted for 37.9 % while second DF accounted for 23.5% of the among-group variability. In DFA, 45.7 % original while 39.1 % of cross-validated grouped cases were correctly classified in the overall assignment of individuals, indicating low distinction among the stocks of all the species i.e. low isolation of the stocks for the morphometric measurements. Common ancestry in the prehistoric period and migration of individuals between the rivers could be the possible reason for the observed low level of morphometric differentiation among wild mrigal populations. In future, the application of molecular genetic markers along with morphometric studies would be an effective method to examine the genetic component of phenotypic relatedness between geographic regions and to facilitate the development of management recommendations.

Cirrhinus mrigala es una carpa originaria del sistema fluvial del río Ganges al norte de India, de cual no hay información sobre la variación morfométrica de sus poblaciones naturales en esta cuenca. Por lo tanto, para promover la optimización de su manejo, se evaluó la estructura poblacional usando morfometría basada en puntos de referencia de C. mrigala. En total se midieron 381 individuos de C. mrigala, recolectados en 10 puntos de 10 ríos de la cuenca del Ganges. Se utilizaron 12-puntos de referencia de sistema de redes truss para generar 66 variables morfométricas, de donde se excluyó la longitud estándar y se utilizaron 65 variables. Las medidas transformadas se utilizaron para un análisis de varianza univariado, análisis de componentes principales y análisis de función discriminante. El análisis de varianza mostró diferencias en todos los 65 caracteres morfométricos estudiados. Se extrajeron ocho componentes principales de los 65 caracteres, que suman el 94.1 % de la variación. El análisis de función discriminante de las 65 variables produjo ocho variables discriminantes que contribuyeron en la varianza a nivel general. La primera función discriminante representó 37.9 %, mientras que la segunda 23.5 % de la variación entre grupos. En el análisis de función discriminante, 39.1 % de lo agrupado por validación cruzada fue correctamente clasificado en la asignación general de individuos, lo que indica baja diferenciación entre las poblaciones, lo que puede ser un bajo aislamiento de las poblaciones para las medidas morfométricas. Otra posible razón para la baja diferenciación morfométrica es la existencia de un ancestro común en el periodo prehistórico y la migración de individuos entre ríos. En el futuro, la aplicación de marcadores genéticos moleculares junto con estudios morfométricos será un método efectivo para examinar el componente genético de la relación fenotípica entre áreas geográficas y facilitar el desarrollo de recomendaciones de manejo.

The Clavicle As A Forensic Tool: Sex-discriminatory Characteristics In Cadaveric Samples Of Nigeria Origin

One of the simplest values that can be determined from the skeleton is sex; the accuracy is greater if essentialparts are intact. Discriminant functional analysis is the most popular statistical method implored in sexdetermination and this has encouraged the accurate assessment of anthropometric data. This study was carriedout to evaluate the sex-discriminatory characteristics of the clavicle of Nigerian origin. 45 clavicles (comprisingof 25 males and 20 females) of both sides were macerated from dissected cadavers from the Anatomy Departmentsof the University of Port Harcourt Rivers State, Igbinedion University Okada, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma bothin Edo State and Nnamdi Azikiwe University Enugu State. Clavicles with signs of deformity and/or fracture wereexcluded. Parameters obtained from the clavicle included; length, weight mid-shaft circumference, robustnessindex, angles, and volume. The measurements obtained were subjected to SPSS (IBM version 23.0, Armonk, USA)paired sample t-test and Pearson’s correlation analysis to evaluate side difference and level of correlatesrespectively while Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the parameters inestimating sex. Confidence level was set at 95%, and P-value <0.05 was taken to be significant. The result showedhigh sex differences in the measurement (P<0.01) as well as sex-differentiated correlation in the left and rightclavicular measurement (r2; 79 – 98%; P<0.01), The parameters of the right and left clavicle were highly significantwith positive correlation at varying degree for total population studied. The extent of correlation (80-99%)between the L & R clavicular measurements informed the need for side-specific DFA. The R & L clavicles producedcentroid values of 1.522 and 1.290 for males and –2.537 and -2.150 for females respectively. The accuracy inpredicting group membership using the right clavicular parameters was 91.5% while the left was 87.0%, with abetter prediction for females. The estimation of sex from the clavicle of Nigerian origin is at least 87% possibleusing the studied clavicular characteristics.

Regio-selective glycosylation of mogroside IIIE by glycosyltransferase / 中国药科大学学报

@#Mogrosides, the main sweet components isolated from Siraitia grosvenorii, are a family of cucurbitane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins. Given that the high sweetness, low calorie and excellent taste, mogrosides have become the important resource for the development of natural non-nutritive sweeteners. As reported, 11α-hydroxyl group in the structural skeleton of mogrosides was closely related to sweetness and taste, but it had not been confirmed experimentally. In this work, we used mogroside IIIE as a model compound, which was 300 times sweeter than 5% sucrose and tasted better, and modified its 11α-hydroxyl group through glycosyltransferase to elucidate the relations between structure and sweetness of mogroside compounds. The glycosyltransferase HXSW-GT-2 was obtained to regio-selectively glycosylate the 11α-hydroxyl group of mogroside IIIE through the screening of glycosyltransferase library. And then, the soluble expression of HXSW-GT-02 in Escherichia coli was efficiently achieved by optimizing the induction conditions. Subsequently, the yield of glycosylated mogroside IIIE(MG-IIIE-Glu)was increased to > 85% through optimizing reaction pH, temperature, UDP-G dosage and biocatalyst loading. The product MG-IIIE-Glu was bio-prepared at a 0. 5 L scale and the final purity was 97. 8%. A “mouth feel” test showed that MG-IIIE-Glu had no sweetness and displayed obvious bitterness through the comparison with mogroside IIIE and 5% sucrose. In conclusion, the function of the 11α-hydroxyl group of mogrosides in sweetness and taste was preliminarily elucidated which would be beneficial for the structural modification and development of mogroside sweeteners.

Dynamic cerebral autoregulation after confinement in an isolated environment for 14 days

BACKGROUND@#To develop human space exploration, it is necessary to study the effects of an isolated and confined environment, as well as a microgravity environment, on cerebral circulation. However, no studies on cerebral circulation in an isolated and confined environment have been reported. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a 14-day period of confinement in an isolated environment on dynamic cerebral autoregulation.@*METHODS@#We participated in an isolation and confinement experiment conducted by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency in 2016. Eight healthy males were isolated and confined in a facility for 14 days. Data were collected on the days immediately before and after confinement. Arterial blood pressure waveforms were obtained using a finger blood pressure monitor, and cerebral blood flow velocity waveforms in the middle cerebral artery were obtained using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for 6 min during quiet rest in a supine position. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation was evaluated by transfer function analysis between spontaneous variability of beat-to-beat mean arterial blood pressure and mean cerebral blood flow velocity.@*RESULTS@#Transfer function gain in the low- and high-frequency ranges increased significantly (0.54 ± 0.07 to 0.69 ± 0.09 cm/s/mmHg and 0.80 ± 0.05 to 0.92 ± 0.09 cm/s/mmHg, respectively) after the confinement.@*CONCLUSION@#The increases observed in transfer function gain may be interpreted as indicating less suppressive capability against transmission from arterial blood pressure oscillation to cerebral blood flow velocity fluctuation. These results suggest that confinement in an isolated environment for 14 days may impair dynamic cerebral autoregulation.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#UMIN000020703 , Registered 2016/01/22.

Development and function analysis of SSR molecular markers in Magnolia officinalis transcriptome / 中草药

Objective: SSR markers, primers and unigene function in the transcriptome of Magnolia officinalis were analyzed in this study to provide powerful tools for molecular marker-assisted breeding and resources protection in this plant. Methods: A total of 16 369 unigenes obtained by transcriptome sequencing were used to explore SSR. SSR primers were designed by Primer.0 3 and 45 pairs were randomly selected for PCR. The gene function analysis of SSR unigene were obtained by Blast. Results: A total of 8 635 SSR were identified, accounting for 52.75%. Among them, mononucleotide, dinucleotide and trinucleotide type were the dominant types, and the type which repeated for 10 times was the most. Additionally, the dominant repeat types were A/T, AG/CT and AAG/CTT, and the distribution frequencies were 47.16%, 31.74%, and 6.53%. Twenty-two pairs of 45 primers produced fragments with expected molecular size. Unigenes containing SSR were annotated to the process of energy and redox reaction, RNA transport, spliceosome and plant hormone signal transduction metabolic pathway. Conclusion: The SSR markers in the transcriptome of M.officinalis show rich type, strong specificity and high potential, which will benefit to the candidate gene mining and marker-assisted breeding.

The Effectiveness of Visual Field C10-2 in the Early Detection of Glaucoma with Parafoveal Scotoma

PURPOSE: To identify the correspondence between the central sensitivity of several visual field (VF) tests and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness in early glaucoma patients with parafoveal scotoma. METHODS: Fifty-seven eyes from 57 patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy and parafoveal scotoma were analyzed using the standard automated perimetry (SAP) C10-2 test, the SAP C24-2 test, and the frequency doubling technology perimetry (FDT) C24-2 test. The correlation between the VF central sensitivity and the GC-IPL thickness from macular scans via optical coherence tomography was analyzed. RESULTS: The central sensitivity was 27.51 ± 5.43 dB, 27.39 ± 5.05 dB, and 22.09 ± 5.08 dB for SAP C24-2, SAP C10-2, and FDT C24-2, respectively. Mean GC-IPL thickness was 70.2 ± 8.5 µm. Using regression analysis, the value of log R² between the logarithmic central sensitivity and GC-IPL thickness was 0.498, and the linear R2 between the antilogarithmic central sensitivity and GC-IPL thickness in SAP C10-2 was 0.486, and both were statistically significant (p < 0.05). This relationship was stronger in early glaucoma patients compared to late glaucoma patients using SAP C10-2. CONCLUSIONS: The structure-function relationship between GC-IPL thickness and central sensitivity was better with SAP C10-2, especially in early glaucoma patients, compared to other VF modalities.

Establishment of genetic transformation system for Sophra alopecuroides and deletion analysis of SaLDC promoter / 中国中药杂志

Establishing the genetic transformation system of medicinal plant is important to study their functional genes. Based on the established regeneration system of Sophra alopecuroides, 6 factors of genetic transformation were optimized, that was the concentration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the infection time, the co-cultivation time of agrobacterium tumefaciensand S.alopecuroides callus, the preculture time of S.alopecuroides callus, the adding method ofacetosyringone (AS) and the concentration of AS, respectively. The results showed that a maximum genetic transformation efficiency of 83.33% was achieved with 15d-precultured of S.alopecuroides callus, which was infected by A600=0.9 A. tumefaciens for 15 minutes and then co-cultivated for 48 hours with 200 μmol•L-1AS. The promoter sequence (1 260 bp) of upstream SaLDC was cloned from S.alopecuroides genomic DNA (gene bank accession number: KY038928). The deletion fragment of SaLDC promoter with different length (310,594,765,924,1 260 bp) were ligated with the GUS reporter gene to form five plant expression vectors named P310,P594,P765,P924,P1260, which were then transferred into S.alopecuroides callus. The GUS transient expression showed that all 5 different deletion fragment of SaLDC promoter can drive the GUS gene expression in S. alopecuroides callus. The SaLDC promoter we cloned has high promoter activity, and they may facilitate its function analysis in the future.

Status quo of medical application software for chronic diseases management and its prospect / 中华医学图书情报杂志

Objective To analyze and assess the major functions of medical APP by investigating its application in self management of chronic diseases. Methods The 3 major functions of APP were analyzed, including data record and condition assessment, medical consultation, and life therapy. Results The medical APP possesses its basic functions for chronic diseases management. However, it lacks of practicality and convenience and its homogenization is severe. Conclusion The APP +hardware +cloud medical management model should be promoted by making use of the Internet + medical technology, the supervision of mobile medical APP should be strengthened, the mobile information management mechanisms of chronic diseases should be perfected, and the self management efficiency of patients with chronic diseases should be improved.

The neural function analysis based on PET/CT localization of the MRI negative epilepsy The neural function analysis based on PET/CT localization of the MRI negative epilepsy / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To explore the neural function analysis based on PET/CT imaging for the MRI negative localization in patients with refractory epilepsy.Methods 85 cases of drug refractory epilepsy patients (male 47,female 38,M/F:1.2 ︰ 1;age range from 6-35 years old),receiving head PET/CT conventional imaging in the interphase,compared to the normal PET cerebral metabolic databases.Surgery was carried out on the patients who with unilateral lobe of the brain,the efficacy was evaluated according to the Eagle standard.Results Epilepsy in unilateral was 63.5%(54/85 ),bilateral was 28.2%(24/85 )and unclear was 8.3%(7/85 ).6 months,12 months,18 months and 24 months later after surgery in patients who with unilateral lobe,the efficacy reaching the Eagle class Ⅰ and class Ⅱ standards was 61.1% (33/54),61.1% (33/54),61.1% (33/54),59.1% (29/49 ),respectively.Conclusion PET/CT neural function analysis could find epileptogenic zone which was negative in MRI imaging in patients with refractory epilepsy, is one of the important methods of preoperative localization.

Subordinate function and principal component analysis of salt tolerance of seedlings germinated from microtubers of Jiangxi local yam / 中草药

Objective: The physiological regulation mechanism of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam (Ruichang yam, Nancheng yam, Yongfeng yam, and Guangfeng yam) microtubers under salt stress was studied and the salt tolerance of seedlings germinated from microtubers of four kinds of local yams in Jiangxi was compared, which provided some references for salt tolerance mechanism research and salt tolerance breeding of four local yams in Jiangxi. Methods: Some physiological and biochemical index detection of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers under salt stress were studied by spectrophotometer method. The subordinate function, principal component analysis (PCA), and clustering analysis of their salt tolerance were accomplished by fuzzy mathematics subordinate function formula and SPSS 19.0 software, respectively. Results: The total chlorophyll content and root activity of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers under 0-300 mmol/L salt stress decreased significantly. The soluble protein content of seedlings germinated from Ruichang yam, Nancheng yam, and Guangfeng yam microtubers under 0-300 mmol/L salt stress increased firstly and then decreased, while the soluble protein content of seedlings germinated from Yongfeng yam microtubers under 0-300 mmol/L salt stress decreased significantly. The total soluble sugar content, proline content, MDA content and membrane permeability of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers under 0-300 mmol/L salt stress significantly increased. The POD, SOD, and CAT activities of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers under 0-300 mmol/L salt stress firstly increased and then decreased. Based on the subordinate function and PCA of SPSS 19.0 software, three principal components of 10 physiological and biochemical indexes of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers under salt stress were induced. The salt tolerance order of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers was Guangfeng yam > Yongfeng yam > Ruichang yam > Nancheng yam. Through the cluster analysis by SPSS 19.0 software, the salt resistance of four kinds of Jiangxi local yam is divided into two types, the salt tolerance of Guangfeng yam and Yongfeng yam was strong, and of Ruichang yam and Nancheng yam were sensitive to salt stress. Conclusion: The regulation mechanism of salt tolerance of seedlings germinated from four kinds of Jiangxi local yam microtubers is revealed and the objective evaluation of salt tolerance of four kinds of Jiangxi local yam is made in the paper, which will provide a theoretical basis for sowing in the field of four kinds of Jiangxi local yam microtubers.

Phenotypic differentiation of Barilius bendelisis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in four rivers from Central Indian Himalaya / Diferenciación fenotípica de Barilius bendelisis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) en cuatro ríos del Himalaya central de la India

Barilius bendelisis, commonly known as Indian Hill Trout is an upland water fish of South East Asia. It belongs to the family Cyprinidae and dwells in shallow, clear and cold water. In this study, the intraspecific variation of Barilius bendelisis, on the basis of morphometric characters, was investigated. Altogether, 402 specimens were collected from four rivers in the Central Indian Himalaya. A truss network was constructed by interconnecting 12 landmarks to yield 30 distance variables that were extracted from digital images of specimens using tpsDig2 and PAST software. Allometric transformed truss measurements were subjected to univariate analysis of variance, factor analysis and discriminant analysis. All variables exhibited significant differences between the populations. Altogether 88% of the specimens were classified into their original populations (81.98% under a ‘leave-one-out’ procedure). With factor analysis measurements of the head region, the middle portion and the caudal region had high loadings on the first and second axis. The results indicated that B. bendelisis has significant phenotypic heterogeneity between the geographically isolated regions of Central Indian Himalaya. We hypothesize that the marked interspecific variation in B. bendelisis is the result of local ecological conditions.

Barilius bendelisis, comúnmente conocido como trucha “Indian Hill”, es un pez de tierras altas del sudeste de Asia. Pertenece a la familia de los ciprínidos y habita en aguas poco profundas, claras y frías. En este estudio se investigó la variación intraespecífica de Barilius bendelisis basado en caracteres morfométricos. En total se obtuvieron 402 muestras de cuatro ríos en el centro del Himalaya hindú. Se construyó una red “truss” mediante la interconexión de 12 puntos de referencia para producir 30 variables de distancia que fueron extraídas de las imágenes digitales de las muestras, utilizando el software tpsDig2 y PAST. Las mediciones alométricas de la red truss se transformaron mediante un análisis univariado de varianza, análisis factorial y discriminante. Todas las variables mostraron diferencias significativas entre las poblaciones. En total, el 88% de los especímenes se clasificaron en sus poblaciones originales (81.98% con el procedimiento “leave-one-out”). Las mediciones del análisis factorial de la región de la cabeza, la parte media y la región caudal mostraron altas concentraciones en el primer y segundo eje. Los resultados indicaron que B. bendelisis tiene heterogeneidad fenotípica significativa entre las regiones geográficamente aisladas del centro del Himalaya hindú. Nuestra hipótesis es que hay una marcada variación interespecífica de B. bendelisis como resultado de las condiciones ecológicas locales.

Microstructure and function of Pix'L and other blunt-tip mixrocannulas for filler injection / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To discuss the microstructure and properties of vascular puncture with a blunt needle Pix'L filling injection.Methods Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoelectron spectroscopy were employed for the analysis of the different morphology and elements,and a rat model was established to study thrusts of different microcannulas and hypodermic needle when stabing vessels.Ultimately we analyzed the correlation between the morphology and puncture force of different microcannulas.Results The SEM images of microcannulas from different manufacturers were different,and revealed the different technics of different manufacturers.Puncture forces of different microcannulas corresponded to the cross-section and smooth degree of the tips.Conclusions The SEM morphology and puncture force of microcannulas from different manufacturers are different,which indicate the different characters and usability.Plastic surgeons should select to use them more judiciously.

Sex Determination Using Three-dimensional Image of Skull in Korean: Metric Study by Discriminant Function Analysis / 체질인류학회지

Sex determination is considered the first and most important process in the identification of unknown skeletal remains. The skull is one of bones with high accuracy to discriminate sexes, but there is no dimorphic studies of Korean skull by discriminant function analysis. The aim of this study was to build and provide an easy and accurate discriminant equation to sex determination by using three-dimensional skull images of Korean. Computed tomography images from 102 cadavers were reconstructed three-dimensional images by computer program. We measured 44 variables using the template in computer program and variables were sorted out items with high accuracy and reliability by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Cohen's d value, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The equation with the highest accuracy had 82.7% in males, 82.2% in females, it was constituted bizygomatic diameter, cranial base length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, frontal chord, foramen magnum breadth, and right mastoid length. The cross-validated accuracy had 76.5%~86.7% using 3D skull images in Koreans. The value of variables that matches the other population group study, most of variables had a statistically significant difference among population groups. Male skulls in Koreans were smaller than those in European and female skulls were bigger than in Asian. This result should be helpful to determine sex in Koreans.