Gastroparesia diabética severa: diagnóstico por descarte de síndrome constitucional en un adulto mayor: reporte de un caso

La gastroparesia diabética representa una de las complicaciones asociadas a la diabetes de larga evolución que conlleva al desarrollo de diversas condiciones nutricionales que aumentan la morbilidad y la mortalidad de los pacientes. Se caracteriza por retraso en el vaciamiento gástrico, y por consiguiente, disminución de la absorción nutricional, así como, intolerancia a la vía oral por manifestaciones sugerentes de un cuadro de obstrucción intestinal debido al cúmulo de alimentos. Su diagnóstico se confirma mediante evidencia del retraso de vaciamiento por gammagrafía y su tratamiento involucra procinéticos, antieméticos, e incluso, procedimientos quirúrgicos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino, de 75 años de edad que, tras el descarte dirigido e intencional de patología obstructiva como sospecha inicial ante el cuadro presentado, se realizó diagnóstico de gastroparesia diabética severa. Se describen hallazgos del abordaje diagnóstico implementado en el caso y se realiza revisión de literatura. Es importante la presentación de este caso porque resulta sumamente importante describir las herramientas diagnósticas a implementar para realizar un diagnóstico confirmatorio oportuno de este padecimiento.

Diabetic gastroparesis represents one of the complications associated with long-standing diabetes that leads to the development of various nutritional conditions that increase the morbidity and mortality of patients. It is characterized by delayed gastric emptying, and consequently, decreased nutritional absorption, as well as intolerance to the oral route due to manifestations suggestive of intestinal obstruction due to accumulation of food. Its diagnosis is confirmed by evidence of delayed emptying by scintigraphy and its treatment involves prokinetics, antiemetics, and even surgical procedures. We present the case of a 75-year-old male patient who, after the directed and intentional ruling out of obstructive pathology as an initial suspicion in view of the presented condition, was diagnosed with severe diabetic gastroparesis. Findings of the diagnostic approach implemented in the case are described and a literature review is performed. The presentation of this case is important because it is extremely important to describe the diagnostic tools to be implemented to make a timely confirmatory diagnosis of this condition.

Reporte de un caso de tratamiento de gastroparesia pediátrica con prucaloprida: una terapia novedosa / A case report of prucalopride treatment in pediatric gastroparesis: a novel therapy

La prucaloprida acelera el vaciamiento gástrico en adultos con gastroparesia. No existen estudios con este medicamento en niños con gastroparesia. Se presenta un niño de 8 años que consultó por síntomas posprandiales de un mes de duración, con diagnóstico de gastroparesia por gammagrafía de vaciamiento gástrico. No mejoró con metoclopramida, domperidona, eritromicina y esomeprazol. Recibió prucaloprida durante dos períodos (durante 178 y 376 días) a dosis de 0,03-0,04 mg/kg/día. Presentó mejoría en el seguimiento con el índice cardinal de síntomas de gastroparesia y gammagrafías de vaciamiento gástrico. Por la buena respuesta, la prucaloprida podría ser una opción terapéutica en la gastroparesia pediátrica.

Prucalopride has been used in adults with gastroparesis, accelerating gastric emptying. There are no studies with this drug in gastroparetic children. An 8-year-old boy is presented who consulted for a month of postprandial symptoms, with a diagnosis of gastroparesis by gastric emptying scintigraphy. He did not improve with metoclopramide, domperidone, erythromycin, and esomeprazole. He received prucalopride for two periods (for 178 and 376 days) at doses: 0.03 - 0.04 mg/kg/day, presenting improvement in the follow-up with the cardinal gastroparesis symptom index and gastric emptying scintigraphy. Due to the good response, prucalopride may be a therapeutic option in pediatric gastroparesis.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento actual de la gastroparesia: una revisión sistemática de la literatura / Current diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis: A systematic literature review

Resumen El vaciamiento gástrico normal refleja un esfuerzo coordinado entre diferentes regiones del estómago y el duodeno, y también una modulación extrínseca por parte del sistema nervioso central y factores del intestino distal. Los principales eventos relacionados con el vaciamiento gástrico normal incluyen el fondo de relajación para acomodar la comida, contracciones antrales para triturar partículas grandes de comida, contracción pilórica para permitir la liberación de comida del estómago y coordinación antropiloroduodenal de los fenómenos motores de relajación. La dismotilidad gástrica incluye el vaciamiento tardío del estómago (gastroparesia), vaciamiento gástrico acelerado (síndrome de dumping) y otras disfunciones motoras, como el deterioro del fondo de distensión, que se encuentra con mayor frecuencia en la dispepsia funcional. Los síntomas de la gastroparesia son inespecíficos y pueden simular otros trastornos estructurales.

Abstract Normal gastric emptying reflects a coordinated effort between different regions of the stomach and the duodenum, and also an extrinsic modulation by the central nervous system and distal bowel factors. The main events related to normal gastric emptying include relaxation of the fundus to accommodate food, antral contractions to triturate large food particles, the opening of the pyloric sphincter to allow the release of food from the stomach, and anthropyloroduodenal coordination for motor relaxation. Gastric dysmotility includes delayed emptying of the stomach (gastroparesis), accelerated gastric emptying (dumping syndrome), and other motor dysfunctions, e.g., deterioration of the distending fundus, most often found in functional dyspepsia. The symptoms of gastroparesis are nonspecific and may mimic other structural disorders.

Systemic sclerosis and gastrointestinal involvement / Esclerosis sistémica y participación gastrointestinal

ABSTRACT Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease in which gastrointestinal manifestations are a frequent complication. Gastrointestinal involvement is present in up to 90 % of patients. The most affected areas are the esophagus and the anorectal tract. Reflux, heartburn and dysmotility are the leading causes of gastrointestinal discomfort. Disordered anorectal function can occur early in the course of SSc and is an important factor in the development of fecal incontinence. Current recommendations to treat gastrointestinal disorders in SSc include the use of proton pump inhibitors, prokinetics and rotating antibiotics. This review discusses the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms, the clinical presentation, the different diagnostic techniques and the current management of the involvement of each section of the gastrointestinal tract in SSc.

RESUMEN La esclerosis sistémica (ES) es una enfermedad autoinmune sistémica en la que las manifestaciones gastrointestinales son una complicación frecuente. El compromiso gastrointestinal está presente hasta en 90% de los pacientes. Las áreas más afectadas son el esófago y el tracto anorrectal. El reflujo, la pirosis y la dismotilidad son las principales causas de malestar gastrointestinal. La función anorrectal alterada puede presentarse temprano en el curso de la ES y es un factor importante en el desarrollo de incontinencia fecal. Las recomendaciones actuales para tratar los trastornos gastrointestinales en la ES incluyen el uso de inhibidores de la bomba de protones, procinéticos y de antibióticos en forma rotativa. Esta revisión discute los mecanismos fisiopatológicos propuestos, la presentación clínica, las diferentes técnicas de diagnóstico y el manejo actual del compromiso de cada sección del tracto gastrointestinal en la ES.

Oclusión gastroduodenal crónica por síndrome de Wilkie: reporte de un caso / Chronic gastroduodenal occlusion by Wilkie syndrome: a case report

RESUMEN El síndrome de Pinza Aortomesentérica o "Síndrome de Wilkie" es una entidad muy rara, se caracteriza por una pérdida de peso impor-tante y vómitos de alimentos parcialmente digeridos. La sospecha diagnóstica se fundamenta por la presencia de factores predisponen-tes y/o de riesgo. Estudios imagenológicos como un esofagogastroduodeno seriado y ecografía Doppler permiten su confirmación. El tratamiento primario se apoya en una adecuada nutrición. Frente al fracaso del tratamiento médico, se indica el manejo quirúrgico con diferentes técnicas para resolver la oclusión. Se presenta el caso de una adolescente con oclusión gastroduodenal crónica, fallo en el tratamiento médico y resolución quirúrgica con buenos resultados.Palabras claves: Síndrome de la arteria mesentérica superior, obstrucción duodenal, reflujo duodenogástrico, laparotomía, anastomosis quirúrgica; gastroparesia.

ABSTRACT Superior mesenteric artery syndrome or "Wilkie syndrome" is a very rare entity, characterized by significant weight loss and vomiting of partially digested food. The diagnostic suspicion is based on the presence of predisposing and/or risk factors. Imaging studies such as serial esophagogastroduodenum and Doppler ultrasound allow its confirmation. The primary treatment is supported by adequate nutrition. Following the failure of medical treatment, surgical management is indicated with different techniques to resolve the occlusion. We present the case of a teenager with chronic gastroduodenal occlusion, failure in medical treatment and surgical resolution with good results.Keywords: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome; duodenal obstruction; duodenogastric reflux; laparotomy; anastomosis, surgical; gas-troparesis

Influencia de la gastroparesia en el logro de la meta calórica y proteica en pacientes neurocríticos / Influence of gastroparesis on achieving the caloric and protein goal in neurocritical patients

La lesión cerebral induce a la aparición de complicaciones gastrointestinales, especialmente gastroparesia, la cual es considerada uno de los pilares de la intolerancia digestiva alta. Se mide por el aumento en el residuo gástrico, reflujo gastroesofágico, vómitos, distención abdominal y/o diarrea. Como consecuencia, la nutrición enteral (NE) se inicia de manera tardía o ineficientemente, impidiendo lograr la meta calórico-proteica, aumentando el riesgo de neumonía aspirativa, prolongándose la estadía hospitalaria e incrementando la mortalidad. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de actualizar y describir el rol de la gastroparesia en el alcance de la meta calórica-proteica en el paciente neurocrítico. Se consultaron bases de datos electrónica: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Cochrane, desde el 2007 a 2017. Se incluyeron 8 estudios, cuatro ensayos controlados y aleatorizados (ECA), dos observacionales y dos revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. En tres ECA cuando la NE es postpilórica se logra un mayor aporte calórico y proteico. Dos estudios no encontraron diferencias en las calorías recibidas entre los pacientes alimentados a estómago o yeyuno. Dos revisiones y metaanálisis confirman menor riesgo de neumonía aspirativa pero no presentan diferencias en el porcentaje de adecuación a la NE por ambas vías. La mortalidad, días de asistencia respiratoria mecánica, estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y hospitalaria no fue diferente cuando la NE fue a estómago o intestino. En conclusión, la persistencia del retraso del vaciamiento gástrico favorece al déficit energético y proteico, debido a la intolerancia a la NE lo que dificulta la progresión. A la fecha, pocos estudios recomiendan la vía postpilórica para mejorar la eficiencia nutricional. Futuros estudios deberán valorar las implicancias de alcanzar la meta calórica-proteica en los resultados clínicos de acuerdo a la vía de la NE, en esta población de pacientes(AU).

The brain injury induces the appearance of gastrointestinal complications, especially gastroparesis, which is considered one of the pillars of high digestive intolerance. It is measured by the increase in gastric residue, gastroesophageal reflux, vomiting, abdominal distension and / or diarrhea. As a consequence, enteral nutrition (EN) begins late or inefficiently, preventing the caloric-protein goal from being achieved, increasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia, prolonging the hospital stay and increasing mortality. A literature review was carried out with the objective of updating and describing the role of gastroparesis in the scope of the caloric-protein goal in the neurocritical patient. Electronic databases were consulted: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Cochrane, from 2007 to 2017. 8 studies were included, four randomized controlled trials (RCTs), two observational studies and two systematic reviews and meta-analyzes. In three RCTs when the EN is post-pyloric, a greater caloric and protein intake is achieved. Two studies found no difference in the calories received between patients fed via stomach or jejunum. Two reviews and meta-analyzes confirm a lower risk of aspiration pneumonia, but there are no differences in the percentage of adaptation to the EN by both routes. Mortality, days of mechanical ventilation, stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay were not different when the EN was via stomach or intestine. In conclusion, the persistence of delayed gastric emptying favors protein and energy deficit, due to intolerance to EN, which hinders progression. To date, few studies recommend the postpyloric route to improve nutritional efficiency. Future studies should evaluate the implications of reaching the caloric-protein goal in clinical results according to the EN route, in this patient population(AU).

Minimally invasive laparoscopic esophagectomy vs. transhiatal open esophagectomy in achalasia: a randomized study / Esofagectomia minimamente invasiva laparoscópica vs. esofagectomia trans-hiatal aberta no megaesôfago avançado: estudo randomizado

ABSTRACT Background: Open and laparoscopic trans-hiatal esophagectomy has been successfully performed in the treatment of megaesophagus. However, there are no randomized studies to differentiate them in their results. Aim: To compare the results of minimally invasive laparoscopic esophagectomy (EMIL) vs. open trans-hiatal esophagectomy (ETHA) in advanced megaesophagus. Method: A total of 30 patients were randomized, 15 of them in each group - EMIL and ETHA. The studied variables were dysphagia score before and after the operation at 24-months follow-up; pain score in the immediate postoperative period and at hospital discharge; complications of the procedure, comparing each group. Were also studied: surgical time in minutes, transfusion of blood products, length of hospital stay, mortality and follow-up time. Results: ETHA group comprised eight men and seven women; in the EMIL group, four women and 11 men. The median age in the ETHA group was 47.2 (29-68) years, and in the EMIL group of 44.13 (20-67) years. Mean follow-up time was 33 months, with one death in each group, both by fatal aspiration. There was no statistically significant difference between the EMIL vs. ETHA scores for dysphagia, pain and in-hospital complications. The same was true for surgical time, transfusion of blood products and hospital stay. Conclusion: There was no difference between EMIL and ETHA in all the studied variables, thus allowing them to be considered equivalent.

RESUMO Racional: A esofagectomia trans-hiatal aberta e laparoscópica têm sido realizadas com êxito no tratamento do megaesôfago. Porém, não há estudos randomizados para diferenciá-las em seus resultados. Objetivo: Comparar os resultados da esofagectomia minimamente invasiva laparoscópica (EMIL) vs. esofagectomia trans-hiatal aberta (ETHA) no megaesôfago avançado. Método: Foram randomizados 30 pacientes, sendo alocados 15 em cada grupo - EMIL e ETHA. As variáveis estudadas foram escore de disfagia antes e após a operação no seguimento de 24 meses; escore de dor no pós-operatório imediato e na alta hospitalar; complicações do procedimento, comparando cada grupo. Foram também estudados: tempo cirúrgico em minutos, transfusão de hemoderivados, tempo de permanência hospitalar, mortalidade e tempo de seguimento. Resultados: Foram no grupo ETHA, oito homens e sete mulheres; no grupo EMIL, quatro mulheres e 11 homens. Faixa etária mediana no grupo ETHA foi de 47,2 (29-68) anos, e no grupo EMIL de 44,13 (20-67) anos. Tempo de seguimento médio foi de 33 meses, com um óbito em cada grupo, ambos por aspiração fatal. Não houve diferença estatística significativa, entre os grupos EMIL vs. ETHA quanto aos escores de disfagia, dor e complicações intra-hospitalares. O mesmo se verificou, quanto ao tempo cirúrgico, transfusão de hemoderivados e estadia hospitalar. Conclusão: Não houve diferença entre a EMIL e a ETHA em todas as variáveis estudadas, permitindo assim considerá-las equivalentes.

Técnica modificada para realização da gastro-jejunostomia endoscópica percutânea / Modified technique for percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy placement

RESUMO A realização da gastro-jejunostomia endoscópica percutânea (PEG-J) proporciona nutrição além do ângulo de Treitz, e está associada à diminuição das complicações relacionadas à gastroparesia, como a pneumonia por aspiração. Existem diversas técnicas para realização da PEG-J descritas na literatura, com graus variáveis de sucesso técnico. Neste artigo propomos modificações na técnica de realização da PEG-J, a fim de reduzir o tempo do procedimento e minimizar o risco de insucesso.

ABSTRACT The placement of percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy (PEG-J) provides diet delivery beyond the angle of Treitz, and it is associated with decrease of complications related to gastroparesis, such as aspiration pneumonia. There are many different techniques to perform a PEG-J described in the literature, with variable degrees of technical success. In this article, we suggest modifications to the technique of PEG-J placement in order to reduce time of procedure and minimize the risk of technical failure.

Relato de um caso de tratamento homeopático de portadora de gastroparesia diabética / Report of a case of homeopathic treatment of patients with diabetic gastroparesis

O presente trabalho consiste num estudo descritivo baseado em coleta e análise de dados de prontuário. Trata do caso de uma paciente diabética, com gastroparesia internada no Hospital Público Regional de Betim, Minas Gerais. Reconheceu-se, na base da doença, específico desequilíbrio de saúde, susceptível de ser tratado com Silicea terra. Recorreu-se a memória sintética experimental, que compreende timidez, sensibilidade à contradição, conscienciosidade, antecipação, transtornos por separação, acne e intolerância a corpos estranhos. Após dose única do medicamento na diluição 30cH, observaram-se rápida melhora de sensação de doença, processos exonerativos e exercícios de vitalidade. Apesar do ambiente hospitalar enfatizar a paliação da doença, consegue-se demonstrar a efetividade da homeopatia neste nível de atenção médica e de ensino, auxiliando na simplificação terapêutica. Conclui-se que a homeopatia pode integrar o conjunto de alternativas médicas disponíveis para a atenção hospitalar, com finalidades de ensino, e pode auxiliar na simplificação terapêutica, a partir da cura de sensação de doença.

The present is a descriptive study based on collection and analysis of data from medical records. It concerns the case of a diabetic patient with gastroparesis admitted to Public Regional Hospital, Betim, Minas Gerais, Brazil. At the bottom of her disease we detected a specific health imbalance likely to respond to Silicea terra. We had resource to an experimental synthetic memory comprising: timidity; sensitivity to contradiction; consciousness; anticipation; ailments from separation; acne; and intolerance to foreign bodies. Following a single dose of Sil 30cH the patient exhibited fast improvement of her feeling of illness, exoneration symptoms and exercise of vitality. While the hospital setting prioritized the palliation of disease, the effectiveness of homeopathy also in this level of medical care and teaching might be demonstrated, contributing to the simplification of treatment. We conclude that homeopathy can be included among the medical alternatives available for inpatient care and teaching, and that it might contribute to the simplification of treatments based on the cure of the feeling of illness.

Estudio centellográfico del vaciamiento gástrico con estaño coloidal / Scintigraphic study of colloidal tin gastric emptying

INTRODUCCIÓN: la gastroparesia se define como un retardo en el vaciamiento gástrico, en ausencia de obstrucción mecánica, asociado a síntomas como náusea y/o vómitos, sensación de plenitud gástrica posprandial, saciedad precoz o dolor epigástrico por más de 3 meses. Las causas que más frecuentemente se relacionan son la diabetes mellitus y la idiopática. La prueba de oro en el diagnóstico del retardo del vaciamiento gástrico es la gammagrafía y el radiofármaco que más se ha utilizado el 99mTc-sulfuro coloidal. OBJETIVO: evaluar el vaciamiento gástrico y mostrar los resultados obtenidos con el uso del estaño coloidal en el estudio centellográfico del vaciamiento gástrico. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 64 pacientes de más de 18 años utilizando como radiofármaco 99mTc-Sn coloidal. RESULTADOS: el 31 % del total de pacientes presentó síntomas. El tiempo de vaciamiento fue normal en 44 casos y la asociación de síntomas y gastroparesia se observó en 20 (15 diabéticos y 5 no diabéticos), 9 pacientes tuvieron un vaciamiento retardado, pero no referían síntomas. La gastroparesia fue más frecuente en mujeres que en hombres (35 % versus 21 %). El 21 % de los casos tenían un retardo moderado del vaciamiento gástrico. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados obtenidos con 99mTc-Sn coloidal son comparables con los reportados por otros autores que utilizan el 99mTc-SC en la evaluación gammagráfica del vaciamiento gástrico.

INTRODUCTION: gastroparesis is defined as a delay in gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction, associated with symptoms such as nausea and/or vomiting, postprandial gastric fullness feeling, early satiety or epigastric pain for more than 3 months. Diabetes mellitus and idiopathic are the most frequent causes related. The gold standard in the diagnosis of delayed gastric emptying is gammagraphy and 99mTc-sulfur colloid is the most widely used radiopharmaceutical. OBJECTIVE: assess gastric emptying and show the results obtained with the use of colloidal tin in the gammagraphy study of gastric emptying. METHODS: a descriptive study was conducted in 64 patients older than 18 years using 99mTc-sulfur colloid radiopharmaceutical. RESULTS: 31 % of patients had symptoms. The emptying time was normal in 44 cases and the association of gastroparesis symptoms was observed in 20 (15 diabetics and 5nondiabetics), 9 patients had delayed emptying, but they did not report symptoms. Gastroparesis was more frequent in women than in men (35 % versus 21 %). 21 % of patients had moderate delayed gastric emptying. CONCLUSIONS: results obtained with colloidal Tc-Sn 99m are comparable with those reported by other authors using 99mTc-SC in gammagraphy assessment of gastric emptying.

Clinical featurss and severity of gastric emptyng delay in Brazilian patients with gastroparesis / Caracteristicas clinicas e grau de retardo do esvaziamento gastrico em pacientes brasileiros com gastroparesia

Context Gastroparesis is defined by delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction of the gastroduodenal junction, which has been increasingly investigated. Nevertheless, knowledge on the relationships between etiology, symptoms and degree of delayed gastric emptying is limited. Objectives The demographic, clinical and etiological features of Brazilian patients with gastroparesis were studied and the relationships between these findings and the severity of gastric emptying were determined. Method This is a retrospective study of medical records of 41 patients with symptoms suggestive of gastroparesis admitted between 1998 and 2011, who had evidence of abnormally delayed gastric emptying on abdominal scintigraphy. Cases with idiopathic gastroparesis were compared with those of patients with neurologic disorders or diabetes mellitus, in whom autonomic neuropathy is likely to occur. Results The majority of the patients were women (75.6%) with a median age of 41 years and a long-term condition (median: 15 years). Twelve patients (29.3%) had a body mass index of less than 20 kg/m2. The most common presenting symptoms were dyspepsia (53.6%), nausea and vomiting (46.3%), weight loss (41.4%) and abdominal pain (24.3%). Regarding etiology, 16 patients had digestive disorders including idiopathic gastroparesis (n = 12), 12 had postoperative conditions, 11 had diseases of the nervous system, five had diabetes mellitus and in three cases gastroparesis was associated to a variety of conditions. In the majority of patients (65.8%) gastric emptying was severely delayed. There was no association between etiology of gastroparesis, type of presenting symptoms and the degree of delay in gastric emptying. Gastroparesis patients with proven (neurological conditions) or presumed (diabetes) nervous system involvements were significantly younger (P = 0.001), had more recent symptom onset (P = 0:03) and a trend towards more severe gastric empty ...

Contexto A gastroparesia é uma condição clínica definida por retarde anormal do esvaziamento gástrico, sem obstrução mecânica antro-piloro-duodenal, que vem sendo crescentemente estudada. No entanto, as relações entre etiologia, sintomas e grau de retarde do esvaziamento gástrico na gastroparesia são ainda pouco conhecidas. Objetivos Estudar as características demográficas, clínicas e etiológicas e o grau de retarde do esvaziamento gástrico em pacientes brasileiros com gastroparesia e comparar os casos idiopáticos com aqueles com doenças do sistema nervoso ou diabete melito, em que é alta a probabilidade de ocorrência de neuropatia autonômica. Método Estudo retrospectivo dos prontuários de 41 casos com sintomas sugestivos de gastroparesia admitidos entre 1998 e 2011, que tiveram comprovação de retarde anormal do esvaziamento gástrico em exame cintigráfico específico, que foi também revisto. Resultados Dentre os 41 casos, 31 (75,6%) eram mulheres; a mediana de idade foi de 41 anos e predominou quadro clínico de longa duração (mediana: 15 anos). Doze (29,26%) pacientes apresentavam índice de massa corporal inferior ao limite de 20 kg/m2. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram a dispepsia (53,6%), náuseas e vômitos (46,3%), perda de peso (41,4%) e dor abdominal (24,3%). Quanto à etiologia, 16 pacientes tinham afecções digestivas, incluindo a gastroparesia idiopática (n = 12), 12 eram de estados pós-operatórios, 11 tinham doenças do sistema nervoso, 5 tinham diabete melito e 3 eram de etiologias variadas. A maioria dos pacientes (65,8%) apresentou retarde do esvaziamento gástrico intenso ou muito intenso. Não houve qualquer associação entre etiologia da gastroparesia, sintomas apresentados e grau de retarde ...

Gastroparesia y dispepsia funcional: diagnóstico y tratamiento / Gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia: diagnosis and treatment

Gastroparesis corresponds to the clinical picture of a non-obstructive alteration in gastric emptying. The most common causes are idiopathic, postsurgical and diabetes mellitus. Endoscopy and gastric emptying scintigraphy are necessary for diagnosis. Fractionating the diet and avoiding fat are recommended actions. Prokinetics are fundamental in gastroparesis therapy. Domperidone is the first choice because it has a better safety profile. It is advisable to rotate prokinetics. In refractory cases it is suggested to try other prokinetics (such as erythromycin or prucalopride), effective management of nausea and nutrition optimization. In selected cases, therapies such as electrical stimulation could be evaluated. Functional dyspepsia is defined as symptoms that probably originate in the gastroduodenal region, having ruled out other possibilities. Therefore, endoscopy should show no alterations that could explain the symptoms. The most frequently encountered pathophysiological alterations are slow gastric emptying, impaired accommodation and hypersensitivity. None has been linked unequivocally to a pattern of symptoms. It is suggested to start with proton-pump inhibitors therapy. In refractory cases, prokinetics should be added. If there is no adequate response, 24-hour pH monitoring and gastric emptying should be ordered. In case of altered gastric emptying, adjust prokinetics. If gastric emptying is normal, bupirone or mianserin could be used.

La gastroparesia corresponde a un cuadro clínico debido a mal vaciamiento gástrico no obstructivo del estómago. Sus causas más frecuentes son idiopática, diabetes mellitus y postquirúrgica. La endoscopia y el cintigrama de vaciamiento gástrico son necesarios para el diagnóstico. Se recomienda fraccionar la dieta y evitar las grasas. Los procinéticos son fundamentales en el tratamiento de la gastroparesia. La domperidona es la primera opción por su mejor perfil de seguridad. Es aconsejable rotar los procinéticos. En casos refractarios se puede intentar otros procinéticos (como eritromicina o prucalopride), manejar específicamente las náuseas y optimizar la nutrición. En casos seleccionados se puede intentar terapias como estimulación eléctrica. La dispepsia funcional está definida por síntomas que probablemente se originan en la región gastroduodenal, habiendo descartado otras posibilidades. Por esto, requiere un estudio endoscópico sin alteraciones que expliquen los síntomas. Los hallazgos fisiopatológicos más frecuentemente encontrados son alteraciones del vaciamiento gástrico, trastornos de la acomodación e hipersensibilidad. Ninguno de ellos ha sido asociado inequívocamente a algún patrón de síntomas. Se sugiere iniciar tratamiento con inhibidores de la bomba de protones. En casos refractarios, es aconsejable agregar procinéticos. Si no hay adecuada respuesta, se sugiere estudiar con una ph-metría de 24 horas y vaciamiento gástrico. En caso de vaciamiento alterado, ajustar los procinéticos. En caso de vaciamiento normal, se sugiere uso de buspirona o mianserina.

Terapia nutricional na gastroparesia diabética: [revisão] / Terapia nutricional para la gastroparesia diabética: [revisión] / Nutrition therapy for diabetic gastroparesis: [review]

O diabetes mellitus (DM) é condição causal da neuropatia autonômica, complicação crônica decorrente da ausência de um controle glicêmico eficiente ao longo dos anos. A gastroparesia consequentemente à neuropatia é um dos distúrbios de motilidade mais comuns entre os diabéticos e afeta cerca de 58% dos indivíduos com DM. Apesar dos avanços no conhecimento relacionado à sua fisiopatologia, a gastroparesia diabética ainda constitui uma complicação de difícil abordagem clínica, com sucesso terapêutico limitado. Seu tratamento inclui medidas dietéticas e nutricionais e o uso de drogas pró-cinéticas. O rigoroso controle glicêmico, juntamente a medidas dietéticas, constitui o eixo central da prevenção e da terapêutica da gastroparesia. A dieta direcionada ao paciente com DM tem por objetivo contribuir para a normalização da glicemia, atingir e manter o peso corpóreo adequado para o indivíduo, diminuir os fatores de risco cardiovascular, prevenir as complicações agudas e crônicas do DM e promover a saúde por meio de nutrição adequada. O manejo nutricional na gastroparesia diabética implica em modificações na consistência da dieta, oferecimento de pequenos volumes durante as refeições, exclusão de alimentos não tolerados e de difícil digestão, utilização de suplementos líquidos se os alimentos sólidos não forem tolerados, e nutrição enteral e parenteral se necessário. Este teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a terapia nutricional na gastroparesia diabética, complicação pouco conhecida, entretanto, bastante prevalente entre os pacientes diabéticos. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada em diferentes bases de dados, utilizando artigos nacionais e internacionais, datados a partir do ano de 1988.

La diabetes mellitus (DM) es una condición causal de la neuropatía autonómica, las complicaciones crónicas derivadas de la falta de un control de glucosa en sangre eficaz en los últimos años. La gastroparesia la neuropatía es una consecuencia de trastornos de la motilidad más común entre los diabéticos y afecta a alrededor del 58% de las personas con DM. A pesar de los avances en los conocimientos relacionados con la fisiopatología, la gastroparesia diabética sigue siendo una complicación de difícil abordaje clínico, con un éxito terapéutico limitado. Su tratamiento incluye medidas nutricionales y dietéticas y el uso de fármacos procinéticos. El control estricto de la glucemia, junto con las medidas dietéticas, es el eje de la prevención y el tratamiento de la gastroparesia. La dieta dirigida a los pacientes diabéticos tiene como objetivo contribuir a la normalización de la glucosa en la sangre para lograr y mantener un peso corporal adecuado para la persona, reducir los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, la prevención de complicaciones agudas y crónicas de la diabetes y promover la salud a través de una nutrición adecuada. Manejo nutricional en la gastroparesia diabética implica cambios en la consistencia de la dieta, ofrecer pequeñas cantidades con las comidas, excluidos los alimentos no se tolera y difícil de digerir, el uso de suplementos líquidos que los alimentos sólidos no se toleran, y es la nutrición enteral y parenteral es necesario. Este objetivo de llevar a cabo una revisión bibliográfica sobre la terapia nutricional en la gastroparesia diabética, una complicación poco conocida, sin embargo, bastante frecuente entre los pacientes diabéticos. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en diferentes bases de datos, el uso de artículos nacionales e internacionales, que data del año 1988.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a causal condition of autonomic neuropathy, chronic complications arising from the absence of an effective blood glucose control over the years. The gastroparesis the neuropathy is a consequence of motility disorders more common among diabetics and affects about 58% of individuals with DM. Despite advances in knowledge related to its pathophysiology, diabetic gastroparesis is still a complication of difficult clinical approach, with limited therapeutic success. His treatment includes nutritional and dietary measures and use of prokinetic drugs. Strict glycemic control, along with dietary measures, is the lynchpin of prevention and treatment of gastroparesis. The diet aimed at the diabetic patients aims to contribute to the normalization of blood glucose to achieve and maintain appropriate body weight for the individual, reduce cardiovascular risk factors, prevention of acute and chronic complications of diabetes and promote health through adequate nutrition. Nutritional management in diabetic gastroparesis involves changes in diet consistency, offer small amounts with meals, excluding food is not tolerated and difficult to digest, use of liquid supplements that solid foods are not tolerated, and enteral and parenteral nutrition is necessary. This aimed to conduct a literature review on nutritional therapy in diabetic gastroparesis, a complication little known, however, quite prevalent among diabetic patients. The literature search was performed in different databases, using national and international articles, dating from the year 1988.