ABSTRACT
Background: Inflammation is a complex reaction to various injurious agents such as infections, trauma, foreign bodies, tissue necrosis, physical and chemical agents, that consists of vascular responses, migration and activation of leukocytes and systemic reactions. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are currently the most commonly prescribed drugs for treating pain and inflammation. The traditional NSAIDs usually cause various adverse effects on long term use. Gmelina arborea Linn (Gambhari) belongs to family Verbenaceae. The roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and bark are used for treating different ailments as anthelmintic, analgesic, anti-pyretic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, diuretic and other common disorders.Methods: The study was carried out by using inflammatory models in wistar rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of G. arborea was compared with standard drug aspirin. The study parameters for acute inflammation was assessment of reduction in inflammation & the percentage inhibition of the paw edema. The parameter for the sub-acute inflammation was percentage inhibition of the dry granuloma weight.Results: The low and high dose of G. arborea root extract significantly showed the anti-inflammatory activity when compared to control group. The high dose of G. arborea extract showed comparable results in parameters like reducing inflammation, percentage inhibition of paw edema and dry granuloma weight in acute carrageenan paw edema and sub-acute inflammation cotton pellet granuloma models with standard aspirin treated group.Conclusions: Since G. arborea root extract was having all the qualities required for anti-inflammatory drug. However, no clear inference can be drawn at this stage and hence we consider the work for further extensive research.
ABSTRACT
Aims: The leaves of Gmelina arborea (ROXB.) (Family Verbenaceae) are widely used in the folklore to treat various types of diseases. In this study, the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of different methanolic extracts and the derived subfractions of 90% methanolic extract of this plant were evaluated. Methodology: The antioxidant activity was carried out via three different quantitative assays as well as qualitative one. Total phenolic was determined via Folin-Ciocalteu and total flavonoid via AlCl3 assays. The cytotoxic activity was carried out via brine shrimp test and toward human cancer cell line; HepG2 using Sulphorhodamine-B assay. The 90% methanolic extract was fractionated using pet. ether then the 90% defatted methanol undergoes fractionation using (CHCl3, EtOAc and n-BuOH). Results: The antioxidant results showed that the; DPPH antioxidant activity was (19.20, 14.10 and 28.94 μg/ml); total antioxidant capacity was (412.69, 518.45 and 390.41; mg AAE /g extract); reducing power was (0.649, 0.715 and 0.396; 200 mg/ml) and total phenolic was (330.22, 400.66 and 244.76; mg GAE/g extract), respectively for 90% methanol, n-BuOH and EtOAc. The cytotoxic results showed that the; mortality of brine shrimp larvae (LC50) against different dosages of defatted 90% methanol, n-BuOH and EtOAc respectively was (158.48, 39.81 and 199.52; μg/ml) and the results of HepG2 assay showed that n-BuOH fractions have cytotoxic activity with IC50 ≤ 20 μg/ml (IC50 = 17.3 μg/ml) which falls within the American Cancer Institute criteria followed by 90% methanol and EtOAc (IC50 = 22.1 μg/ml). Conclusion: It was concluded that Gmelina arborea extracts possess a powerful antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.
ABSTRACT
Background: Gmelina arborea Roxb (Verbenaceae), also known as “Gambhari”, is an important medicinal plant in the Ayurveda. There are no meticulous scientifi c reports on effect of the plant on infl ammation and pain. Objective: To study the anti-infl ammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of aqueous extracts (AE) and methanol extracts (ME) of G. arborea. Materials and Methods: The AE and ME of stembark of G. arborea was prepared by cold maceration and Soxhlet extraction technique respectively. Anti-infl ammatory activity was determined in Wistar albino rats in a model of acute plantar infl ammation induced by carrageenan. The anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated by using hot plate test and writhing test in Swiss albino mice. Signifi cant differences between the experimental groups were assessed by analysis of variance. Results: AE and ME at dose of 500 mg/kg showed maximum inhibition in carrageenan induced infl ammation up to 30.15 and 31.21% respectively. In hot plate test, the AE and ME showed the maximum response of 8.8 ± 0.97 (P < 0.01) and 8.2 ± 1.24 (P < 0.01) respectively at dose of 500 mg/kg when compared with control. AE showed maximum inhibition of writhing response (84.3%) as compared to ME (77.9%) in writhing test at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Conclusion: The fi ndings suggested that G. arborea possess signifi cant anti-infl ammatory and anti-nociceptive activities.
ABSTRACT
Se realizó la inoculación de Azospirillum brasilense inmovilizado en microperlas de alginato y de los hongos Glomus manihotis y Glomus occultum en semillas de Gmelina arborea en tres grados de madurez. Las semillas inoculadas se sembraron en suelo y en turba compactada. Cuarenta y un días después de la siembra se determinó el efecto de los sistemas de siembra y de los microorganismos sobre la germinación. Cuarenta y siete días después del transplante a bolsa se determinaron las variables de micorrización y altura de las plantas. El sustrato de siembra (p<0.01) y la inoculación de A. brasilense (p<0.01) influyeron en la germinación de las semillas de G. arborea. Se presentó correlación positiva entre micorrización y la altura de las plantas durante el establecimiento en vivero (0.61 p=0.03). Además se presentó un efecto sinérgico de los microorganismos sobre la micorrización.
Seeds of Gmelina arborea at three different maturity degrees were inoculated with Glomus manihotis,Glomus occultum and Azospirillum brasilense immobilized in alginate microbeads. Inoculated seeds were sown in two different growing systems: soil and compacted- peat-Jiffy®. Forty-one days after sowing (das), the effects of growing system and microorganism application on seed germination were determined. Forty-seven das, mycorrhization percentages and plant height were evaluated. Results showed that the growing system and the inoculation of A. brasilense have a significant effect (p<0.01) on the germination of G. arborea seeds. A positive correlation between mycorrhization and plantheight was found during the initial stage of establishment in greenhouse conditions (0.61 p=0.03). In addition, there is a synergic effect of both types of microorganisms on mycorrhization.