Reporte de caso: síndrome de absorción intravascular en histeroscopia, intoxicación por glicina / Case report: Intravascular absorption syndrome in hysteroscopy, glycine intoxication

El síndrome de absorción intravascular en histeroscopia se origina por la rápida absorción vascular de soluciones isotónicas e hipotónicas utilizadas en irrigación intrauterina, ocasionando hipervolemia y dilución de electrolitos, especialmente hiponatremia. Cuando este síndrome es debido a intoxicación por glicina al 1,5% causa acidosis severa y neurotoxicidad. La incidencia de este síndrome es baja pero puede aumentar por factores como: falta de control de altura de bolsas de irrigación, ausencia de equilibrio de fluidos de soluciones de irrigación, tejidos altamente vascularizados como miomas uterinos y uso de sistema de electrocirugía monopolar. Se reporta el caso de una paciente con miomas uterinos, programada para resección mediante histeroscopia que cursa con síndrome de absorción intravascular por glicina, el temprano diagnóstico y rápido tratamiento intraoperatorio y postoperatorio permitió una evolución favorable. El manejo se basó en el uso de diuréticos, restricción de fluidos y soluciones hipertónicas de sodio.

Intravascular absorption syndrome in hysteroscopy is caused by rapid vascular absorption of isotonic and hypotonic solutions used in intrauterine irrigation, causing hypervolemia and electrolyte dilution, especially hyponatremia. When this syndrome is due to 1.5% glycine toxicity, it causes severe acidosis and neurotoxicity. The incidence of this syndrome is low but may increase due to factors such as: lack of control of the height of irrigation bags, lack of fluid balance in irrigation solutions, highly vascularized tissues such as uterine myomas and use of a monopolar electrosurgery system. The case of a patient with uterine myomas, scheduled for resection by hysteroscopy, who presents with intravascular glycine absorption syndrome, is reported. Early diagnosis and rapid intraoperative and postoperative treatment allowed a favorable evolution. Management was based on the use of diuretics, fluid restriction, and hypertonic sodium solutions.

Study of glycine solution in preparation of frozen thawed deglycerolized erythrocytes / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To study the protective effect of glycine solution on frozen red blood cell thawing process. 【Methods】 A total of 20 bags of 1 U of leukocytes reduced suspended red blood cells within 6 days were selected for the study. After mixing, each 2 bags of suspended red blood cells were divided into 2 bags and into two groups with 10 bags of 1 U in each group, and were frozen for storage. One group was deglycerolized with sodium chloride solution (control group), and one group was deglycerolized with glycine solution (experimental group). The hemoglobin, free hemoglobin, residual glycerol, total glycerol in red blood cells, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) were detected in the two groups. 【Results】 Compared with the free hemoglobin content (0.90±0.05)g/L and residual glycerol content (1.17± 0.08)g/L in the control group, the final product red blood cell supernatant free hemoglobin content (0.77±0.15)g/L and residual glycerol content (0.79±0.33)g/L in the experimental group were decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Compared with the ATP content (4.03±0.38)µmol/gHb and 2,3-DPG content (485.65±78.08)µg/L in the control group, the ATP content (4.41±0.35)µmol/gHb and 2,3-DPG content (656.28±116.68)µ g/L in the experimental group were significantly increased, with statistical significance (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Using glycine solution instead of sodium chloride solution to prepare frozen thawed deglycerolized erythrocytes achieved the effect of protecting erythrocytes, reduced the hemolysis rate of erythrocytes and glycerin residue, and increased the recovery rate of erythrocytes.

Development and verification of pre-column derivatization reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography for determination of Glycine and Histidine content in recombinant proteins / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To develop and verify a pre-column derivatization reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) method for determination of Glycine and Histidine content in recombinant proteins.Methods AccQ Tag-C 18(3.9 mm × 150 mm,4 μm) column was used as chromatographic column,6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysccinimidyl carbamate(AQC) was used as pre-column derivatization reagent,while α-aminobutyric acid as internal standard.AccQTag Eluent A solution,acetonitrile solution and high-purity water were used as mobile phases.The UV detection wavelength was 248 nm,injection volume was 10 μL,flow rate was 1.0 mL/min,and column temperature was 37 ℃.The contents of Glycine and Histidine in samples were determined by the internal standard method,and the specificity,linearity,detection limit,quantitative limit,precision,accuracy and stability of the method were verified.Results The developed method effectively separated Glycine,Histidine and internal standard α-aminobutyric acid with high specificity.The standard curves of Glycine in the range of 2.25～11.25 μg/mL and Histidine in the range of 72.85～364.24 μg/mL showed good linearity,each correlation coefficient(R~2) 0.99.The detection limits were 2.25 μg/mL for Glycine and 18.21 μg/mL for Histidine.The quantitative limits were 4.69 μg/mL for Glycine and 32.86 μg/mL for Histidine.The relative standard deviation(RSD) of 6 replicates with the same concentration of Glycine and Histidine were 4.6% and 5.0%,and the RSD of recovery rate in intermediate precision test was 6.9% and 2.0%,respectively.The content of Glycine was close to the quantitative limit,and the average recoveries of high,medium and low concentrations of samples were within 75.9%～111.7%;The recoveries of Histidine ranged from 88.9% to 97.3%.The RSD of Glycine content and Histidine content was 7.7% and 3.3% respectively at 0,12,18,24,30 and 48 h in the same sample.Conclusion The pre-column derivatization RP-HPLC method has accurate and reliable results with high precision,which might be used for quality control of Glycine and Histidine content in recombinant proteins.

Advances in nonketotic hyperglycinemia / 国际儿科学杂志

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia(NKH), also known as glycine encephalopathy, is a rare and life-threatening autosomal recessive disease.Due to the insufficient activity of the glycine cleavage enzyme system(GCS), glycine can not be degraded and accumulates in the body.It leads to progressive damage to the nervous system.The clinical manifestations of the disease vary.Based on ultimate outcome, NKH is categorized into severe NKH and attenuated NKH.It is characterized by increased glycine level in cerebrospinal, and further confirmatory tests are molecular genetic testing and enzymatic testing.So far, no causal treatment of NKH has been discovered and the overall prognosis is still poor.The therapy is based on sodium benzoate and N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)receptor site antagonists.This article reviews the progress of NKH, in order to help clinicians comprehensively identify NKH and take proactive measures to get the best results.

Effect of homeopathy on soybean germination through soil and seed treatment

Homeopathy is a technique approved by the MAPA for organic production systems. Experiments demonstrating the effectiveness of homeopathy in agriculture are essential. Aims: To evaluate the effects of homeopathic treatment on soybean seed germination. Methodology: The experiment was performed in MS-Brazil. An area of 70 m² was used, divided into two comparison plots of 30 m² each. The soil of plot 1 (treated group) was treated with 5.25 kg of powdered Lithothamniummixed with 250 ml of 30% hydroalcoholic solution (HS) containing homeopathic ingredients. The soil of plot 2 (control group) was treated with thesame preparationbutwithout homeopathic ingredients. Additionally, the 400 seeds assigned toplot 1 were treated with 0,3 ml of a solution made up of 10 ml of 30% HS with homeopathic ingredients dilutedin 300 ml of water. The 400 seeds assigned toplot 2 were treated with 0.3 ml of a solutionmade up of 10 ml of HS without homeopathic ingredients diluted in 300 ml of water. The homeopathic ingredients Sulph 9C, Mag-c12C, and Calc-p 9C were used on soil and seed treatment. The selection and prescription of those ingredients followed Materia Medica instructions. The experiment was conducted using randomized design and 400 seeds per group were sown. Results and discussion: In plot 1, anaverage of 11 seeds per m² germinated, adding up to 330 germinated seeds at a percentage of 82.5%. In plot 2, an average of 7 seeds per m² germinated, adding up to 210 germinated seeds at a percentage of 52.5%. The frequency of seed germinationin both groups was assessed by the Chi-square test to check for significant differences(p<0.05). There was a statistical difference (p<0.05) in the seed germination in the treated group (n=330) compared to the control group (n=210). Conclusion:Homeopathic compounds can be used as a viable treatment for soybean germination.

Ecophysiology and water use efficiency of soybean cultivars under field conditions

A wide range of soybean cultivars is available on the market and understanding the physiological response and yield of these materials is fundamental to develop new management systems. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess ecophysiological parameters and yield of soybean cultivars under field conditions. The experiment was carried out on a farm located in the municipality of Açailândia, Maranhão, Brazil. Three commercial cultivars were used (SC1, SC2 and SC3), and gas exchanges, SPAD index, Fv/Fm, photosynthesis index (PI), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) and intrinsic instantaneous of the use of water (iWUE) were assessed during the vegetative (V5) and reproductive (R5) stages. In addition, the biomass and production components were obtained. A randomized complete block design was used, with three cultivars and six replications. SC2 obtained the best mean for the photochemical variables. SC2 was more efficient at both development stages in WUE, but the maximum iWUE values were obtained in SC3. The SC2 cultivar obtained the best responses in the main variables analyzed, resulting in a higher yield.

Biophysical characteristics of soybean estimated by remote sensing associated with artificial intelligence

The biophysical characteristics of vegetative canopies, such as biomass, height, and canopy diameter, are of paramount importance for the study of the development and productive behavior of crops. Faced with a scarcity of studies aimed at estimating these parameters, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs) applied to Proximal Remote Sensing (PRS) to estimate biophysical characteristics of soybean culture. The data used to train and validate the ANNs came from an experiment composed of 65 plots with 30 x 30 m mesh, its development was carried out in the 2016/2017 crop in the Brazilian agricultural area. The evaluations were carried out at 30, 45, 60, and 75 days after sowing (DAS), monitoring the spatial and temporal variability of the biophysical characteristics of the soybean crop. Vegetation indexes were collected using canopy sensors. The accuracy and precision were determined by the coefficient of determination (R2) and the error of the forecasts by MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error). PRS and ANNs showed high potential for application in agriculture, since they obtained good performance in the estimation of height (R2 = 0.89) and canopy diameter (R2 = 0.96), being fresh biomass (R2 =0.98) and dry biomass (R2 = 0.97) were the best-estimated variables.

Loss sampling methods for soybean mechanical harvest

Harvesting is one of the most important stages of the agricultural production process. However, the lack of monitoring during this operation and the absence of efficient methodologies to quantify losses have contributed to the decline in the quality of the operation. The objective of this study was to monitor mechanized soybean harvest by quantifying losses through two methodologies using statistical process control. The study was conducted in March 2016 in an agricultural area in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, SP, using a John Deere harvester model 1470 with a tangential-type track system and separation by a straw-blower. The experimental design followed the standards established by statistical process control, and every 8 min of harvest, the total losses by the circular framework and rectangular framework methodologies were simultaneously quantified, totaling 40 points. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical process control. The averages of the circular methodology framework were values above those found in the rectangular methodology framework, presenting greater representativeness of losses. The process was considered unable to maintain losses of soybeans at acceptable levels during mechanical harvest throughout the operation of the two frameworks. The circular framework for collecting samples at different locations resulted in higher reliability of data.

Spray volumes for agrochemicals applied to soybean and wheat crops

The question of the spray volume for applying agrochemicals to plants has and still demands studies to continuously search for guiding parameters for technicians due to the several variables involving application technology. This experiment aimed to determine the best spray volume for applying pesticides with a boom sprayer to soybean (Glycine max) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) crops. The experiment had a completely randomized blocks design with five treatments and five replications. In soybean (crop year 2011/12), the treatments were the control (no pesticide application) and spray volume applications of 50, 100, 150, and 200 L ha-1. For wheat (crop year 2012), the treatments were the control and spray volumes of 75, 100, 125, and 150 L ha-1. The variables analyzed were the yield components. The study concluded the need for applying foliar fertilizers and performing the chemical control of diseases and pests in soybean and wheat crops. The spray volumes of 50 L ha-1 for soybeans and 75 L ha-1 for wheat were satisfactory for spraying agrochemicals with a ground bar sprayer on plants.

Toxicity of insecticides to the egg parasitoids Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus teretis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

ABSTRACT This work aims to evaluate the toxicity of insecticides used for stink bug control to the egg parasitoids Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus teretis. We tested ethiprole and sulfoxaflor + lambda-cyhalothrin in comparison with thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos. Three independent bioassays were conducted in the laboratory and repeated for each parasitoid species, to evaluate the effect of insecticides on pupal and adult stages of the parasitoids and the effects of insecticide sprays on host eggs prior to parasitism. Ethiprole at concentrations of 100 and 133.3 g/100 L H2O was classified as harmless (class 1), according to the International Organization of Biological Control to both pupae and adults of T. podisi. When tested against T. teretis, ethiprole was classified as harmless (class 1) and slightly harmful (class 2), but it still was the most selective pesticide among the studied chemicals. When adult parasitoids of both species were exposed to sprayed host eggs, parasitism rates were similar. The other treatments triggered more severe negative side effects to the parasitoids, especially to adults. Overall, ethiprole was the least toxic compound among the studied products and should be preferred in integrated pest management aimed at preserving these biocontrol agents, while the other tested insecticides should be evaluated under semi-field and field conditions to verify their higher toxicity.

The influence of prophylaxis with amino acid glycine powder and sodium bicarbonate jet on the bond strength of dental enamel / A influência da profilaxia com aminoácido glicina em pó e jato de bicarbonato de sódio na resistência de união do esmalte dentário

Aim: To compare the influence of prophylaxis with sodium bicarbonate and amino acid glycine powder on the bond strength of bovine teeth enamel and on the properties of two adhesive systems. Methods:Thirty-six extracted bovine incisors were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6) according to the prophylactic treatment received: no prophylactic treatment (NT), sodium bicarbonate powder (SB), and glycine powder (GL). Each group was subdivided into 2 groups based on what adhesive systems were used: conventional system (A) and universal system (B). Composite resin was applied on the buccal surface of the teeth in a block measurement 8x8x6 mm. The specimens were cut to obtain beams measuring 1.0 x 1.0 mm and were subjected to microtensile bond strength tests. Results were compared using two-way ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05). Results: The GLA group obtained the highest bond strength value for the conventional adhesive (18.97 MPa), but the GLB group obtained a lower strength value than the SBB group (GLB: 21.05 MPa and SBB: 22.29 MPa) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Cleaning of the enamel surface increases the adhesive properties of restorative materials, and the bond strength was more effective in the group that received glycine prophylaxis and the conventional adhesive system.

Objetivo:Comparar a influência da profilaxia com bicarbonato de sódio e ClinproProphy ™ na resistência de união do esmalte de dentes bovinos e nas propriedades de dois sistemas adesivos.Métodos: Trinta e seis incisivos bovinos extraídos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos (n = 6), cada um de acordo com o tratamento profilático recebido: nenhum tratamento profilático (NT), bicarbonato de sódio em pó (SB), glicina em pó (GL). Cada grupo foi subdividido em 2 grupos com base nos sistemas adesivos utilizados: sistema convencional (A) e sistema universal (B). A resina composta foi aplicada na superfície bucal dos dentes em um bloco de 8x8x6 mm. As amostras foram cortadas para obter blocos medindo 1,0 x 1,0 mm e submetidas a testes de resistência de união por microtração. Os resultados foram comparados usando o teste two-way ANOVA (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: O grupo GLA obteve o maior valor de resistência de união para o adesivo convencional (18,97 MPa), mas o grupo GLB obteve um valor de resistência menor que o grupo SBB (GLB: 21,05 MPa e SBB: 22,29 MPa) (p < 0,05). Conclusão: A limpeza da superfície do esmalte aumenta as propriedades adesivas dos materiais restauradores, e a resistência adesiva foi mais eficaz no grupo que recebeu profilaxia com glicina e sistema adesivo convencional.

Study on the remineralization of demineralized enamel surfaces with glycine-guided carboxymethyl chitosan/amorphous calcium phosphate / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To explore effect on the remineralization of demineralized enamel surfaces with glycine-guided carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)/amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP).@*Methods@# Remineralized solultion at different stages were prepared: ①reactive CMC/ACP (CMC/ACP nanoparticles treated with NaClO), ②reactive CMC/ACP+glycine; transmission electron microscopy was used to detect the morphology of the remineralized solution particles. Twenty teeth were randomly divided into two groups: group A and group B. Reactive CMC/ACP was applied to the enamel surface of group A and group B was treated with reactive CMC/ACP remineralization solution containing glycine. Scanning electron microscopy was used to detect the enamel surface morphology before and after remineralization, and nanoindentation was used to detect the mechanical strength (including nanoindentation depth, hardness and elastic modulus) of the enamel surface.@*Results@#Under a transmission electron microscope, the particles in the reactive CMC/ACP remineralization solution were smooth, and the increase in particle size was approximately 100-300 nm. After the addition of glycine, the particles in the reactive CMC/ACP remineralization solution particles showed a linear ordered arrangement, and microcrystals were formed in the solution 15 min later, with a crystal length of approximately 5-15 μm. Remineralization in group A was granular and heterogeneous. In group B, the crystal morphology of the demineralized enamel was homogeneous and ordered, similar to that of natural enamel. The nanoindentation depth of group B after remineralization was smaller than that of group A, and it was closest to that of natural enamel, there was no significant difference between group B and natural enamel in terms of the hardness and elastic modulus of the enamel surface after remineralization.@*Conclusion@# CMC/ACP nanoparticles treated with NaClO can rapidly and specifically form directional and ordered remineralization on the enamel surface of a model of glycine-guided rapid remineralization of enamel caries. The surface structure of remineralized enamel is similar to that of natural enamel in terms of nanoindentation depth, hardness and elastic modulus.

Antioxidant status and their enhancements strategies for water stress tolerance in chickpea / Status antioxidante e suas estratégias de aprimoramento para tolerância ao estresse hídrico no grão-de-bico

Water stress executes severe influences on the plant growth and development through modifying physio-chemical properties. Therefore, a field experiment was designed to evaluate the antioxidant status and their enhancements strategies for water stress tolerance in chickpea on loam and clay loam soils under agro-ecological conditions of Arid Zone Research Institute, Bahawalpur (29.3871 °N, 71.653 °E) and Cholistan farm near Derawer (28.19°N, 71.80°E) of Southern Punjab, Pakistan during winter 2014-15. Experimental treatments comprised of two chickpea cultivars i.e. Bhakhar 2011 (drought tolerant) and DUSHT (drought sensitive), two water stress levels i.e. water stress at flowering stage and water stress at flowering + pod formation + grain filling stage including well watered (control) and two exogenous application of osmoprotectants i.e. glycine betaine (GB) 20 ppm and proline 10 uM including distilled water (control). Results indicated that water stress at various growth stages adversely affects the growth, yield and quality attributes of both chickpea cultivars. Exogenous application of GB and proline improved the growth, yield and quality parameters of both chickpea cultivars even under water stress conditions. However, superior results were obtained with exogenously applied GB on Bhakhar 2011 under well-watered conditions. Similarly, foliar spray of GB on chickpea cultivar Bhakhar 2011 under stress at flowering + pod formation + grain filling stage produced maximum superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase contents. These results suggested that application of GB mitigates the adverse effects of water stress and enhanced tolerance in chickpea mainly due to higher antioxidant enzymes activity, demonstrating the protective measures of plant cells in stress condition. Hence, antioxidants status might be a suitable method for illustrating water stress tolerance in chickpea.

O estresse hídrico exerce fortes influências no crescimento e no desenvolvimento das plantas, modificando as propriedades físico-químicas. Portanto, a presente atividade de pesquisa foi projetada para avaliar o status antioxidante e suas estratégias de aprimoramento para tolerância ao estresse hídrico no grão-de-bico em condiçõesa groecológicas, no Instituto de Pesquisa da Zona Árida, Bahawalpur (29.3871 ° N, 71.653 ° E) e fazenda do Cholistan, perto de Derawer (28.19 ° N, 71,80 ° E), no sul de Punjab, Paquistão, durante Rabi 2014-15. Tratamentos experimentais compostos de dois genótipos de grão-de-bico, como Bhakhar 2011 (tolerante à seca) e DUSHT (sensível à seca), dois níveis de estresse hídrico, ou seja, estresse hídrico no estágio de floração, estresse hídrico na fase de floração e estresse hídrico na fase de floração + formação de vagem + estágio de enchimento de grãos, incluindo água bem controlada (controle) e duas aplicações exógenas de osmoprotetores, isto é, glicina betaína 20 ppm e prolina 10 uM, incluindo água destilada (controle). Os resultados indicaram que o estresse hídrico em vários estágios de crescimento afeta negativamente os atributos de crescimento, rendimento e qualidade de ambas as cultivares de grão-de-bico. A aplicação exógena de glicina betaína e prolina melhorou os parâmetros de crescimento, rendimento e qualidade de ambos os genótipos de grão- de-bico, mesmo sob condições de estresse hídrico. No entanto, resultados superiores foram obtidos com glicina betaína aplicada exogenamente em Bhakhar 2011, em condições bem regadas. Além disso, o spray foliar de glicina betaína na cultivar de grão-de-bico Bhakhar 2011, sob estresse na fase de floração + formação de vagem + enchimento de grãos, produziu o máximo de superóxido dismutase, peroxidase e catalase. Esses resultados sugeriram que a aplicação de glicina betaína atenua os efeitos adversos do estresse hídrico e aumenta a [...].

Antioxidant status and their enhancements strategies for water stress tolerance in chickpea

Abstract Water stress executes severe influences on the plant growth and development through modifying physio-chemical properties. Therefore, a field experiment was designed to evaluate the antioxidant status and their enhancements strategies for water stress tolerance in chickpea on loam and clay loam soils under agro-ecological conditions of Arid Zone Research Institute, Bahawalpur (29.3871 °N, 71.653 °E) and Cholistan farm near Derawer (28.19°N, 71.80°E) of Southern Punjab, Pakistan during winter 2014-15. Experimental treatments comprised of two chickpea cultivars i.e. Bhakhar 2011 (drought tolerant) and DUSHT (drought sensitive), two water stress levels i.e. water stress at flowering stage and water stress at flowering + pod formation + grain filling stage including well watered (control) and two exogenous application of osmoprotectants i.e. glycine betaine (GB) 20 ppm and proline 10 uM including distilled water (control). Results indicated that water stress at various growth stages adversely affects the growth, yield and quality attributes of both chickpea cultivars. Exogenous application of GB and proline improved the growth, yield and quality parameters of both chickpea cultivars even under water stress conditions. However, superior results were obtained with exogenously applied GB on Bhakhar 2011 under well-watered conditions. Similarly, foliar spray of GB on chickpea cultivar Bhakhar 2011 under stress at flowering + pod formation + grain filling stage produced maximum superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase contents. These results suggested that application of GB mitigates the adverse effects of water stress and enhanced tolerance in chickpea mainly due to higher antioxidant enzymes activity, demonstrating the protective measures of plant cells in stress condition. Hence, antioxidants status might be a suitable method for illustrating water stress tolerance in chickpea.

Resumo O estresse hídrico exerce fortes influências no crescimento e no desenvolvimento das plantas, modificando as propriedades físico-químicas. Portanto, a presente atividade de pesquisa foi projetada para avaliar o status antioxidante e suas estratégias de aprimoramento para tolerância ao estresse hídrico no grão-de-bico em condições agroecológicas, no Instituto de Pesquisa da Zona Árida, Bahawalpur (29.3871 ° N, 71.653 ° E) e fazenda do Cholistan, perto de Derawer (28.19 ° N, 71,80 ° E), no sul de Punjab, Paquistão, durante Rabi 2014-15. Tratamentos experimentais compostos de dois genótipos de grão-de-bico, como Bhakhar 2011 (tolerante à seca) e DUSHT (sensível à seca), dois níveis de estresse hídrico, ou seja, estresse hídrico no estágio de floração, estresse hídrico na fase de floração e estresse hídrico na fase de floração + formação de vagem + estágio de enchimento de grãos, incluindo água bem controlada (controle) e duas aplicações exógenas de osmoprotetores, isto é, glicina betaína 20 ppm e prolina 10 uM, incluindo água destilada (controle). Os resultados indicaram que o estresse hídrico em vários estágios de crescimento afeta negativamente os atributos de crescimento, rendimento e qualidade de ambas as cultivares de grão-de-bico. A aplicação exógena de glicina betaína e prolina melhorou os parâmetros de crescimento, rendimento e qualidade de ambos os genótipos de grão- de-bico, mesmo sob condições de estresse hídrico. No entanto, resultados superiores foram obtidos com glicina betaína aplicada exogenamente em Bhakhar 2011, em condições bem regadas. Além disso, o spray foliar de glicina betaína na cultivar de grão-de-bico Bhakhar 2011, sob estresse na fase de floração + formação de vagem + enchimento de grãos, produziu o máximo de superóxido dismutase, peroxidase e catalase. Esses resultados sugeriram que a aplicação de glicina betaína atenua os efeitos adversos do estresse hídrico e aumenta a tolerância no grão-de- bico, principalmente pela maior atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, demonstrando medidas protetoras das células vegetais em condições de estresse. Portanto, o status de antioxidantes pode ser um método adequado para ilustrar a tolerância ao estresse hídrico no grão-de-bico.

Can a successional crop system associated with preemergent herbicides be a tool to control weeds?

The objective of this research was to evaluate weed control in a successional soybean-sorghum system by using preemergent herbicides. Two trials were conducted in soybean and two in sorghum, in different soil types (sandy in Rio Verde city and clayey in Montividiu city). All trials were established in a completely randomized block design with five preemergent herbicides in soybean (rates in): diclosulam 35.3 g a.i.·ha­1, chlorimuron 20 g a.i.·ha­1, sulfentrazone 200 g a.i.·ha­1, flumioxazin 50 g a.i.·ha­1, S-metolachlor 1728 g a.i.·ha­1, and two controls (hand weeded and untreated). Treatments in sorghum trials were the same to the soybean plus atrazine 1250 g a.i.·ha­1 and atrazine 1250 g a.i.·ha­1 + S-metolachlor 1728 g a.i.·ha­1. All treatments had four replicates. Weed control was assessed at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after planting (DAP) in both crops. In addition, yield was measured when grains reached physiological maturity. All preemergent herbicide treatments successfully controlled weeds, specially Commelina benghalensis, Cenchrus echinatus and Eleusine indica, in both soybean trials until 28 DAP. In some weeds of sorghum, sulfentrazone, diclosulam and chlorimuron sprayed at soybean preemergence performed better than atrazine sprayed at sorghum preemergence. All preemergent herbicides sprayed at soybean preemergence did not affect soybean and sorghum yield, showing similarity with the hand weeded treatment. The results of this research provide evidence that the mix of crop succession and preemergent herbicide applications can be a strong strategy for integrated weed management.

Mite fauna on transgenic soybean in an experimental station in western Bahia, Brazil

The aim of this study was to identify mite fauna associated with soybean crops and to report new species of the Monsoy 8349 IPRO variety in the municipality of Luís Eduardo Magalhães, western region of Bahia. Samplings were performed in an area with transgenic soybeans, subdivided into three treatments: T01, with no use of agricultural pesticides; T02, complete package of pesticides, except for acaricides; and T03, complete package of pesticides including acaricides. Twenty plants were selected per treatment at each sampling; one apical, one median, and one basal leaf were collected from each plant, totaling 60 leaves per treatment. A total of 1,292 mites were found, belonging to three families, five genera, and six species. The major phytophagous mite species found were Mononychellus planki McGregor and Tetranychus urticae Koch, while the major predatory mites found were Neoseiulus transversus Denmark & Muma and Euseius concordis Chant.

Antioxidant status and their enhancements strategies for water stress tolerance in chickpea / Status antioxidante e suas estratégias de aprimoramento para tolerância ao estresse hídrico no grão-de-bico

Water stress executes severe influences on the plant growth and development through modifying physio-chemical properties. Therefore, a field experiment was designed to evaluate the antioxidant status and their enhancements strategies for water stress tolerance in chickpea on loam and clay loam soils under agro-ecological conditions of Arid Zone Research Institute, Bahawalpur (29.3871 °N, 71.653 °E) and Cholistan farm near Derawer (28.19°N, 71.80°E) of Southern Punjab, Pakistan during winter 2014-15. Experimental treatments comprised of two chickpea cultivars i.e. Bhakhar 2011 (drought tolerant) and DUSHT (drought sensitive), two water stress levels i.e. water stress at flowering stage and water stress at flowering + pod formation + grain filling stage including well watered (control) and two exogenous application of osmoprotectants i.e. glycine betaine (GB) 20 ppm and proline 10 uM including distilled water (control). Results indicated that water stress at various growth stages adversely affects the growth, yield and quality attributes of both chickpea cultivars. Exogenous application of GB and proline improved the growth, yield and quality parameters of both chickpea cultivars even under water stress conditions. However, superior results were obtained with exogenously applied GB on Bhakhar 2011 under well-watered conditions. Similarly, foliar spray of GB on chickpea cultivar Bhakhar 2011 under stress at flowering + pod formation + grain filling stage produced maximum superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase contents. These results suggested that application of GB mitigates the adverse effects of water stress and enhanced tolerance in chickpea mainly due to higher antioxidant enzymes activity, demonstrating the protective measures of plant cells in stress condition. Hence, antioxidants status might be a suitable method for illustrating water stress tolerance in chickpea.

O estresse hídrico exerce fortes influências no crescimento e no desenvolvimento das plantas, modificando as propriedades físico-químicas. Portanto, a presente atividade de pesquisa foi projetada para avaliar o status antioxidante e suas estratégias de aprimoramento para tolerância ao estresse hídrico no grão-de-bico em condições agroecológicas, no Instituto de Pesquisa da Zona Árida, Bahawalpur (29.3871 ° N, 71.653 ° E) e fazenda do Cholistan, perto de Derawer (28.19 ° N, 71,80 ° E), no sul de Punjab, Paquistão, durante Rabi 2014-15. Tratamentos experimentais compostos de dois genótipos de grão-de-bico, como Bhakhar 2011 (tolerante à seca) e DUSHT (sensível à seca), dois níveis de estresse hídrico, ou seja, estresse hídrico no estágio de floração, estresse hídrico na fase de floração e estresse hídrico na fase de floração + formação de vagem + estágio de enchimento de grãos, incluindo água bem controlada (controle) e duas aplicações exógenas de osmoprotetores, isto é, glicina betaína 20 ppm e prolina 10 uM, incluindo água destilada (controle). Os resultados indicaram que o estresse hídrico em vários estágios de crescimento afeta negativamente os atributos de crescimento, rendimento e qualidade de ambas as cultivares de grão-de-bico. A aplicação exógena de glicina betaína e prolina melhorou os parâmetros de crescimento, rendimento e qualidade de ambos os genótipos de grão- de-bico, mesmo sob condições de estresse hídrico. No entanto, resultados superiores foram obtidos com glicina betaína aplicada exogenamente em Bhakhar 2011, em condições bem regadas. Além disso, o spray foliar de glicina betaína na cultivar de grão-de-bico Bhakhar 2011, sob estresse na fase de floração + formação de vagem + enchimento de grãos, produziu o máximo de superóxido dismutase, peroxidase e catalase. Esses resultados sugeriram que a aplicação de glicina betaína atenua os efeitos adversos do estresse hídrico e aumenta a tolerância no grão-de- bico, principalmente pela maior atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, demonstrando medidas protetoras das células vegetais em condições de estresse. Portanto, o status de antioxidantes pode ser um método adequado para ilustrar a tolerância ao estresse hídrico no grão-de-bico.

Alternative products to control late season diseases in soybeans / Produtos alternativos para o controle de doenças de final de ciclo na soja

In the last crop seasons, the complex of late season diseases (CLSD) of soybean (Glycine max L. (Merrill)), has been causing considerable reductions in the crop yield. Currently, there are no cultivars resistant to all pathogens that causes CLSD. The present study evaluated the effect of applying the acibenzolar-S-methyl resistance inducer, alternative products and fungicide on the severity of CLSD in the soybean cultivar BMX Potência RR during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crops, in the field. The treatments for the experiments were: 1 - control (water); 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3 - calcium; 4 - micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc; 5 - micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum; 6 - nitrogen-potassium fertilizer; 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum and 8 - azoxystrobin + cyproconazole with the addition of the adjuvant. Four applications of alternative products and two of fungicide were carried out in both harvests. A diagrammatic scale assessed the severity of CLSD at the phenological stage R7.1. The acibenzolar-S-methyl resistance inducer, alternative products (macro and micronutrients) and A. nodosum had no effect on the severity of CLSD in the two harvests. The fungicide (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) reduced the severity of CLSD and prevented damage to productivity in both experiments.

Nas últimas safras, o complexo de doenças de final de ciclo (DFC) da soja (Glycine max L. (Merrill)), vem provocando reduções consideráveis no rendimento da cultura. Atualmente, não há variedades resistentes a todos os patógenos causadores das DFC. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação do indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-methyl, produtos alternativos e fungicida na severidade de DFC na cultivar de soja BMX Potência RR durante as safras 2013/2014 e 2014/2015, em campo. Os tratamentos para os experimentos foram: 1 - testemunha (água); 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3 - cálcio; 4 - micronutrientes: cobre, manganês e zinco; 5 - micronutrientes: manganês, zinco e molibdênio; 6 - adubo NK; 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum e 8 - azoxistrobina + ciproconazol com adição do adjuvante. Foram realizadas quatro aplicações dos produtos alternativos e duas do fungicida, nas duas safras. A severidade de DFC foi avaliada por escala diagramática no estádio fenológico R7.1. O indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-methyl, os produtos alternativos (macro e micronutrientes) e A. nodosum não apresentaram efeito sobre a severidade das DFC nas duas safras. O fungicida (azoxistrobina + ciproconazol) reduziu a severidade das DFC e evitou danos a produtividade nos dois experimentos.

Chemical profile, anti 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxegenase inhibitory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome, callus and callus treated with elicitors / Perfil químico, anti-5-lipoxigenase e efeitos inibitórios da ciclooxegenase do rizoma de gengibre (Zingiber officinale), do calo e calos tratados com elicitores

The present study investigated the chemical profiles and evaluated the inhibitory effect against 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activity for extracts of ginger rhizome, callus, and callus treated with the elicitors; yeast extract (100, 300 and 500 mg/L), glycine (100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and salicylic acid (100 and 200 mg/L). Oils and chloroform: methanol (CM) extracts were prepared by maceration in petroleum ether and CM (1:1, v/v), respectively. Chemical profiles were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Oil of the callus recorded higher 5-Lox inhibitory effect (IC50 58.33±4.66 µg/mL) than the oil of rhizome (IC50168.34±15.64 µg/mL) and comparable to that of the positive control; Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (IC50 61.25±1.02 µg/mL). The chemical profile of the callus oil contained large amounts of fatty acids, mainly the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (31.11%) and saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (28.56%). Elicitors modified the chemical profile of the callus and ameliorated the anti-5-Lox activity of CM extract of the callus. CM extracts of callus treated with 100 and 300 mg/L yeast extract and 50 mg/L salicylic acid significantly suppressed (P ≤ 0.05) the 5-Lox activity by 33.16%, 25.46% and 16%, respectively as compared to the CM extract of untreated callus. In conclusion, ginger callus could be considered as a valuable dietary supplement in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os perfis químicos e avaliar o efeito inibitório da atividade da 5-Lipoxigenase (5-Lox) em extratos de rizoma, calo e calo de gengibre tratados com os eliciadores; extrato de levedura (100, 300 e 500 mg / L), glicina (100, 200 e 300 mg / L) e ácido salicílico (100 e 200 mg / L). Extratos de óleos e clorofórmio: metanol (CM) foram preparados por maceração em éter e CM (1: 1, v / v), respectivamente. Os perfis químicos foram determinados por análise de cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa (GC / MS). O óleo do calo registrou maior efeito inibitório de 5-Lox (IC50 58,33 ± 4,66 µg / mL) do que o óleo de rizoma (IC50168,34 ± 15,64 µg / mL) e comparável ao do controle positivo; Ácido nordi-hidroguaiarético (IC50 61,25 ± 1,02 µg / mL). O perfil químico do óleo de calo continha grandes quantidades de ácidos graxos, principalmente o ácido graxo insaturado ácido oleico (31,11%) e ácido graxo saturado palmítico (28,56%). Os elicitores modificaram o perfil químico do calo e melhoraram a atividade anti-5-Lox do extrato de CM do calo. Extratos de CM de calos tratados com 100 e 300 mg / L de extrato de levedura e 50 mg / L de ácido salicílico suprimiram significativamente (P ≤ 0,05) a atividade de 5-Lox em 33,16%, 25,46% e 16%, respectivamente, em comparação com o extrato de CM de calo não tratado. Em conclusão, o calo de gengibre pode ser considerado um suplemento dietético valioso no tratamento de vários distúrbios inflamatórios.

Soybean meal particle size for pigs during the nursery phase / Tamanho da partícula do farelo de soja em suínos no período de creche

This study evaluated the effect of soybean meal (SBM) particle size on nutrient digestibility and the growth performance of nursery piglets. Sixty-three piglets (BW = 6.86 kg ± 0.56; 23 d of age) were distributed in a randomized block design (by initial weight and sex) with 3 dietary treatments: diets with 1,017 µm (unground); 585 µm; and 411µm SBM, with 7 replicates of 3 piglets each. All diets were offered ad libitum in mash form, formulated differently according to three growing phases: (1) with 20% of SBM, from 23 to 32 d of age; (2) with 25% of SBM, from 32 to 44 d of age, and (3) with 30% of SBM, from 44 to 63 d of age. For the first 21 d, pigs fed diets with a medium particle size of SBM (585mm) had better average weight gain and feed/gain ratio (P<0.05). The average feed intake, average body weight gain, and feed/gain ratio from 44 to 63 d improved (P<0.05) with increasing SBM particle sizes, and the average live weight for the overall period increased with coarser SBM (P<0.05). There was a marginally improvement (P < 0.1) on digestible energy as particle size of SBM decreased; although, no differences (P > 0.05) in the coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein for the assessed SBM particle sizes were observed. It was concluded that the grinding of dietary SBM is not required for piglets during the nursery phase.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tamanho da partícula do farelo de soja (FS) sobre o desempenho e digestibilidade de leitões no período de creche. 63 leitões (6,86 kg ± 0,56; 23 dias de idade) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um delineamento de blocos casualizados (peso inicial e sexo) entre os tratamentos. As dietas experimentais foram produzidas a partir de diferentes tamanhos médios de partículas do FS moídos ou não: 1,017 µm (sem moer), 585 µm (moído em peneira de 10 mm), e 411µm (moído em peneira de 3 mm), totalizando três tratamentos com sete repetições de três animais cada. Todas as dietas foram fornecidas na forma farelada e ad libitum, sendo divididas em três fases: 1) com 20% de FS, dos 23 a 32 dias de idade; 2) com 25% de FS, dos 32 a 44 dias de idade; e 3) com 30% de FS, dos 44 a 62 dias de idade. Nos primeiros 21 dias de experimento, os animais consumindo a dieta com o tamanho médio (585 µm) das partículas do FS apresentaram melhores resultados para o ganho de peso médio e conversão alimentar. No período seguinte (44 a 63 d), houve (P<0.05) aumento do consumo de ração médio, do ganho do peso médio e melhor conversão alimentar dos leitões conforme o aumento do tamanho da partícula de FS incluída na ração. Consequentemente, ao final do experimento houve melhora linear do peso vivo médio dos animais com o aumento do tamanho do FS consumido. Foi observado melhora marginalmente significativa (P < 0.1) da energia digestível conforme a redução no tamanho do FS, entretanto, não houve diferença (P > 0.05) no coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e da proteína bruta dos animais entre os diferentes tamanhos do FS. Em conclusão, de acordo com as condições deste estudo, não se faz necessária a moagem do farelo de soja para leitões no período de creche.