Familias educadoras e instrumentos de paz: familia y escuela: un reto pendiente / Educating families and instruments of peace. Family and school: a pending challenge

La educación en valores para la paz una semilla que es urgente cosechar entre la familia y la escuela. El nuevo Acuerdo de Paz constituye una nueva Agenda nacional donde todos somos corresponsables: un nuevo Acuerdo Final para la Terminación del Conflicto y la Construcción de una Paz Estable y Duradera. Ser constructor de la paz estable y duradera significa apuntar a una educación de presente y de futuro. La guerra en la que nos destruimos la hacemos los unos contra los otros, la paz en la que nos reconstruimos la hacemos los unos con los otros. Al derecho fundamental a la educación se corresponde otro derecho igualmente fundamental: "la paz ha venido siendo calificada universalmente como un derecho humano superior, y requisito necesario para el ejercicio de todos los demás derechos y deberes de las personas y del ciudadano" (Acuerdo Final, 2016, p. 2). Todos los seres humanos tenemos derecho a ser educados para la paz. Muchas veces las guerras y los conflictos armados no consiguen alcanzar una o dos generaciones; la paz debe alcanzar todas las generaciones; las presentes y las futuras, para romper la recirculación de la violencia. Todos tenemos "derecho a una vida libre de violencia". Para ello Familia y Escuela deben trabajar en simbiosis como los primeros maestros y constructores de paz.

Education in values for peace a seed that is urgent to harvest between the family and the school. The new Peace Agreement constitutes a new national Schedule where we are all co-responsible: a new Final Agreement for the Termination of the Conflict and the Construction of a Stable and Lasting Peace. To be a stable and lasting peacebuilder means to aim at an education of the present and the future. The war in which we destroy ourselves is done against each other, the peace in which we rebuild is done with one another. The fundamental right to education corresponds to another equally fundamental right: "Peace has been universally qualified as a superior human right, and a necessary requirement for the exercise of all other rights and duties of individuals and citizens" (Final Agreement, 2016, p. 2). All human beings have the right to be educated for peace. Many times wars and armed conflicts fail to reach one or two generations; peace must reach all generations; present and future, to break the recirculation of violence. We all have "the right to a life free of violence." For this Family and School must work in symbiosis as the first teachers and builders of peace.

Escala de Perspectiva de Futuro Infantil: Evidências de sua Adequação Psicométrica / Childhood Perspective Scale: Evidence of its Psychometric Adequacy / Escala de Perspectiva de Futuro Infantil: Evidencias de su Adecuación Psicométrica

Este estudo teve como objetivo elaborar uma medida de perspectiva de futuro infantil, reunindo evidências de sua validade fatorial e consistência interna. Realizou-se um estudo com 405 estudantes do ensino fundamental de João Pessoa (PB), divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (G1; 203 crianças, Midade = 11 anos e 53% do sexo masculino) e Grupo 2 (G2; 202 crianças, Midade = 11 anos e 54% do sexo feminino). Eles responderam a Escala de Perspectiva de Futuro Infantil e perguntas demográficas. Considerando os participantes do G1, realizou-se uma análise fatorial exploratória que permitiu identificar três fatores: otimismo frente ao futuro (α = 0,69; 5 itens), aspirações por bens materiais (α = 0,67; 5 itens) e aspirações por família (α = 0,67; 4 itens). Posteriormente, tiveram-se em conta os participantes do G2, comprovou-se a adequação desta estrutura com três fatores, observando-se indicadores de ajuste meritórios [χ²/gl = 2,21, GFI = 0,91, CFI = 0,89 e RMSEA = 0,078 (IC90% = 0,058-0,097)]. Os coeficientes de homogeneidade e confiabilidade composta para os três fatores foram, respectivamente, como seguem: otimismo frente ao futuro (0,33 e 0,65), aspirações por bens materiais (0,36 e 0,71) e aspirações por família (0,36 e 0,70). Concluindo, existem evidências de validade fatorial e consistência interna desta escala, que poderá ser adequadamente utilizar para medir perspectiva de future em crianças, favorecendo conhecer seus correlatos....(AU)

This study aimed to elaborate a measure of children's future perspective, gathering evidence of its factorial validity and reliability. It was taken into account 405 students from elementary school in João Pessoa (PB), divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1; 203 children, MAge = 11 years, and 53% male) and Group 2 (G2; 202 children, MAge = 11 years, and 54% female). They answered the Children's Future PerspectiveScale and demographic questions. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out with participants of G1, revealing three factors: optimism towards the future (α = .69; 5 items), aspirations for material possessions (α = .67; 5 items) and aspirations for family (α = .64; 4 items). Considering the participants in G2, we test the previous three-factor model, using a confirmatory factor analysis, which showed meritorious fit index [χ²/df = 2.21, GFI = .91, CFI = .89, and RMSEA = .078 (CI90% = .058-.097)]. The homogeneity and composed reliability, respectively, for the three factors were as following: optimism towards the future (.33 and .65), aspirations for material possessions (.36 and .71) and aspirations for family (.36 and .70). In conclusion, there is evidence of factorial validity and reliability of this scale, which is suitable to measure children's future perspective, permitting to know its correlates....(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo elaborar una medida de perspectiva de futuro infantil, reuniendo evidencias de su validez factorial y fiabilidad. Participaron 405 estudiantes de la enseñanza primaria de João Pessoa (PB), divididos en dos grupos: Grupo 1 (G1; 203 niños, Medad = 11 años y 53% hombres) y Grupo 2 (G2; 202 niños, Medad = 11 años y 54% mujeres). Ellos han contestado la Escala de Perspectiva de Futuro Infantil y preguntas demográficas. Considerando los participantes del G1, se ha realizado un análisis factorial exploratorio que indicó tres factores: optimismo hacia al futuro (α = 0.69; 5 ítems), aspiraciones por bienes materiales (α = 0.67; 5 ítems) y aspiraciones por familia (α = 0.67; 4 ítems). Teniendo en cuenta los participantes del G2, se ha comprobado la estructura con tres factores, que presentó indicadores de ajuste meritorios [χ²/gl = 2.21, GFI = 0.91, CFI = 0.89 y RMSEA = 0.078 (IC90% = 0.058-0.097)]. La homogeneidad y fiabilidad compuesta para los tres factores han sido, respectivamente, como siguen: optimismo hacia al futuro (0.33 y 0.65), aspiraciones por bienes materiales (0.36 y 0.71) y aspiraciones por familia (0.36 y 0.70). Concluyendo, se han observado evidencias de validez factorial y fiabilidad de esta escala, favoreciendo medir la perspectiva de futuro de los infantes, además de conocer sus correlatos....(AU)

Jovens e metas para o futuro: uma revisão crítica da literatura / Youth and goals for the future: A critical bibliographic review / Jóvenes y metas para el futuro: Una revisión crítica de la literatura

O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre de metas de realização e objetivos futuros de jovens, visando identificar as principais orientações teóricas que norteiam os estudos feitos e discuti-las sob a ótica da Psicologia Evolucionista. Três eixos teóricos principais foram encontrados na revisão realizada: (a) estudos baseados na Teoria da Perspectiva do Tempo Futuro; (b) estudos baseados na Teoria da Autodeterminação; e (c) estudos dedicados à investigação de fatores neurais e cognitivos associados ao desenvolvimento de metas para o futuro. Com base nas teorias do Desconto do Futuro e das Estratégias de História de vida, propostas pela Psicologia Evolucionista, sintetizamos um modelo diferenciado para o estudo do tema, envolvendo variáveis sociodemográficas, econômicas e contextuais específicas.

This article presents a literature review about future goals of young people, aiming to identify the main theoretical orientations in which are based the studies conducted and to discuss them under the Evolutionary Psychology perspective. Three central theoretical orientations were identified: (a) studies based on the Future Time Perspective Theory, (b) studies based on the Self Determination Theory, and (c) other studies dedicated to the cognitive and neural processes associated with the development of goals for the future. Based on Future Discounting and Life History Theory proposed by Evolutionary Psychology, we propose a different framework for the study of this topic, including socio-demographic, economics and specific contextual variables.

En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre las metas de logro y las metas futuras de los jóvenes, para identificar las principales orientaciones teóricas que guían los estudios y las discutimos desde la perspectiva de la Psicología Evolutiva. Tres grandes ejes teóricos fueron encontradas en la revisión llevada a cabo: (a) estudios basados en la Teoría de la Perspectiva del Tiempo Futuro, (b) estudios basados en la Teoría de Autodeterminación, y (c) estudios dedicados a la investigación de los factores neurales y cognitivos asociados con el desarrollo de metas para el futuro. Con base en las teorías de Descuento Futuro y Estrategias de Historia de Vida, propuestas por la Psicología Evolutiva, sintetizamos un modelo diferenciado para el estudio del tema, con participación de variables sociodemográficas, económicas y contextuales especificas.

The current status and future perspectives of laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer / 대한외과학회지

Gastric cancer is most common cancer in Korea. Surgery is still the main axis of treatment. Due to early detection of gastric cancer, the innovation of surgical instruments and technological advances, gastric cancer treatment is now shifting to a new era. One of the most astonishing changes is that minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is becoming more dominant treatment for early gastric cancer. These MIS are represented by endoscopic resection, laparoscopic surgery, robotic surgery, single-port surgery and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. Among them, laparoscopic gastrectomy is most actively performed in the field of surgery. Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) for early gastric cancer (EGC) has already gained popularity in terms of the short-term outcomes including patient's quality of life. We only have to wait for the long-term oncologic results of Korean Laparoscopic Gastrointestinal Surgery Study Group. Upcoming top issues following oncologic safety of LADG are function-preserving surgery for EGC, application of laparoscopy to advanced gastric cancer and sentinel lymph node navigation surgery. In the aspect of technique, laparoscopic surgery at present could reproduce almost the whole open procedures. However, the other fields mentioned above need more evidences and experiences. All these new ideas and attempts provide technical advances, which will minimize surgical insults and maximize the surgical outcomes and the quality of life of patients.

Challenges and future perspective for dengue vector control in the Western Pacific Region

Dengue remains a significant public health issue in the Western Pacific Region. In the absence of a vaccine, vector control is the mainstay for dengue prevention and control. In this paper we describe vector surveillance and vector control in the Western Pacific countries and areas. Vector surveillance and control strategies used by countries and areas of the Western Pacific Region vary. Vector control strategies include chemical, biological and environmental management that mainly target larval breeding sites. The use of insecticides targeting larvae and adult mosquitoes remains the mainstay of vector control programmes. Existing vector control tools have several limitations in terms of cost, delivery and long-term sustainability. However, there are several new innovative tools in the pipeline. These include Release of Insects Carrying a Dominant Lethal system and Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium, to inhibit dengue virus in the vector. In addition, the use of biological control such as larvivorous fish in combination with community participation has potential to be scaled up. Any vector control strategy should be selected based on evidence and appropriateness for the entomological and epidemiological setting and carried out in both inter-epidemic and epidemic periods. Community participation and interagency collaboration are required for effective and sustainable dengue prevention and control. Countries and areas are now moving towards integrated vector management.