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OBJECTIVES@#To establish the GC-MS qualitative and quantitative analysis methods for the synthetic cannabinoids, its main matrix and additives in suspicious electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) oil samples.@*METHODS@#The e-cigarette oil samples were analyzed by GC-MS after diluted with methanol. Synthetic cannabinoids, its main matrix and additives in e-cigarette oil samples were qualitatively analyzed by the characteristic fragment ions and retention time. The synthetic cannabinoids were quantitatively analyzed by using the selective ion monitoring mode.@*RESULTS@#The linear range of each compound in GC-MS quantitative method was 0.025-1 mg/mL, the matrix recovery rate was 94%-103%, the intra-day precision relative standard deviations (RSD) was less than 2.5%, and inter-day precision RSD was less than 4.0%. Five indoles or indazole amide synthetic cannabinoids were detected in 25 e-cigarette samples. The main matrixes of e-cigarette samples were propylene glycol and glycerol. Additives such as N,2,3-trimethyl-2-isopropyl butanamide (WS-23), glycerol triacetate and nicotine were detected in some samples. The content range of synthetic cannabinoids in 25 e-cigarette samples was 0.05%-2.74%.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The GC-MS method for synthesizing cannabinoid, matrix and additive in e-cigarette oil samples has good selectivity, high resolution, low detection limit, and can be used for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of multiple components; The explored fragment ion fragmentation mechanism of the electron bombardment ion source of indole or indoxamide compounds helps to identify such substances or other compounds with similar structures in cases.
Subject(s)
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems , Illicit Drugs/analysis , Indazoles/chemistry , Glycerol/analysis , Cannabinoids , Indoles/chemistry , IonsABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo study the composition of volatile oil in Opisthopappus taihangensis （Taihangju）， and provide a reference for comprehensive development of this medicine. MethodTaking Chrysanthemum morifolium （Xiaobaiju）， C. morifolium （Xiaohuangju） and C. indicum （Yejuhua） as control， the qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile oil in Taihangju and three control varieties were completed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） combined with retention index method. The GC conditions were as following：programmed temperature （initial temperature at 60 ℃， kept for 2 min； up to 120 ℃ with the heating rate of 5 ℃·min-1， still kept for 2 min； up to 180 ℃ with the heating rate of 2 ℃·min-1， kept for 3 min； and then up to 240 ℃ with the heating rate of 8 ℃·min-1， kept for 5 min； finally up to 280 ℃ with the heating rate of 10 ℃·min-1， kept it for 5 min and finished）， high-purity helium as the carrier gas， the split ratio of 50∶1. MS conditions were as follows：electron impact ion source （EI）， ion source temperature of 230 ℃， electron collision energy of 70 eV and scanning range of m/z 30-445. Principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） were used to obtain the characteristic components between Taihangju and the three control varieties. ResultA total of 86， 96， 112 and 109 compounds including 73 common components were identified in Taihangju， Xiaobaiju， Xiaohuangju and Yejuhua， respectively. The contents of volatile components in Taihangju were significantly different from that of the control varieties. In which， the relative contents of α-thujone， eucalyptol and terpinen-4-ol were high in Taihangju， and eucalyptol， camphor and α-terpinyl acetate were the main compositions in the control varieties. In addition， 11 compounds were screened as characteristic components to distinguish Taihangju and the three control varieties by PCA and OPLS-DA， including main differential components of chamazulene and δ-cadinene. ConclusionThe main components of volatile oil in Taihangju includes alcohols， terpenes， ketones and esters with high medicinal value. The accuracy of qualitative analysis of volatile oil is improved by GC-MS combined with retention index method， which provides scientific reference for development and utilization of Taihangju.
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ObjectiveTaking Chuanxiong Chatiaosan prescription as the carrier， by comparing the differences of volatile components in Chuanxiong Rhizoma with single decoction pieces and compatible prescription of different decoction pieces， the differences of material basic connotation of different formulations of Chuanxiong Chatiaosan were revealed from the aspects of processing （raw and wine-processed products）， compound compatibility and dosage form （powder and decoction）. MethodThe volatile oil was extracted from different decoction pieces of Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Chuanxiong Chatiaosan and its decoction with different decoction pieces of Chuanxiong Rhizoma by steam distillation， the main components and their relative contents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. ResultA total of 25 volatile components were identified from different processed products of Chuanxiong Rhizoma， including 11 monoterpenoids， 4 phenols， 3 sesquiterpenoids， 3 phthalides， 2 ketones and 2 olefins， the contents of α-pinene， β-pinene， 3-butylphthalide and others increased after the raw products was processed with wine. A total of 85 constituents were identified from Chuanxiong Chatiaosan with different decoction pieces， including 31 monoterpenoids， 23 sesquiterpenoids， 5 alcohols， 5 aldehydes， 4 phenols， 4 phthalides， 3 ethers， 3 ketones， 1 olefin， 1 organic acid， 2 esters and 3 other compounds. A total of 22 components， including 9 sesquiterpenoids， 3 phthalides， 2 phenols， 6 monoterpenoids， 1 aldehyde and 1 alkane， were identified from the decoction of Chuanxiong Chatiaosan with different processed products. ConclusionThere was no significant difference in the composition between raw products and wine-processed products of Chuanxiong Rhizoma either in single decoction pieces or in compatibility prescription， but the relative content changed to some extent， and the wine-processed products was the most obvious. There was a great difference in the composition of volatile components between the Chuanxiong Chatiaosan and its decoction. The volatile components， such as isopulegol， isocalamendiol and safrole， were not found in the decoction. Components in Chuanxiong Rhizoma processed with wine will change with the addition of yellow rice wine， and volatile components can reflect the difference between decoction pieces and prescriptions of the wine-processed products.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the metabolites and gene expression characteristics in fibrous roots of Dioscorea zingiberensis in response to low phosphorus stress. MethodThe severe stress group， the moderate stress group， and the normal group were set up to stimulate the low phosphorus stress experiment. The fibrous roots of D. zingiberensis were collected during initial stress. The metabolites and transcriptomic characteristics were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） derivatization and RNA-seq techniques. Through multivariate statistical analysis of metabolites treated by different methods，functional analysis of differentially expressed genes， and data mining， the metabolism markers produced in fibrous roots of D. zingiberensis under low phosphorus stress were screened out， and the metabolic pathway characteristics of different genes were analyzed. ResultA total of 116 GC-MS metabolites were detected from the fibrous roots of D. zingiberensis. The metabolic characteristics of fibrous roots of D. zingiberensis under different low phosphorus treatments were obviously different. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） model was used to screen six differential metabolites represented by sugars and alcohols from metabolites of fibrous roots treated with different methods，and these components were presumedly metabolism markers of fibrous roots of D. zingiberensis in response to low phosphorus stress. The differential genes screened out from the severe stress group and the normal group were mainly enriched in peroxidase pathway，phosphate and hypophosphate metabolism pathway，while the differential genes screened out from the severe stress group and the moderate stress group were mainly enriched in glutathione metabolism pathway and phosphopentose pathway. A total of 177 differential genes in response to low phosphorus stress were screened out from fibrous roots， involving many pathways such as terpenoid skeleton and inositol biosynthesis，which was consistent with the fact that the metabolic differential components in fibrous roots in response to low phosphorus stress were mainly saccharides and inositol. ConclusionThe metabolites and gene expression in fibrous roots of D. zingiberensis responded to low phosphorus stress，and the differential metabolites were closely related to differentially expressed genes. This study is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the research on the molecular mechanism of D. zingiberensis in response to low phosphorus stress.
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ObjectiveMetabolic syndrome is the inherent phenotype of many diseases， which seriously endangers the cardio-cerebrovascular system. Prunellae Spica can regulate lipid metabolism disorder in high-fat mice and inhibit the metabolic disorder of liver injury. This study analyzed the effect of Prunellae Spica on metabolic syndrome and its mechanism， and it is of great significance to find potential safe drugs from natural products. MethodIn this study， the metabolic syndrome model was induced by fructose. The metabolomics method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） was used to explore the effect and mechanism of Prunellae Spica on rats with metabolic syndrome. ResultPharmacological results showed that Prunellae Spica significantly reduced the body weight， blood lipid level and lipid peroxidation level and inhibited the release of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in rats with metabolic syndrome. Thus， Prunellae Spica protected the liver and maintained its normal functions. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that metabolites in the serum of rats with metabolic syndrome changed significantly， which was improved after Prunellae Spica treatment. Compared with the metabolites in normal group， 11 differential metabolic markers were found in rats with metabolic syndrome. Compared with model group， Prunellae Spica group had 8 significantly different metabolic markers， among which phosphate， pyruvic acid and succinic acid were common markers. Pathway analysis indicated that the regulatory effect of Prunellae Spica was mainly related to citrate cycle， glycolysis and gluconeogenesis， serine/threonine and glycine metabolic pathways. ConclusionPrunellae Spica can be used as a potential natural source for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. It can regulate the metabolic disorder in metabolic syndrome via energy and amino acid metabolism.
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OBJECTIVES@#To establish a combined high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to detect the synthetic cannabinoid CUMYL-PEGACLONE in e-cigarette oil and hair.@*METHODS@#HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS were used to establish the detection method of CUMYL-PEGACLONE, and the hair of drug-involved persons and the seized e-cigarette oil were detected.@*RESULTS@#The main mass spectrometry characteristic ions m/z of CUMYL-PEGACLONE measured by GC-MS were 91, 179, 197, 254 and 372. CUMYL-PEGACLONE had a good linear relationship in the mass concentration range of 2-50 ng/mL, and the linear correlation coefficient (r) was greater than 0.99. The limit of detection (LOD) of CUMYL-PEGACLONE in hair was 0.01 ng/mg, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.02 ng/mg. The LOD of CUMYL-PEGACLONE in e-cigarette oil was 1 ng/mg, and the LOQ was 2 ng/mg. The average recoveries of CUMYL-PEGACLONE under the attempt at high, intermediate and low levels in blank human hair and e-cigarette oil matrix were 98.2%-132.4% and 93.5%-110.6%, and the intraday and intraday precision were 1.2%-12.9% and 0.7%-2.9%. CUMYL-PEGACLONE was detected in the hair of 15 drug-involved persons. Except for 1 person who was lower than LOQ, the concentration of CUMYL-PEGACLONE in the hair of other 14 persons was 0.035-0.563 ng/mg. The mass fraction of CUMYL-PEGACLONE in 2 e-cigarette oil were 0.17% and 0.21%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The established HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS methods are applied to the detection of HPLC-MS/MS in drug-related cases, which provides strong evidence support for the handling authority to quickly investigate these cases, and also provides a reference for the identification of such substances in future.
Subject(s)
Humans , Illicit Drugs/analysis , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems , Cannabinoids , Hair/chemistry , Limit of Detection , Substance Abuse Detection/methodsABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo study the changes of primary metabolites and phenols in the fruits of Acanthopanax senticosus at different development stages, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of A. senticosus fruit resources. MethodThe primary metabolites and phenols in the fruits at different development stages were determined via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and then compared by multivariate statistical analysis. ResultA total of 274 chromatographic peaks were obtained by GC-MS-based non-targeted metabonomics and 24 differential metabolites were screened out by multivariate statistical analysis. The differential metabolites were mainly concentrated in pentose phosphate pathway, galactose metabolism, ascorbic acid and aldose metabolism pathways. After color conversion, the pentose phosphate pathway and galactose metabolism were activated and increasing sugars were accumulated. The ascorbic acid and aldose metabolism pathways were active before color conversion, with high accumulation of the end product ascorbic acid. The ultra-high liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) identified 28 phenols in the fruits at different development stages. Flavonoids were accumulated mainly at the green ripening stage before color conversion, and phenolic acids were accumulated mainly after color conversion. ConclusionThe accumulation of primary metabolites and phenols in A. senticosus fruits varies significantly among different development stages
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Banana fruit is enriched with phytonutrients, minerals, and its peel, which is mostly discarded as waste. This research aimed to study its bioactive compound properties, antimicrobial activity, and identify and characterize the constituents of organic banana peel extract (BPE), composed of six species (i.e., Kluai Homthong, Kluai Namwa, Kluai Kai, Kluai Hukmook, Kluai Lebmuernang, and Kluai Homtaiwan). Total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant content, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were important in BPE of Kluai Kai. BPE of Kluai Hukmook could inhibit Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum exposed diverse compounds of primary and secondary phytochemicals. Four main constituents, including acetic acid, formic acid, 1,2-benzenediol,3-methyl-, and 4-hydroxy-2-methylacetophone derived from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), demonstrated their antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity. This result suggests that organic banana peel can both be applied as an antioxidant and antimicrobial substance. BPE increases the value of banana peels (BPs) and reduces the burden of its waste disposal in the environment.
Subject(s)
Musa/chemistry , Phytochemicals , Anti-Infective Agents , Antioxidants , Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the composition characteristics of rhizosphere soil under <italic>Rehmannia glutinosa-Zea mays</italic> intercropping model，and screen out special signal substances in rhizosphere soil of <italic>R. glutinosa</italic> under intercropping <italic>Z. mays</italic>， so as to provide the basis for the study of allelopathic substances in continuous cropping obstacle of <italic>R. glutinosa</italic>. Method:In this experiment，rhizosphere soils of <italic>R. glutinosa</italic> under <italic>Z. mays </italic>intercropping and <italic>R. glutinosa </italic>single cropping models in July，August，September and October were taken as the research objects， and the volatile organic compounds in ethyl acetate fraction were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Principal component analysis （PCA）， hierachical cluster analysis （HCA） and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） analysis were performed on the data by SIMCA 14.1 to screen out potential differences in volatile organic compounds between the two models. Result:The types of volatile organic compounds in intercropping and single cropping models were mainly hydrocarbons， alcohols， esters， ketones， amides， acids and other substances. Specifically， the average relative contents of hydrocarbons，esters and amides in intercropping model were 58.46%，32.15% and 5.42% respectively，while the relative contents of hydrocarbons，esters and amides in single cropping model were 37.27%，36.11% and 21.13%. The results of PCA and HCA showed that the characteristics of volatile organic compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction of rhizosphere soil under intercropping and single cropping models could be clearly divided into two categories，the screening results of potential differential components based on OPLS-DA analysis indicated that various components， such as dibutyl phthalate，（<italic>Z</italic>）-9-oleamide，<italic>β</italic>-caryophyllene，dioctyl iso-phthalate， phthalate （2-propylamyl） diester， <italic>n</italic>-hexadecane，octodecane， <italic>n</italic>-heneicosane， were screened from rhizosphere soil under the two models. Conclusion:The <italic>R. glutinosa-Z. mays</italic> intercropping model has certain effects on the volatile organic compounds in the rhizosphere soil of <italic>R. glutinosa</italic>，and the effect of the selected components on the growth and quality characteristics of <italic>R. glutinosa</italic> still need to be further studied.
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Objective:To extract essential oil of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium， to prepare Zanthoxyli Pericarpium essential oil solid preparation and investigate its anti-fungal effect， in order to provide safe， green and efficient fungicide for the storage of Chinese herbal medicine and food. Method:The essential oil of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium was extracted by steam distillation method， gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） was adopted to analyze the chemical compositions and their relative contents in essential oil of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium from different producing areas， Agilent HP-5 capillary column was used for separation at programmed temperature （the initial temperature was 60 ℃， kept for 2 min， then increased to 280 ℃ by 10 ℃·min<sup>-1</sup>， kept for 5 min）， the scanning range was <italic>m</italic>/<italic>z</italic> 35-590. Zanthoxyli Pericarpium essential oil solid preparation was prepared by nanomolecular sieve adsorption method， and its inhibitory effect on <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic> and its conidia was investigated. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector （UPLC-FLD） was used to analyze the inhibitory effect of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium essential oil solid preparation on aflatoxin under the conditions of excitation wavelength of 360 nm and emission wavelength of 440 nm. Result:The average extraction rate of essential oil in Zanthoxyli Pericarpium from four producing areas was 5.2%. （+）-Limonene， linalool and linalyl acetate were the main components of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium<italic> </italic>essential oil<italic> </italic>from different producing areas. When the volume fraction of essential oil in the solid preparation was 0.1%， the inhibition rate of the solid preparation on the conidia of <italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus</italic> was （16.41±8.89）%. When the volume fraction of essential oil in the solid preparation was 0.2%， the inhibition rate for the growth of <italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus</italic> was （8.11±2.70）%. When the volume fraction of essential oil in the solid preparation was 0.5%， the inhibition rate for the growth of <italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus </italic>was （21.62±5.41）%， the inhibition rate for <italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus</italic> conidia was （45.43±5.67）%， and the inhibition effect for the aflatoxin could reach （90.47±12.77）%. Conclusion:There are some differences in the chemical composition of essential oil of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium from different producing areas. Zanthoxyli Pericarpium<italic> </italic>essential oil has a certain inhibitory effect on the formation of <italic>A. flavus</italic> conidia and the production of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>. It shows that Zanthoxyli Pericarpium essential oil can be developed into bacteriostatic preparation and used in the storage of Chinese medicinal materials and food.
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Objective To establish a method that combines a series of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectrum （FTIR）, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）, high resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （NMR） for identification of unknown substances. Methods The unknown samples （off-white powder and yellow crystal） seized in the actual cases were detected by FTIR, GC-MS （methanol as solvent）, high resolution mass spectrometry （methanol as solvent） and NMR （deuterated methanol as solvent）. Results The mass spectrum characteristic ions m/z of the main components in the samples measured by GC-MS were 219 （base peak）, 363, 307, 304, 275, 145, 131 and 213 （base peak）, 357, 301, 298, 269, 185, 171, 145 and 131, respectively. The accurate mass numbers [M+H]+ measured by high resolution mass spectrometry were 364.203 61 and 358.212 34, respectively. The unknown samples were identified as synthetic cannabinoid new psychoactive substances 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA after data consultation and database retrieval and comparison, combined with infrared analysis and mass spectrometry data analysis, and their structures were confirmed by 1H-NMR. Conclusion The established multi-technology joint identification method can be used to identify 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA in unknown samples. This method is fast, convenient, accurate, reliable and practical, and can provide reference for the identification of cases involving such substances in the future.
Subject(s)
Cannabinoids , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Illicit Drugs , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Objective To study the qualitative analysis strategy for unknown synthetic cannabinoid in the suspicious herbal product when no reference substance is available. Methods The synthetic cannabinoid in herbal blend was extracted with methanol. The extract was concentrated by rotary evaporator and separated and purified by preparative liquid chromatography, to obtain high purity synthetic cannabinoid sample. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-QTOF-MS） and nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） were used to determine the structure of the prepared compound. Results High purity unknown sample （10 mg） was obtained by preparative liquid chromatography. The sample was analyzed by GC-MS, UPLC-TOF-MS and NMR, and through spectrum analysis, the unknown synthetic cannabinoid was determined as 5F-EDMB-PICA. Conclusion The method to extract unknown synthetic cannabinoid from low content herbal products by preparative liquid chromatography was established, and the structure of the unknown sample was identified by comprehensive use of GC-MS, UPLC-QTOF-MS and NMR. The information will assist forensic laboratories in identifying this substance or other compounds with similar structures in their casework.
Subject(s)
Cannabinoids , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Chromatography, Liquid , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Abstract@#Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants with toxic effects and adverse health impacts on general population. Several methods of extraction had been applied to extract PAHs from human blood samples such as solid phase extraction (SPE). The SPE represents one of the most common techniques for extraction and clean-up procedures as it needs low quantity of solvents with less manual efforts. Similarly, various analytical instruments like gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to measure the PAHs levels. Gas chromatography is a simple, fast, and very efficient method for solvents and small organic molecules. This review provides an overview of the measured concentrations of PAHs in human blood samples through the application of SPE and GCMS during the last ten years. While these studies used various solvents, their application of SPE method and GC-MS revealed rewarding results about the determination of PAHs levels in the human samples.
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Objective: To analyze the difference between the volatile components of Lepidium salivum and its seeds. Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLME) was performed for sample pretreatment, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with retention index were used to determine the kinds and relative content of volatile components in the whole grass and seeds of L. salivum. Results: The results obtained were as follows: a total of 90 and 92 peaks were detected in whole plant and in seeds, respectively. Among them, 84 and 71 kinds of volatile components were successfully identified. However, there were differences in the types and relative content of the volatile components between the whole plant and the seeds. The main components in the whole plant were neophytadiene (15.39%), benzyl isothiocyanate (14.03%), 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (9.01%), 1,2-epoxyoctadecane (6.24%), benzaldehyde (5.60%), lignoceric alcohol (3.43%), stearyl aldehyde (2.37%) and benzyl nitrile (2.12%). While the major components in seed were benzyl nitrile (49.6%), benzyl isothiocyanate (10.51%), 2-(3,4-dimethylphenoxy) acetic acid (9.73%), benzoic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester (4.66%), benzaldehyde (3.63%), benzeneacetamide (3.18%), furfural (1.73%), and benzeneacetic acid (1.26%). As much as 24 kinds of volatile components were identified in both the whole plant and seed, such as benzyl nitrile, benzyl isothiocyanate, benzaldehyde, furfural and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol. Conclusion: This experiment provides essential data for further research on the role of volatile ingredients in pharmacologic action.
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Aims@#Brown spot disease is among the important crop diseases of rice caused by the infection of a pathogenic fungus, Cochliobolus miyabeanus that results in yield losses. Nowadays, limited studies on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been carried out using pathogenic fungal isolate. Hence, this study was conducted to identify VOCs produced by C. miyabeanus wild-type isolate, WK1C, a causal agent of brown spot disease using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). @*Methodology and results@#Fungal isolate WK1C was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and in potato dextrose broth (PDB) for extraction. The extracts were analysed using GC-MS and the profiles of VOCs were obtained. Cochliobolus miyabeanus WK1C isolate showed a significant presence of various types of organic compound including ester, alcohol, phenol, alkane, alkene, ketone, carboxylic acid, amide and aldehyde. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This study important for a preliminary assessment of VOCs profiles of C. miyabeanus, a causal agent of brown spot disease. In order to identify the compounds contribute to pathogenicity, further study can be conducted to identify the virulence factor of brown spot disease using different approaches
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Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for several diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. The toxicity of the cigarette smoke can be determined in vitro. The cytotoxicity test of the cigarette smoke is commonly conducted using the cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The CSC and CSE methods are well known for sampling of the particles and water-soluble compounds in the cigarette smoke, respectively. In this study, the CSC and CSE were analyzed by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system equipped with a wax column for separation of the volatile organic compounds. The cytotoxic effect of the CSC and CSE were evaluated thoroughly by comparing the analytical results of the CSC and CSE samples. The total concentration of the volatile organic compounds detected in the CSC sample was similar to that in the CSE sample based on the peak area. Except for the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent, nicotine had the highest concentration in the CSC sample, while acetonitrile had the highest concentration in the CSE sample. The compositions were as follows: (1) CSC sample: 55.8% nicotine, 18.0% nicotyrine, 3.20% 1,2,3-propanetriol, triacetate, 1.28% ethyl chloride, 1.22% phenol, etc. and (2) CSE sample: 18.7% acetonitrile, 18.0% acetone, 12.5% 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanenitrile, 8.98% nicotine, 5.86% nicotyrine, etc. In this manner, to accurately examine the cytotoxicity of the cigarette smoke using CSC or CSE, the components and their concentrations in the CSC and CSE samples should be considered.
Subject(s)
Acetone , Cardiovascular Diseases , Dimethyl Sulfoxide , Ethyl Chloride , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , In Vitro Techniques , Nicotine , Phenol , Risk Factors , Smoke , Tobacco Products , Volatile Organic CompoundsABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the relative molecular weight (Mw), monosaccharide composition, and structures of polysaccharides from the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica. Methods: The polysaccharides (PEL60) were extracted from the leaves of E. japonica with hot water, followed by precipitating with ethanol, freezing, and drying. PEL60-A was purified by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow ion column and Sephacryl S 500 High-Resolution gel column chromatography from PEL60 of the leaves of E. japonica. The purity and molecular weight of PEL60-A was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the monosaccharide composition and molecular ratio of the PEL60-A was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The PEL60-A, with Mw of 2.69 × 105. The composition of monosaccharide was mainly L-rhamnose and L-fucose and a small amount of D-xylose, D-mannose, D-glucose, and D-galactose with the molar ratio of 0.781.000.150.090.110.19. Conclusion: The study on isolation, purification, and preliminary identification of monosaccharide composition from leaves of E. japonica provided the important scientific theoretical basis for the fine processing of the leaves of E. japonica.
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Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for several diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. The toxicity of the cigarette smoke can be determined in vitro. The cytotoxicity test of the cigarette smoke is commonly conducted using the cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The CSC and CSE methods are well known for sampling of the particles and water-soluble compounds in the cigarette smoke, respectively. In this study, the CSC and CSE were analyzed by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system equipped with a wax column for separation of the volatile organic compounds. The cytotoxic effect of the CSC and CSE were evaluated thoroughly by comparing the analytical results of the CSC and CSE samples. The total concentration of the volatile organic compounds detected in the CSC sample was similar to that in the CSE sample based on the peak area. Except for the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent, nicotine had the highest concentration in the CSC sample, while acetonitrile had the highest concentration in the CSE sample. The compositions were as follows: (1) CSC sample: 55.8% nicotine, 18.0% nicotyrine, 3.20% 1,2,3-propanetriol, triacetate, 1.28% ethyl chloride, 1.22% phenol, etc. and (2) CSE sample: 18.7% acetonitrile, 18.0% acetone, 12.5% 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanenitrile, 8.98% nicotine, 5.86% nicotyrine, etc. In this manner, to accurately examine the cytotoxicity of the cigarette smoke using CSC or CSE, the components and their concentrations in the CSC and CSE samples should be considered.
Subject(s)
Acetone , Cardiovascular Diseases , Dimethyl Sulfoxide , Ethyl Chloride , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , In Vitro Techniques , Nicotine , Phenol , Risk Factors , Smoke , Tobacco Products , Volatile Organic CompoundsABSTRACT
Objective To analyze similarities and differences of volatile components of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum (DOL) and its adulterants, so as to provide a scientific basis for the identification of the authenticity of the pros and cons of DOL, and offer the reference for die further study of DOL. Methods With headspace solid phase microextraetion (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), volatile components of DOL and its adulterants were analyzed and identified, and the relative content of each component was calculated by area normalization method. Results There were 70 compounds detected, in which 38 compounds were identified. They were mainly alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. A total of 42 compounds were detected from DOL volatile components, and 25 components were identified, accounting for 96.54% of the volatile components; 28 peaks were detected from its adulterants, and 19 compounds were identified, accounting for 80.7% of the volatile components. Conclusion There were huge differences in volatile components between DOL and its adulterants. Only 6 common components were defected both in the DOL and it’s adulterants, with their quite different contents. The main component of DOL was nerolidol, accounting for 61.47% of volatile components; the main component of its adulterants was beta selinene, accounting for 59.04% of total volatile components. The present result provides a scientific guidance for the identification of true or false DOL and also a reference for the further development of Dalbergia wood.
ABSTRACT
Free radical scavenging activity was observed in both the methanol extract (M.E) and aqueous extract (A.E) of Scoparia dulcis respectively. In this study significant free radical scavenging activity was determined by evaluating the inhibition concentration (IC50) in each test. In 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) model the extract displayed potential free radicals scavenging activity with IC50 of M.E is 311.13µg/mL and A.E is 441.96μg/mL. Nitric oxide model displayed IC50 of 293.77µg/mL in M.E and 434.93µg/mL in A.E. While superoxide ion model showed IC50 of 281.02 µg/mL and 440.14µg/mL respectively for both methanol and aqueous extract when compared to standard ascorbic acid. The presence of phenol, flavonoid and total antioxidant in both the extract justifies the antioxidant potential of the plant which brings about its free radicals scavenging potential. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 6 different phytochemicals with (Z)-7-Hexadecenyl acetate found to be the compound with maximum peak percentage 51.51% in M.E and β-Cyclocitral with 43.90% in A.E respectively. Thus we conclude that the antioxidant activities may be due to the cumulative effect of the phytochemicals present in the plant which genuinely designate them as free radical scavenger.