Habilidades de comprensión y producción narrativa en niños montevideanos de 5 años. Una comparación por nivel socioeconómico / Narrative abilities in a group of Uruguayan preschoolers from different socioeconomic backgrounds

Resumen Este estudio caracteriza y compara las habilidades narrativas y el vocabulario receptivo de 54 preescolares montevideanos de nivel socioeconómico medio (NSM) y bajo (NSB). Los niños realizaron tareas de vocabulario receptivo, producción narrativa (en dos condiciones: manipulando títeres al contar la historia y sin manipularlos), y comprensión narrativa (recuento oral y preguntas posteriores a la reconstrucción). Las narrativas fueron transcritas, codificadas y analizadas en términos de super y macroestructura siguiendo la gramática de historias de Stein y Glenn (1979) (coherencia) y de microestructura (productividad y complejidad). Los niños de ambos grupos tuvieron un desempeño acorde a su edad en comprensión y producción narrativa, a pesar de que el grupo de NSM tuvo un mejor desempeño en vocabulario receptivo. Hubo diferencias en comprensión (cantidad de episodios recuperados y en la respuesta a preguntas) que favorecieron al NSM, pero no en la cantidad de categorías recuperadas ni en la extensión y complejidad del recuento. Para producción narrativa no hubo diferencias en secuencia narrativa, ni en la cantidad de episodios completos en ninguna de las condiciones, pero sí en cuanto a la complejidad sintáctica en la condición sin títeres. Los resultados muestran una relación compleja entre vocabulario y habilidades narrativas, dado que diferencias importantes en vocabulario no se reflejaron de manera homogénea en el desempeño narrativo. Estos resultados aportan a los debates actuales sobre el papel del vocabulario en el desarrollo de habilidades narrativas, así como a pensar la validez ecológica de las evaluaciones en el desarrollo cognitivo y lingüístico.

Abstract Narrative abilities are an important part of communication, academic success, and healthy relationships. These abilities involve complex language and cognitive skills, such as precise vocabulary, control of the coherence markers, relations of cause-effect, and planning. They are also relevant during the elementary school years and interact with the socio-emotional skills necessary to understand different points of view. Oral narrative production develops dramatically from 3 to 5 years of age and is a key factor in a child's ability to communicate about the world. During this period narratives are a product of increasing linguistic sophistication over the preschool period and there is a complex relationship between early narratives and language proficiency. So far, most research about this topic has been pursued in populations other than Latin American preschoolers. At the same time, a considerably lesser number of studies about narrative abilities development have been carried out comparing typically developing children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. To our knowledge, there are no studies in Uruguay that assess the narrative abilities development in typically developing preschool children who grow up in vulnerable contexts. It is therefore of the utmost relevance to produce empirical evidence for this population. For these reasons, this study aimed at characterizing and comparing narrative abilities and receptive vocabulary in a group of a total of 54 Uruguayan preschoolers from different socioeconomic backgrounds (middle and low socioeconomic status, SES). Children were assessed in receptive vocabulary and narrative abilities across two task conditions: (1) narrative comprehension through a story retelling task which included some final questions about the story; (2) narrative production elicited from a set of thematically related puppets. The examiner gives a child a puppet set and asks him/her to elaborate a narrative using them. After that, puppets are removed and the child is asked to retell the story without puppets. Children's oral productions were video-taped and then transcribed and categorized using the ELAN software (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 2019). The verbal information was categorized according to Stein and Glenn's (1979) story grammar and considering the microstructural aspects (productivity and complexity). Analyses showed that both groups performed according to their stage of development in both narrative task conditions. With regards to the narrative comprehension task, no differences in the number of recovered categories, extension, or narrative complexity were observed. Concerning the narrative production task, there were no differences between the groups in narrative sequences, nor in the number of completed episodes in conditions neither with puppets nor without puppets. Results showed that children who grow up in poverty perform more poorly than their peers from middle-income families in receptive vocabulary, in the number of recovered episodes, ask-answer items of narrative comprehension tasks. Moreover, concerning the microstructural parameters analyses showed that children from middle socioeconomic backgrounds scored better in syntactic complexity in the without puppets condition. No differences between the groups were observed in syntactic complexity in the puppets condition. Taken together these results indicate a complex link between vocabulary and narrative abilities. It is worth noting that important differences in vocabulary did not reflect in the children's narrative performance. These findings are also relevant as a contribution to an ongoing debate about the role of vocabulary in the development of narrative abilities. Furthermore, these results could inform the discussion about the ecological validity of the test of cognitive and linguistic development. Finally, to provide some additional evidence to Uruguayan Spanish language about the relationships between oral language and cognitive development allows to carry out early interventions before formal schooling sets children for success in school and life.

El vocabulario productivo y su relación con la gramática en niños hablantes de castellano peruano entre los 16 y los 30 meses / Productive vocabulary and its relationship with grammar in Spanish-speaking children from 16 to 30 months of age

Resumen Se examinaron datos provenientes de la evaluación del lenguaje de 104 niños con edades entre 16 y 30 meses residentes en Lima con una versión preliminar de la adaptación de la Forma II de los reportes parentales MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) al español del Perú. Se analizó el léxico productivo a partir de la lista de palabras del reporte y se realizaron análisis de regresión para evaluar si el nivel de vocabulario contribuía a predecir el desarrollo gramatical de los niños, empleando como variables de control la edad del niño y el nivel de escolarización materna (como indicador del nivel socioeconómico) y como variables dependientes la longitud media de los tres enunciados más largos (LME3) y la complejidad morfosintáctica (CM), obtenidas con el CDI. Los sustantivos fueron la clase de palabras más frecuente y que más aumentó con la edad, como en el italiano (Caselli et al., 1995; D'Odorico y Fasolo, 2007) y el español mexicano (Jackson-Maldonado et al., 1993). Además, el nivel de vocabulario predijo el nivel de desarrollo gramatical, como en el español peninsular (Mariscal y Gallego, 2012) y en el mexicano (Thal, Jackson-Maldonado y Acosta, 2000): una vez controlados los efectos de la edad y la escolarización materna, el vocabulario explicó el 20 % de la variabilidad de la LME3 y el 37 % de la variabilidad de la CM. Este estudio ofrece información sobre el desarrollo temprano del vocabulario y la gramática en el español del Perú, una etapa escasamente estudiada en esta variedad.

Abstract We present results from the analysis of data from 104 children with ages ranging from 16 to 30 months, living in Lima, Peru. The data was collected using a preliminary version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI), Form II, adapted to Peruvian Spanish. The CDIs are parental reports that assess language through the presentation of a series of items to the parents, mainly in the form of a checklist. We aimed to (1) describe the composition of Peruvian children's productive lexicon at this age, (2) identify whether nouns were the most frequent class in their vocabulary, and also the class which increased the most with age, as is the case in Italian (Caselli et al., 1995; D'Odorico y Fasolo, 2007) and Mexican Spanish (Jackson-Maldonado et al., 1993); and (3) assess whether vocabulary size explained the level of grammatical development as in Peninsular and Mexican Spanish (Mariscal & Gallego, 2012; Thal, Jackson-Maldonado & Acosta, 2000). In order to do so, we analyzed the following data: age; maternal education level (as an indicator of socioeconomic status); vocabulary (represented by a list of more than 500 words that parents recognized as produced or not by their children); the mean length of the three longest utterances produced by the child as reported by parents; and sentence complexity, a measure of the level of structures produced by the child based on the parent's report. To achieve the first and second goals, words in the vocabulary list were classified according to grammatical class. Then, the percentage of production of each class of words was calculated, as well as the correlation between this percentage and age. Children's vocabulary was composed mainly of nouns, which represented 57 % of the production, followed by predicates (verbs and adjectives) and function words (pronouns, determiners, prepositions, conjunctions and connectives). Noun was the class of words that increased the most with age, showing the highest correlation with such variable (r = .72). Correlations between other types of words and age varied: it was also high for adjectives; but moderate for some classes and low for others. This showed that each type of word increased at different rates. Regarding the third goal, to assess the relationship between vocabulary size and level of grammatical development, two regression analyses were conducted to predict the variables mean-length-of-the-three-longest-utterances and sentence-complexity. For both analyses, age and maternal education level were entered in the first step, in order to control for their effect; and vocabulary was entered in the second step. Both models accounted for substantial amounts of variance and showed an important effect on vocabulary. The model with the mean-length-of-the-three-longest-utterances as the dependent variable accounted for 56 % of the variance. The first step explained 37 % of the variance (due to the contribution of both age and maternal education level), and the second step explained an additional 20 %. The model with sentence-complexity accounted for a higher percentage of the variance, 75 %. The first step explained 38 % of the variance, exclusively due to age; while the second step explained an additional 37 %. These results suggest a strong relationship between vocabulary and grammar. Further research is needed to confirm these results with direct measures of child production and more representative samples of children acquiring Peruvian Spanish, including speakers of dialects of other parts of the country. However, these results, preliminary as they are, shed light on the composition of vocabulary and its relationship with grammar in a variety of Spanish scarcely studied during early stages of development.

Proposta de uma Gramática Visual para Descrição e Análise Composicional de Vídeos Digitais em Línguas de Sinais / Proposal of Visual Grammar for the Description and Compositional Analysis of Digital Videos in Sign Languages

RESUMO Com o advento da produção e ampla circulação de vídeos por meio da internet, os surdos ganharam um espaço novo e independente para expressão cultural, formando, nos últimos 20 anos, acervos digitais que configuram materialmente uma surdo-memória em línguas de sinais. Assim sendo, este artigo apresenta o mapeamento e a proposta de uma gramática visual para os vídeos didáticos e acadêmicos-culturais em línguas de sinais que circulam hoje em repositórios digitais, em especial o YouTube. O objetivo deste estudo é duplo: conceber uma representação icônica para os artefatos produzidos pela/para a comunidade surda no formato vídeo e apresentar um catálogo inicial de soluções visuais capturadas dessas produções, sistematizando-as para futuros autores e criadores de conteúdos. Metodologicamente, focamos na abordagem composicional utilizada na análise de 24 produções selecionadas e estudadas por nosso grupo de pesquisa ao longo do biênio 2017-2018. Como resultado do estudo, definimos sete elementos basilares constituintes e um conjunto de variações e relações possíveis entre eles, tomando por empréstimo e inspiração categorias inicialmente apresentadas por teóricos da imagem e das artes visuais, em especial Arnheim, Dondis e Leborg.

ABSTRACT With the emergence of production and wide circulation of videos through the internet, deaf persons have gained a new and independent space for cultural expression, forming, in the last 20 years, digital collections that materially constitute a deaf-memory in sign languages. Thus, this paper presents the mapping and proposal of a visual grammar for pedagogic and academic-cultural videos in sign languages that currently circulate in digital repositories, in particular, YouTube. This study has a twofold aim: to propose an iconic representation for video artifacts created by/for the deaf community and to present an initial catalog of visual solutions captured from these products, organizing them for future authors and content creators. In terms of methodology, we focus on the compositional approach used in the analysis of 24 productions selected and examined by our research group in 2017-2018. As an outcome of the study, we have defined seven constituent basic elements and a set of possible variations and relationships between them, borrowing, for inspiration, categories originally presented by image and visual art theorists, including Arnheim, Dondis, and Leborg.

Construction of database of growth environment of Dao-di herbs / 中国中药杂志

The Dao-di herbs are recognized as high-quality Chinese medicines with good medicinal properties. The factors of their growth environment affects the quality of Dao-di herbs. Choosing the right place to produce,rationally planting appropriate local medicinal materials,and improving the quality and yield of authentic medicinal materials are prerequisites for ensuring the steady development of Chinese medicine industry. In this paper,a knowledge model of the relationship between organic medicinal materials and growth environment factors was constructed by integrating the dataset of environmental factors of medicinal materials,and a knowledge base was constructed to provide a decision for the study of suitable medicinal materials under different environmental conditions. Based on this,it is expected to provide a platform for further research on the relationship between the medicinal properties of medicinal herbs and environmental factors.

The Extended Examination

@#The mind may be examined by using reflective communication which is also known as active listening. We pay attention to the modes, phases and channels of communication; the purposeful use of unusual grammar forms; and we also create discrepancies to destabilize the patient’s mind to get past his conscious mind and seek a deeper unguarded response from him or her. In the reflective communication, we validate, track and pace the patient’s thoughts, emotions and behavior. We express affirmation, empathy and sympathy and connection with the patient by use of mirroring, modelling and metaphors. Reflective communication skillfully used, helps the doctor to examine and understand the patient’s mind, and it also helps the patient to gain insight to his problem.

"Darse un gustito", cocinar y comer en familia. Villa La Tela, Córdoba, Argentina / "Taking a little taste", cooking and eating within the family: Villa La Tela, Cordoba, Argentina / "Experimentar um pouco de sabor", cozinhar e comer em família: Villa La Tela, Córdoba, Argentina

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en reconstruir la gramática culinaria de las cocinas familiares de Villa La Tela, Córdoba, Argentina. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa desde una matriz de lectura materialista e interpretativista. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron: recetario viajero, encuentros expresivo-creativos y entrevistas semi-estructuradas. El análisis de las fuentes primarias se realizó mediante la teoría fundamentada. La construcción analítica de la gramática culinaria familiar aquí propuesta presenta cuatro dimensiones relacionales: Carta de menús familiares (Comidas/bebidas frecuentes, Comidas in-imaginables de existencia, Comidas que generan curiosidad de ser probadas, Comidas consideradas no-comidas, Comidas que se extrañan, Sus modificaciones); Cocinero (Transmisión de los haceres/saberes culinarios, Rol asumido al cocinar, Criterios para elegir el menú, Sensibilidades asociadas al cocinar, Normativa impartida); Comensales (Niños como destinatarios, Adultos como destinatarios); La situación de compartir el espacio-tiempo de comer (Con un nos-Otros, Con un-Otro de clase, Significados del compartir la comida). Más allá de habitar un escenario de pobreza estructural, las familias vivencian la gramática culinaria como estandarte de lucha de su historia alimentaria-nutricional, implementarla es "darse un gustito". Además, aparece el cocinar como vía de escape de lo real dando rienda suelta a la mixtura perfecta entre la creatividad y el afecto.

Abstract This paper aimed to reconstruct the culinary grammar of the family's kitchens of Villa La Tela, Cordoba, Argentina. A qualitative study was conducted from a materilistic an interpretative key. The techniques used were: traveling recipe, expressive and creative meetings and semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the primary sources was performed using the grounded theory. The analytic construction of the family culinary grammar proposed here refers to four relational dimensions: Familiar menus card (Frequent Food/Beverage, Unimaginable meals, Food that generate curiosity to try it; Meals that area considered non-food, Missed meals and their changes); Cook (Transmission of doings and culinary knowledge, Cooking role assumed, Criteria for choosing the menu, Sensitivities associated with cooking, Given rules); Commensals (Children as receivers, Adults as receivers); The situation of sharing the eating's space-time (With us-Others, With-Other Classmates, The meanings of sharing food). Beyond inhabiting a stage of structural poverty, the culinary grammar is experienced by the families as a struggle banner for their food and nutrition history, and implementing means "taking a taste". In addition, cooking appears as an escape from the real world unleashing the perfect mix between creativity and affection.

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é reconstruir a gramática culinária das cozinhas familiares de Villa La Tela, em Córdoba, Argentina. Realizou-se investigação qualitativa a partir de uma matriz materialista e interpretativa. As técnicas utilizadas foram: receitas de viagem, encontros expressivo-criativos e entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise das fontes primárias foi realizada utilizando a teoria fundamentada. A construção analítica da gramática culinária familiar aqui proposta tem quatro dimensões relacionais: Carta de menus familiares (Comidas/bebidas frequentes, Comidas de existência in-imaginável, Comidas que geram curiosidade de ser provadas, Comidas consideradas não comidas, Comidas de que se sente falta, Suas modificações); Cozinheiro (Transmissão dos fazres/saberes culinários, Papel assumido ao cozinhar, Critérios para escolher o menu, Sensibilidades associadas ao cozinhar, Regulamento dado); Comensais (Crianças como destinatários, Adultos como destinatários); A situação de compartilhar o espaço-tempo de comer (Com um nos-Outros, Com um-Outro da turma, Significados de compartilhar a comida). Apesar de viverem em um local com pobreza estrutural, as famílias vivenciam a gramática culinária como estandarte de luta da sua história alimentar-nutricional, e implementá-la é "experimentar um pouco de sabor". Ademais, cozinhar surge como via de escape do real, dando rédea livre à mistura perfeita entre a criatividade e o afeto.

Algunas gotas de lógica en la niebla de las depresiones / Some Drops of Logic in the Fog of Depression

A partir de dos textos de semivulgarización, pero científicamente correctos, que rinden una mirada típica de la percepción académica de los fenómenos depresivos, nos esforzaremos en mostrar lo que implica el naturalismo médico espontáneo, que afecta al aspecto moral de los síntomas mentales, tomando el concepto de moral desde su uso común, alrededor de las reglas sociales y relacionales que componen el entramado de la civilización. Esta naturalización médica descalifica como epifenómeno este hecho: la dimensión intencional de los hechos psíquicos y también los casos en que la intención contenida en un estado mental cuenta como intención, es decir, justamente el caso en que este estado tiene valor moral; así es como se presenta la depresión, como un dolor moral. Por un lado, se muestra cómo una visión desconoce y rechaza esta intencionalidad en los estados depresivos, lo que arraiga la depresión en un estado neurobiológico, y por otro, otra que trata de recuperar esta intencionalidad a través de postulados evolucionistas, pero sin llegar a conseguirlo realmente. Es el desconocimiento de la gramática moral de las expresiones y de las emociones depresivas y de los actos como hechos simbólicos, que hacen desembocar en ilusiones naturalistas.

From two semipopularised, but scientifically correct, texts, that provide a typical look of academic awareness of depressive phenomena, an attempt will be made to show what spontaneous medical naturalism involves, including the moral aspect of mental symptoms. The concept of moral from its common use that circles around the social and relationalrules that make up the fabric of civilisation. This medical naturalism disqualifies, as an epiphenomenon, this fact: the intentional dimension of psychic facts, but also cases where the intention contained in a state of mind counts as intended, i.e. precisely the case where this state has a moral value. This is how depression is presented, as a moral pain. On the one hand, it is shown how a vision rejects and disavows intentionality in depressive states, rooting depression in a neurobiological state, and on the other, another one that tries to recover this intentionality through evolutionary postulates, but without actually achieving it. It is the ignorance of the moral grammar of depressive expressions and emotions, and of acts, as symbolic facts, that lead to naturalist illusions.

Transferencia de funciones sintácticas artificiales entre estímulos relacionados por equivalencia: Un estudio de potenciales cerebrales relacionados con eventos / Transfer of artificial syntax functions among equivalence - related stimuli: An event - related brain potentials study

La formación de clases de equivalencia entre estímulos ha sido propuesta en el campo del Análisis Experimental del Comportamiento como un prerrequisito conductual para el lenguaje. Adicionalmente, existe evidencia de que la transferencia de función entre estímulos equivalentes podría explicar la adquisición de estructuras sintácticas simples. No obstante, la simplicidad de las funciones sintácticas estudiadas no capturó la complejidad combinatoria de la gramática natural. Si la transferencia de funciones en clases de equivalencia es un modelo posible del desarrollo de estructuras gramaticales, debería ser verificado en contextos más válidos para el estudio del lenguaje. Los objetivos del trabajo realizado fueron los siguientes: (1) analizar la transferencia de funciones sintácticas en clases de equivalencia en un contexto válido para el estudio de la adquisición de reglas gramaticales, utilizando para ello el paradigma de gramáticas artificiales y (2) analizar los potenciales cerebrales relacionados con el procesamiento de esta transferencia de función, en secuencias gramaticales y no gramaticales. Se encontró evidencia comportamental de transferencia de función en un subgrupo de los sujetos experimentales. El potencial P600, típicamente asociado al costo de integración sintáctica en contextos lingüísticos, fue observado en estos sujetos ante: violaciones gramaticales con estímulos originales de la gramática artificial y secuencias con estímulos relacionados por equivalencia (gramaticales y no gramaticales). Se interpretó que el procesamiento de las secuencias artificiales implicó mecanismos neurobiológicos similares a los asociados a la sintaxis del lenguaje y que el patrón de actividad P600 observado puede ser explicado por el aumento del costo de integración de los estímulos al contexto previo.

Stimulus equivalence class formation has been proposed as a behavioral prerequisite for language within the field of experimental analysis of behavior. Additionally, there is evidence that transfer of function among equivalent stimuli may explain acquisition of simple syntactic structures. However these experiments analyzed sequence functions that did not capture the complexity and versatility of natural grammar. If transfer of function between stimuli that belong to the same equivalence classes is indeed a useful model for the development of grammatical structures, then we should be able to verify it in a more valid context for the study of language. Artificial grammar learning tasks have been applied to the study of several aspects of language acquisition, from word segmentation to phrase structure and syntax rules. Furthermore, it has been shown that patterns of brain activity during processing of artificial grammars resemble those observed in language syntax processing. In particular, structural violations of language sentences and artificial grammar sequences both activate Broca's area. Therefore, artificial grammars provide a valid paradigm to study the learning of syntactic functions. The main objectives of the current work were: (1) to analyze transfer of function within equivalence classes in a valid context for the study of syntax acquisition, applying the artificial grammar paradigm and (2) to analyze brain potentials related to the transfer of function in grammatical and ungrammatical sequences. Fifteen subjects were trained to form two three-stimulus equivalence classes and then performed an artificial grammar learning task. One stimulus from each equivalence class was included as an item in the artificial grammar categories. During a test stage, subjects were asked to classify new artificial grammar sequences as grammatical or ungrammatical, while their EEG activity was registered. Half of these new sequences were built using the original training items and the other half contained equivalence-related stimulus. Subjects were assigned to two groups according to their performance in this test stage. Those participants whose percentage of correct responses was above 50 % were considered to pass, while those below were assigned to the fail group. We found behavioral evidence of transfer of function in the pass subgroup. These participants were able to correctly discriminate grammatical from un grammatical sequences that were built using original or equivalence-related stimulus. Event-Related potential Analysis of the EEG signal indicated a posteriorly distributed positivity with a topography and time-course similar to the P600 potential. Within linguistic contexts, P600 is interpreted as the neural correlate of prediction and integration costs during syntax processing. It has been proposed that sentence comprehension depends on predictive mechanisms that combine lexical, semantic and syntactic information from linguistic input to anticipate future words. Processing of incoming stimuli is facilitated by pre- activation, allowing rapid integration to previous context. However, when the input does not match predictions, this integration becomes slower and more difficult, requiring additional neural resources. The P600 has been considered and index of increased integration costs, generated by unfulfilled predictions of word category and morphology based on previous context. In the present experiment, the P600 was observed after: grammar violations with the original artificial grammar lexicon and artificial sequences containing equivalence-related stimulus (both grammatical and ungrammatical). Results showed that artificial grammar processing involved neurobiological mechanisms that are similar to those associated in natural grammar processing. We interpreted the observed P600 pattern in terms of an increased stimulus integration cost, both in the case of grammatical and ungrammatical equivalence-related stimulus. Even though we consider that transference of function and equivalence class formations are by themselves insufficient to explain the complexity of natural grammar, we propose that this processes might be relevant to its acquisition and evolution, constituting a behavioral prerequisite for language development.

Cuantificación oracional en prospectos de enfermedades cardiovasculares crónicas: implicaciones para la literacidad en salud / Sentence quantification in leaflets of chronic cardiovascular diseases: implications for health literacy

Los prospectos médicos, en cuanto a folletos destinados al paciente, presentan lo que debiese ser información necesaria para el tratamiento del paciente. La información entregada, sin embargo, no siempre se presenta de manera clara y adecuada respecto a la literacidad del destinatario. Esa complejidad puede verse en diversos factores como la gramática, que será el centro de esta investigación, aplicada a folletos de enfermedades cardiovasculares crónicas. OBJETIVO: Observar la complejidad gramatical dentro de un apartado de los prospectos medicamentosos para revisar cuantitativamente las estructuras gramaticales, considerando que una mayor complejidad gramatical implica una mayor dificultad de lectura y comprensión. METODOLOGÍA: Para la investigación se extrae un apartado específico de los prospectos, el cual es común a todos los prospectos analizados. Tras la recolección del corpus y el análisis del mismo, se revisan las oraciones para cada muestra y desde la información recolectada se comienza el trabajo cuantitativo, para, finalmente, extraer resultados y conclusiones. RESULTADOS: Se presenta en los prospectos una alta densidad oracional, lo que implica una gran cantidad de información en una cantidad baja de estructuras, lo que tiene implicancias en la legibilidad y comprensión de los medicamentos. CONCLUSIONES: La alta cantidad de oraciones implica una baja legibilidad y una baja comprensión, lo que significa una baja aprehensión de la información por parte de los destinatarios más aún en casos como el deterioro psicoorgánico, lo que repercute en la literacidad en salud de los destinatarios.

Leaflets, as text destined to medical patients, show the information that should be necessary for the right treatment of the patients. The information given, otherwise, is not always displayed clearly and appropriate respecting the literacy of the receiver. That complexity could be seen in diferent factors as grammar, and this point will be the main objective of this investigation, applied to chronic cardiovascular diseases leaflets. OBJECTIVE: Leaflets, as text destined to medical patients, shows the information that should be necessary for the right treatment of the patients. The information given, otherwise, is not always displayed clearly and appropriate respecting the literacy of the receiver. That complexity could be seen in diferent factors as grammar, and this point will be the main objective of this investigation, applied to chronic cardiovascular diseases leaflets. METHODS: To this investigation, a section of the leaflets is extracted, common to every leaflet analyzed. After recollection of the corpus and his analysis, the sentences from every samples are reviewed and from the collected information the quantitative work starts, to, finally, extract the results and conclusions. RESULTS: Sentence high density is presented in the leaflets, which involves a lot of information in a small amount of structures, which have implications for readability and understanding of medicines. CONCLUSIONS: The high number of sentences implies a low readability and low understanding, which means a low seizure of information by recipients, especially in cases like the psycho-organic deterioration, which affects the health literacy of recipients.

Cómo se representa la información fonológica en el cerebro: una explicación en términos de las redes relacionales / Representation of phonological information in the brain: a n explanation in terms of relational networks

Gracias a la afasiología y a la neuroanatomía sabemos que hay dos sistemas fonológicos: la percepción fonológica (en el área de Wernicke) y la producción fonológica (en el área de Broca). Por otro lado, gracias a la lingüística sabemos que el sistema léxico-gramatical conecta los significados con la fonología. A partir de todo esto se espera mostrar que las redes relacionales permiten representar cómo se conectan los dos sistemas fonológicos, el léxico-gramatical y el semántico.

Thanks to aphasiology and neuroanatomy, it is known that there are two phonological systems: phonological perception (in Wernicke´s area) and phonological production (in Broca’s area). On the other hand, thanks to Linguistics, we know that the lexicogrammatical system connects meanings with phonology. On this basis, this report aims at showing the way in which relational networks allow us to represent how the two phonological systems, lexico-grammatical and semantics, are connected.

Aspectos práticos e contemporâneos da linguagem médica voltada para o imaginologista: armadilhas e erros comuns / Practical and contemporary aspects of medical language in diagnostic imaging: pitfalls and common mistakes

O intuito deste artigo é estimular o uso da língua culta pelos médicos que atuam na área de diagnóstico por imagem.

The purpose of this paper is to encourage the correct use of vocabulary in the field of diagnostic imaging.

Research on Effective Component Group Identification from Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula based on Entity Grammar Systems / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to explain the relationship between chemical component and therapy objective and to identify effective component group (ECG). The objective of this study is to build a new method to identify the ECG. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula and one of its treated diseases were selected as the re-search object. The entity grammar systems (EGS) were used as the theoretical framework. A grammatical method for ECG identification was constructed. The component-disease relationship was inferred and the ECG was identi-fied with these inference results. In this paper, 16 compounds which act to 12 proteins in Type 1 diabetes melli-tus (T1D) disease network were identified from Bai-Hu Tang plus Xiao-Ke Fang and 9 chemical compounds were determined as the candidate effective components group. The results indicated that this method can be used to identify ECG and provide a new way to elucidate the molecular mechanism of TCM formula.

Narraciones escritas en niños con Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje (TEL) / Written Narration in Specific Language Impairment (SLI)

El presente estudio examinó las narraciones escritas, así como la influencia de las variables lingüísticas sobre la competencia narrativa de los niños con Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje (TEL). Veinticinco niños con TEL y 25 niños con desarrollo normal del lenguaje, equilibrados en edad e inteligencia, realizaron una tarea de narración escrita. Los resultados indican que ambos grupos difieren en la producción de narraciones. Los niños con TEL no solo escribieron historias más cortas, sino también de menor organización y coherencia. Además cometieron significativamente más errores de ortografía natural y de sintaxis. Los análisis de regresión jerárquica mostraron que diferentes medidas lingüísticas -memoria secuencial auditiva, comprensión auditiva y expresión verbal- tienen un peso predictivo de la competencia narrativa.

The present study examined the written narrations and the influence of linguistic measures on narrative competence of children with specific language impairment (SLI). A narration task was used to assess narrative abilities in 25 children with SLI and 25 normally developing children, matched on age and IQ. Results indicated that the two groups did differ in the production of narratives. The children with SLI provided short narratives, poorly organized and less cohesive. Also, writings were characterized by more syntax errors and had high proportion of phonologically inaccurate spelling errors. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that different linguistic measures - auditory comprehension, verbal fluency and sequential auditory memory - played a predictive role in narrative competence.

Puntualizaciones sobre las estructuras lógicas y la elección de la paranoia en la obra de Sigmund Freud (en el período 1895-1911) / Analysis of the logical structures and the choice of the paranoia in sigmund freud's work (in the period 1895-1911)

En el proyecto de investigación sobre los momentos electivos en el tratamiento analítico de las neurosis, que llevamos adelante en el Servicio de Clínica de Adultos de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires¹, debido a la asidua consulta de pacientes psicóticos con que nos encontramos, hemos producido una ampliación de los objetivos de nuestro trabajo. Dicha ampliación incluye la consideración de los momentos electivos en los tratamientos analíticos de las psicosis. En el presente artículo, a modo de avance de dicha ampliación, consig- namos algunas de nuestras observaciones en relación a la elección de la paranoia en la obra de Sigmund Freud. Para ello, proponemos una lectura del "Manuscrito 'H'" y el trabajo sobre Schreber. Dicha revisión nos permitirá situar lo electivo en la paranoia, a través de las lógicas silogística y gramatical, pero situado en un punto exterior a ellas.

In the investigation's work on the elective moments in the analytical treatment of neuroses, which we are taking forward in the Service of Adults' Clinic of the Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, due to the high frequency of cases of psychosis that we found in our sample, we have produced an extension of the aims of our work. The above mentioned extension includes the consideration of the elective moments in the analytical treatments of psychosis. In this article, as an advance of the above mentioned extension, we record some of our observations in relation to the choice of the paranoia in Sigmund Freud's work. For it, we will analyze the "Manuscript 'H'" and the work on Schreber. This review will allow us to place the elective thing in the paranoia, across the syllogism's logic and the grammar's logic, but placed in an exterior point to them.

Developing JSequitur to Study the Hierarchical Structure of Biological Sequences in a Grammatical Inference Framework of String Compression Algorithms

Grammatical inference methods are expected to find grammatical structures hidden in biological sequences. One hopes that studies of grammar serve as an appropriate tool for theory formation. Thus, we have developed JSequitur for automatically generating the grammatical structure of biological sequences in an inference framework of string compression algorithms. Our original motivation was to find any grammatical traits of several cancer genes that can be detected by string compression algorithms. Through this research, we could not find any meaningful unique traits of the cancer genes yet, but we could observe some interesting traits in regards to the relationship among gene length, similarity of sequences, the patterns of the generated grammar, and compression rate.

El fenómeno de transferencia en gramáticas artificiales: efectos de la forma de entrenamiento / Transference in artificial grammar: effects of training procedures

En este trabajo se utilizó una gramática artificial, consistente en una serie de reglas que especifican posibles órdenes de secuencias de letras, para evaluar la capacidad de transferencia de los sujetos, esto es la extracción de estas reglas y su aplicación a patrones de letras novedosas. Para ello 57 sujetos se asignaron aleatoriamente a dos formas de entrenamiento: una estándar donde debían memorizar y transcribir las secuencias correctas (gramaticales), y otra donde debían discriminar por ensayo y error entre secuencias correctas e incorrectas (no gramaticales) mediante un procedimiento de realimentación. Con esta forma de entrenamiento se obtuvieron desempeños significativamente mejores que con el procedimiento estándar. Se discuten los resultados en el contexto de la aplicación de las gramáticas artificiales como paradigma experimental para el estudio de los procesos subyacentes a la adquisición del lenguaje.

In this work an artificial grammar has been used, which consists in a set of rules that specifies possible orders of strings of letters, to evaluate subjects ability to transfer the extracted rules and implement these to patterns of novel letters. 57 subjects were randomly assigned to two learning procedures: a standard one in which they had to memorize and transcribe the correct (grammatical) sequences, and one in which they had to discriminate between correct and incorrect (ungrammatical) sequences by use of a feedback procedure. Subjects trained with the feedback procedure had a significantly better performance than subjects trained with the standard one. These results are discussed in the context of the implementation of artificial grammar as an experimental paradigm for studying processes underlying language acquisition.

Fundamentos biológicos en la extracción de regularidades del habla / Biological foundations in the extraction of regularities from speech

Uno de los mayores problemas en el estudio del lenguaje es la comprensión de sus fundamentos biológicos. Una forma de abordar este problema que ha resultado efectiva es la de estudiar hasta qué punto compartimos con otros animales algunos de los mecanismos responsables de su procesamiento. En este artículo se presentan una serie de experimentos que demuestran que las habilidades para extraer regularidades rítmicas y estadísticas del habla están ya presentes en algunos roedores. A su vez, otros estudios sugieren que los animales también pueden procesar ciertas estructuras abstractas tradicionalmente ligadas a la gramática. Estos estudios apuntan en la dirección de que muchos de los componentes básicos del procesamiento lingüístico son compartidos a través de diferentes especies animales. Sin embargo, existe todavía un amplio abanico de fenómenos lingüísticos que deben ser estudiados desde una perspectiva comparada para determinar hasta qué punto el lenguaje humano hace uso de habilidades ya existentes en otros animales.

One of the major problems in the study of language is to understand its biological roots. An effective way to tackle this issue is to explore to which extent we share with other animals some of the mechanisms responsible for its processing. In this paper we present a series of experiments that demonstrate that the abilities required to extract rhythmic and statistical regularities from speech are already present in rodents. Other studies also suggest that some animals might be able to process certain abstract structures that have been traditionally linked to grammar. Together, these studies point towards the idea that many of the basic components of language processing are shared across different species. Nevertheless, there is still a wide array of linguistic phenomena that should be studied from a comparative perspective to determine the extent to which human language uses abilities found in other animals.

Normativización del Inventario del Desarrollo Comunicativo MacArthur-Bates al español, Colombia / Normativization to the Spanish-Colombia to the CDI- MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories

El Inventario del Desarrollo Comunicativo MacArthur- Bates (CDI Fenson, Marchman, Thal, Dale & Reznick, 2007) es un instrumento que permite evaluar de forma válida y confiable el desarrollo comunicativo y lingüístico de niños pequeños. Este estudio da cuenta del proceso de adaptación del CDI a los usos lingüísticos y al contexto cultural colombiano, así como su primera fase de baremación en la ciudad de Bogotá y sus alrededores. Los padres de 825 niños y niñas entre 8 y 30 meses de edad de diferentes estratos socioeconómicos, residentes en la ciudad de Bogotá y poblaciones aledañas, diligenciaron los inventarios adaptados para la población. El análisis estadístico incluyó medidas de confiabilidad y validez, las cuales avalan la consistencia interna y el valor predictivo de las escalas. Los resultados del presente estudio permiten identificar el ritmo evolutivo del proceso de adquisición del lenguaje en los niños colombianos, observando reorganizaciones y discontinuidades tal y como se reporta en otras adaptaciones del CDI.

The MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories- CDI (Fenson et al., 2007) is an instrument that allows a valid and reliable assessment of the communicative and linguistic development in young children. This paper describes the normalization process of the instrument to the language and cultural context of Colombia, as well as the first part of creation of the age-expected scores for the Capital city (Bogotá). The parents of 825 children, between 8 and 30 months from different socioeconomic backgrounds residing in Bogota's greater area, completed the adapted inventories. Statistical analysis included reliability and validity measures, which suggest internal consistency and a good predictive value for the scales version. Results allow the identification of developmental rhythms in language acquisition for colombian children, where discontinuities and reorganizations are the common note with different CDI adaptations around the world.

Solecismo de régimen o enfermedad de las preposiciones / Regime solecism or preposition disease

En el artículo se aborda lo relacionado con antecedentes de las preposiciones, características generales, clasificación, mal empleo (por adición, discordancia y supresión), neutralización y síntesis. En todos los casos se ejemplifica, lo cual es muy útil para poder discernir cuándo se está atentando contra la exactitud o pureza del idioma español por utilizar erróneamente esa partícula; pero se trata apenas de una aproximación al asunto, teniendo en cuenta que un problema tan complejo es imposible solucionarlo en unas pocas páginas, pues la norma lingüística vigente puede sancionar hoy ciertas palabras que tal vez se impongan mañana como válidas por el uso iterado de los hablantes.

The article deals with preposition background, general characteristics, classification, incorrect use (due to addition, disagreement or deletion), neutralization, and summary. Examples are shown in all cases, which is very useful to distinguish when it is attempted against the accuracy or purity of Spanish language because of the wrongly use of that particle. However, this is barely an approximation to the issue, taking into account that the problem is as complex as it is to solve it writing just a few pages; and then current linguistic rule can sanction nowadays some words that could be imposed perhaps tomorrow as valid due to the speakers´repeated use.

Resúmenes de textos: nuevos retos en la Web 2.0 / Text summaries: new chalenges in Web 2.0

Este artículo presenta un estudio preliminar de los fenómenos presentes en la Web 2.0, concretamente en blogs y cómo se reflejan en los correspondientes resúmenes generados. El principal objetivo es cuantificar en qué medida dichos fenómenos están presentes tanto en los blogs como en los resúmenes. La presencia de estos fenómenos en los resúmenes tiene como consecuencia directa la disminución de la calidad de estos, en criterios como la corrección gramatical o la coherencia de los resúmenes. Los resultados preliminares obtenidos muestran que los nuevos géneros textuales derivados de la Web 2.0 contienen un alto número de rasgos lingüísticos típicos que es necesario tratar con métodos y herramientas adecuadas para que dichos rasgos no se propaguen a otras tareas del Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural, en concreto, en este estudio, a los resúmenes de textos. Además, se proponen posibles soluciones para abordar el problema, con la finalidad de ayudar a que la calidad de los resúmenes no se vea afectada debido a la presencia de estos fenómenos.

This article presents a preliminary study of the phenomena present in Web 2.0,specifically in blogs and how they are reflected in the corresponding generatedsummaries. The main objective is to provide a measure of the occurrence of these phenomena in both blogs and summaries. The presence of these phenomena in the summaries has as a direct consequence in their diminishing quality in terms of grammar accuracy or coherence. Preliminary results obtained show that the new text genres derived from Web 2.0 contain a great quantity of linguistic typical traits which need to be tackled with appropriate tools for these traits not to propagate to other tasks of Natural Language Processing, in particular, in this study, to the textsummaries. In addition, possible solutions to address the problem are proposed, in order that the quality of the summaries might remain unaffected by the occurrence of these phenomena.