Estudio de Validez y Confiabilidad del Cuestionario de Gratitud-6 (GQ-6) en México / Validity and Reliability Study of the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) in Mexico

Resumen Las investigaciones han sugerido que las personas agradecidas son más felices, enérgicas y tienen mayor esperanza de tener experiencias positivas. A pesar de que el GQ-6 es un instrumento ampliamente utilizado para evaluar la gratitud, su estructura factorial no ha sido explorada en población mexicana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del GQ-6 en una muestra mexicana. Participaron 566 personas de población general de 18 a 67 años. El GQ-6 fue administrado junto con la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Afecto Negativo (PANAS) y el Test de Orientación Vital (LOT-R). Los resultados indicaron una estructura unifactorial con seis indicadores la cual mostró una buena bondad de ajuste y confiabilidad aceptable (α = .79); estos resultados se mantuvieron independientemente del sexo. Puede concluirse que el GQ-6 es un instrumento con buenas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar la disposición para experimentar gratitud en población mexicana.

Abstract Studies suggest that gratitude contributes to the development of prosocial behaviors and strengthens interpersonal relationships. Research has suggested that grateful people are happier, more energetic, and have a higher hope of having positive experiences. There are currently several instruments available to measure gratitude, with the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) being the most widely used. The GQ-6 is a self-report questionnaire with the objective of evaluating the willingness to experience gratitude, which is available in several languages and has been validated in different countries around the world. Its original six-item unifactorial structure has been replicated in several countries; however, a five-item unifactorial solution was more appropriate in some studies in the adult population. Despite the above, the factorial structure of the GQ-6 has not been explored in the Mexican population, so the objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the GQ-6 in a Mexican sample. It was an instrumental study through non-probability sampling. The sample consisted of men and women aged 18 to 67 years. Participants were 566 adults of the general population (64.6% women and 35.5% men) from different states of Mexico. The GQ-6 was administered together with the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). For the performance of EFA, the sample was divided in half randomly (N = 280). The analysis indicated a unifactorial structure with six indicators which explained 48.58% of the variance, which was maintained according to the sex of the participants (46.47% women and 46.66% men). Using the other half of the participants (N = 286), the CFA and the multigroup analysis were performed in relation to sex. The GQ-6 showed good fit and adequate internal consistency (α = .79) for both women (α = .77) and men (α = .76). Data on the convergent and divergent validity of GQ-6 showed a positive association with LOT-R (rs = .456, p < .001), Positive Affect (rs = .253, p < .001), and Negative Affect (rs = - .186, p < .001). Therefore, it can be concluded that GQ-6 is an instrument with good psychometric properties to evaluate the willingness to experience gratitude in the Mexican population.

Cuestionario de Gratitud-20 (G-20): evidências psicométricas e parâmetros de seus itens no Brasil / Gratitude Questionnaire-20 (G-20): psychometric evidences and parameters of their items in Brazil / Cuestionario de Gratitud-20 (G-20): evidencias psicométricas y parámetros de sus ítems en Brasil

Objetivou-se explorar os parâmetros psicométricos do Cuestionario de Gratitud por meio da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), utilizando o Modelo de Resposta Graduada. Para tanto, participaram 533 respondentes (M idade = 29,9), a maioria mulheres (67,7%). Inicialmente, checou-se a dimensionalidade da escala, que apoiou uma estrutura quadrifatorial (CFI = 0,99; TLI = 0,99). Os parâmetros dos itens foram realizados separadamente para cada fator, e os resultados indicaram que todos os itens discriminam adequadamente os participantes. Os itens do fator Reconhecimento de Dons exigiram uma maior quantidade de theta para serem completamente endossados e o fator Gratidão Interpessoal demandou menor quantidade de theta para ser a opção de reposta, talvez por ser melhor aceito socialmente. Estima-se que os objetivos do estudo foram alcançados, conhecendo evidências psicométricas de uma medida que avalia a gratidão numa perspectiva mais integradora, recomendando-se o seu uso em possibilidades futuras. (AU)

The aim of this study was to explore the psychometric parameters of the Gratitude Questionnaire through the Item Response Theory (IRT), using the Graduated Response Model. Therefore, 533 respondents participated (Mage = 29.9), mostly women (67.7%). At the beginning, we checked the dimensionality of the scale, which supported a quadratic structure (CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99). The parameters of the items were performed separately for each factor, and the results indicated that all items adequately discriminate participants. The items of the Gift Recognition factor required a greater amount of theta to be fully endorsed and the Interpersonal Gratitude factor required less amount of theta to be the answer option, perhaps because it is better accepted socially. It is estimated that the objectives of the study were reached, knowing psychometric evidence of a measure that evaluates gratitude in a more inclusive perspective, recommending its use in future possibilities. (AU)

Se objetivó conocer los parámetros psicométricos del Cuestionario de Gratitud por medio de la Teoría de Respuesta al Item (TRI), utilizando el Modelo de Respuesta Graduada. Participaron 533 sujetos (M edad = 29,9), la mayoría mujeres (67,7%). Inicialmente, se verificó las dimensiones de la escala, que apoyó una estructura cuadrifatorial (CFI = 0,99; TLI = 0,99). Los parámetros de los ítems fueron realizados separadamente para cada factor, y los resultados indicaron que los ítems discriminan adecuadamente a los participantes. Los elementos del factor Reconocimiento de Dons requirieron una mayor cantidad de theta para ser completamente endosados y el factor Gratitud Interpersonal demandó menor cantidad de theta para ser la opción de respuesta, tal vez por ser mejor aceptado socialmente. Se estima que los objetivos del estudio se alcanzaron, conociendo evidencias psicométricas de una medida que evalúa la gratitud en una perspectiva más integradora, recomendándose su uso en posibilidades futuras. (AU)

Cuidado e gratidão em relatos de parto de sites ingleses / Care and gratitude in birth stories in English websites

Resumo Neste trabalho, examino as percepções de mulheres sobre o cuidado recebido no parto através da presença ou ausência da gratidão em relatos de parto de dois sites ingleses. Nos relatos, nem sempre a gratidão é expressa e nem sempre ela se dirige à equipe de saúde - agradece-se às doulas ou aos próprios sites, cujos vídeos de preparação para o parto teriam sido importantes para uma experiência positiva. O bom cuidado no parto nesses relatos está associado a uma boa comunicação entre parturiente e midwife (parteira), especialmente nas informações recebidas sobre os procedimentos e sobre o que fazer ao longo do trabalho de parto. Assim, tanto nesses relatos quanto na literatura de saúde pública sobre o parto, a boa equipe é aquela que dá à mulher condições de tomar suas próprias decisões, de fazer suas escolhas informadas. Ao fazê-lo, empodera a mulher e reduz a assimetria na relação entre profissional e paciente. Ao contrário, informações contraditórias ou pouca informação podem produzir ansiedade e desconforto. Argumento, assim, que o sentimento de gratidão, ausente ou presente nos relatos de parto, ilumina as dinâmicas da assistência ao parto na Inglaterra, revelando o que se constitui um bom cuidado.

Abstract In this paper, I examine women´s perceptions of birth care through the presence or absence of gratitude in birth stories from two English websites. In these narratives, gratitude is not always expressed nor is it necessarily addressed to the health team - doulas or the websites themselves are thanked for helping prepare for childbirth and for a positive experience. Good birth care in these stories is associated with good communication between women and midwife, especially regarding the information they receive about the procedures and about what to do during labor. Thus, both in these narratives and in the public health literature on childbirth, a good care team is one that enables women to make their own decisions and informed choices. In doing so, it empowers women and reduces asymmetry in the professional-patient relationship. On the contrary, contradictory or little information can produce anxiety and discomfort. Therefore, I argue that the feeling of gratitude, absent or present in birth reports, illuminates the dynamics of childbirth care in England, revealing what constitutes good care.

The effects of gratitude interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Introduction Gratitude has several implications. Over time, a logical relationship has been established between gratitude and well-being. In addition, researchers aimed to establish associations between gratitude and other factors of positive feelings using scientific methods. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to develop gratitude and its benefits to human beings. Objective This study aimed to evaluate and quantify the available scientific evidence on interventions to acquire knowledge on gratitude as a quantifiable causal factor of benefit to human beings. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies that investigated the effects of gratitude interventions. MEDLINE, Embase, and Central Cochrane databases were searched in addition to gray (Google Scholar) and manual search. Two authors independently evaluated the titles and abstracts, and selected the studies that met the inclusion criteria. The searches were conducted between January and July 2022. Results Sixty-four randomized clinical trials were included. The meta-analysis demonstrated that patients who underwent gratitude interventions experienced greater feelings of gratitude, better mental health, and fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression. Moreover, they experienced other benefits such as a more positive mood and emotions. Conclusion The results demonstrate that acts of gratitude can be used as a therapeutic complement for treating anxiety and depression and can increase positive feelings and emotions in the general population. Prospero database registration: (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero) under the number CRD42021250799.

Gratitude, Life Satisfaction And Forgiveness Among Acid Attack Victims: Rehabilitation Through Three Good Things Intervention.

Violence against women is mostly done to show the dominance of the males over the females. Among the various forms of violence, acid attack has been a least researched area. The victims of acid attack are left with scars that they have to carry with them forever, and this leads them to unending trauma and physical pain. In this study, pre-assessment scores were taken from 25 acid attack survivors on the scales of gratitude, life satisfaction and forgiveness. An intervention was carried out with them, where they were asked to keep a daily-dairy, noting down 3-good things that happened to them during the day. After the 14th day, post-assessment scores were taken. Results showed that there was significant correlation between gratitude, life satisfaction and forgiveness in the post-assessment scores. There was also significant increase in the mean score of all the variables. These findings provide evidence for showing that gratitude intervention is effective in increasing the gratefulness, life satisfaction and forgiveness among the acid attack victims, despite their trauma and pain. This study involved a small, difficult-to-reach and often ignored sample. Moreover, implications for the effective use of this intervention with trauma survivors have been discussed.

Gratidão e individuação: revisão e reflexões / Gratitude and individuation: review and reflections / Gratitud e individualización: revisión y reflexiones

O presente artigo tem como objetivo abordar diferentes leituras a respeito da gratidão, traço emocional que já foi estudado por psicanalistas, pesquisadores da psicologia positiva e da personalidade humana. A autora articula essa diversidade de abordagens e propõe uma leitura analítica a respeito da gratidão como fator de saúde emocional, observando também que este mesmo traço pode adotar características sombrias que merecem discriminação. Ressalta a importância do trabalho consciente acerca da gratidão no caminho de individuação.

The current article intends to describe several approaches regarding gratitude, an emotional trait that has been studied by psychoanalysts, positive psychology and human personality researchers. The author reviews this diversity of approaches and proposes an analytical discussion on gratitude as an aspect of emotional health, observing that it can also adopt shadowy characteristics that deserve discrimination. It emphasizes the importance of conscious work on gratitude in the path of individuation.

Este artículo pretende abordar diferentes lecturas sobre la gratitud, un rasgo emocional que ya ha sido estudiado por psicoanalistas, investigadores de la psicología positiva y de la personalidad humana. La autora articula esta diversidad de enfoques y propone una lectura analítica sobre la gratitud como factor de salud emocional, advirtiendo también que este mismo rasgo puede adoptar características oscuras que merecen discriminación. Destaca la importancia del trabajo consciente sobre la gratitud en el camino de la individuación.

Evidência de validade da Escala Brasileira de Gratidão (B-GRAT) na psicologia positiva / Evidence of validity of Brazilian Scale of Gratitude (B-GRAT), in positive psychology / Evidencia de validez de la Escala Brasileña de Gratitud (B-GRAT), en psicología positiva

Gratidão é um estado mental positivo de agradecimento por experiências de vida, adversas ou de risco, vinculadas à memória das lembranças afetivas que aumentam o bem-estar subjetivo. Foi desenvolvida uma escala brasileira com o objetivo de mensurar o construto da gratidão, definida para esta pesquisa. A escala original com 13 itens, construída e revisada com base nos padrões internacionais, foi preenchida por 762 participantes (625 mulheres, 82%; 137 homens), entre 18 e 90 anos, M = 41, DP = 13. A análise fatorial exploratória extraiu sete itens com estrutura interna unidimensional, resultando na Escala Brasileira de Gratidão (B-GRAT). A análise fatorial confirmatória, pela matriz de correlações policóricas demonstrou índice adequado para o modelo testado e consistência interna de a = 0,84. Foi testada a correlação de Pearson com a Escala de Esperança Disposicional. Os resultados indicam evidência da adequação psicométrica da B-GRAT na avaliação da gratidão no Brasil. (AU)

Gratitude is a positive mental state of gratefulness for adverse or risky life experiences related to affective memories that improve the subjective well-being. A new scale was developed aiming to produce an instrument for the assessment of gratitude. An original pool of 13 items, constructed and reviewed using accurate standards, was responded to by 762 participants (242 females, 72.5%; 88 males), aged 18-90 years, M = 41, SD = 13. An Exploratory Factor Analysis concluded with the selection of 7 items that presented an internal unidimensional structure, resulting in the Brazilian scale of Gratitude (B-GRAT). Confirmatory Factor Analysis using the polychoric correlations matrix showed an adequate fit of the model and an internal consistency de α = 0.84. The concurrent validity with the Hope Index Scale was checked by means of Pearson's correlation. The results indicate evidence that the B-GRAT is psychometrically adequate to assess gratitude in Brazil. (AU)

La gratitud es un estado mental positivo de agradecimiento por las experiencias de la vida, adversas o arriesgadas, relacionadas con la memoria afectiva que aumentan el bienestar subjetivo. Se desarrolló una escala brasileña con el propósito de medir el constructo de gratitud, definido para esta investigación. La escala original con 13 ítems, construida y revisada según los estándares internacionales, fue completada por 762 participantes (625 mujeres, 82%, 137 hombres), entre 18 y 90 años, M = 41, DS = 13. El análisis factorial exploratorio reveló 7 ítems con una estructura interna unidimensional, lo que resultó en la Escala de Gratitud Brasileña (B-GRAT). El análisis factorial confirmatorio, por la matriz de correlaciones policóricas, presentó un índice adecuado para el modelo probado y una consistencia interna de α= 0.84. La correlación de Pearson fue probada con la escala de esperanza disposicional. Los resultados indican evidencia de la adecuación psicométrica de B-GRAT en la evaluación de la gratitud en Brasil. (AU)

Gratidão no contexto brasileiro: mensuração e relações com personalidade e bem-estar / Gratitude in the Brazilian context: measurement and relationship with personality and well-being / Gratitud en el contexto brasileño: medición y relación con la personalidad y el bienestar

Pesquisas sobre gratidão têm se mostrado cada vez mais frequentes, sobretudo, devido às suas relações com o bem-estar. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi adaptar e buscar evidências de validade para o Brasil de uma medida de gratidão, o Gratitude Questionnaire. Foram realizados procedimentos controlados de tradução e aplicou-se o instrumento em 916 adultos, média de idade de 37 anos, predominantemente com ensino superior completo. Os resultados revelaram adequação dos dados à estrutura de um fator do instrumento, com adequada consistência interna e itens altamente discriminativos. As correlações entre gratidão e demais variáveis mostraram-se de acordo com o esperado teoricamente: positivas com autoestima, otimismo, satisfação de vida e afeto positivo. A gratidão ainda explicou o bem-estar subjetivo para além dos fatores de personalidade. O instrumento mostrou satisfatórias evidências de validade no contexto brasileiro, contudo, observou-se que ele carece de itens que cubram o espectro mais alto do traço latente. (AU)

Studies on gratitude are becoming increasingly frequent, mainly because of its relationship with well-being. The aim of this study was to adapt an instrument of gratitude, the Gratitude Questionnaire, and to seek evidence of its validity for Brazil. Controlled translation procedures were performed, and the instrument was applied to 916 adults, mean age 37 years, predominantly with higher education level. The results revealed adequacy of the data for a single factor structure of the instrument, with satisfactory reliability, and highly discriminative items. The correlations between gratitude and other variables were as theoretically expected: Positive with self-esteem, optimism, life satisfaction, and positive affect. Gratitude also explained subjective well-being beyond personality factors. The instrument showed satisfactory evidence of validity in the Brazilian context; however, it was observed that it lacks items that cover the higher spectrum of the latent trait. (AU)

Las investigaciones sobre la gratitud han sido cada vez más comunes, especialmente debido a sus relaciones con el bienestar. El objetivo de esta investigación fue adaptar y buscar evidencias de validez de un instrumento de gratitud, el Gratitude Questionnaire, para ser utilizado en Brasil. Se realizaron procedimientos de traducción controlados y se aplicó el instrumento a 916 adultos, con una edad media de 37 años, predominantemente con un nivel de educación superior. Los resultados revelaron la adecuación de los datos a la estructura de un factor del instrumento, con confiabilidad satisfactoria e ítems altamente discriminantes. Las correlaciones entre la gratitud y las demás variables fueron las esperadas: positivas con autoestima, optimismo, satisfacción con la vida, y afecto positivo. La gratitud también explica el bienestar subjetivo más allá de los factores de personalidad. El instrumento presentó satisfactoria evidencia de validez en el contexto brasileño; sin embargo, se observó que carece de elementos que cubran el espectro más alto del rasgo latente. (AU)

Positive Personal Qualities and Depression

The article describes the results of studying the relationship between positive personal qualities and depression, as an antagonist of positive parameters. The following positive characteristies were studied: subjective well-being, happiness, hope, subjective success of activity, the ability to determine life goals, emotional maturity, the ability to comprehend the present, satisfaction with life, desire and initiative for personal growth, inclination to curiosity and research, motivation to seek satisfaction with marriage. The level of depression was also measured. Positive characteristics and contrasted depression show correlations among themselves, which indicates a general factor of positivity. A positive person is positive in all spheres of life and at the same time does not show any depressive manifestations. In general, depressivity is antagonistic to a person's positivity (AU)

"Obrigado por existir": um estudo psicanalítico acerca do sentimento de gratidão nas relações amorosas / "Thanks for existing": a psychoanalytic study about the feeling of gratitude in love relationships / "Gracias por existir": un estudio psicoanalítico acerca del sentimiento de gratitud en las relaciones amorosas

O presente artigo objetiva compreender e investigar os sentidos atribuídos ao sentimento de gratidão por sujeitos que vivenciam a experiência de uma relação amorosa na atualidade. Esse estudo baseia-se numa pesquisa qualitativa que empregou a entrevista semidirigida como instrumento de coleta de dados, visando refletir acerca da presença e do desenvolvimento da gratidão em meio às relações amorosas em que se encontram os sujeitos no contemporâneo. Os resultados expressaram dúvidas e questionamentos, mostrando a gratidão como um sentimento difícil de ser pensado e experienciado, mas que também figura como algo presente e de grande importância na vida e relações desses sujeitos (AU).

This article aims to understand and investigate the meanings attributed to the feeling of gratitude by subjects who experience the experience of a loving relationship. This study is based on a qualitative research that used the semi-structured interview as an instrument of data collection, aiming to reflect about presence and development of gratitude in the midst of the fragile relationships that contemporary subjects find themselves. The results expressed doubts and questions, showing the gratitude as a difficult feeling to be thought as well as experienced, but which also appears as something present and of great importance in the life and relationships of these subjects (AU).

En este artículo se pretenden comprender e investigar los sentidos atribuidos al sentimiento de gratitud por sujetos que experimentan la experiencia de una relación amorosa. Este estudio se basa en una investigación cualitativa que empleó la entrevista semidirigida como instrumento de recolección de datos, para reflejar la presencia y el desarrollo de la gratitud en medio de las relaciones frágiles que se encuentran los sujetos contemporáneos. Los resultados expresaron dudas y cuestionamientos, mostrando la gratitud como un sentimiento difícil de ser pensado, pero que también figura como algo presente y de gran importancia en la vida y relaciones de esos sujetos (AU).

Versión Argentina de la Escala de Gratitud de Alarcón / Alarcon's Argentine Gratitude Scale

Resumen Objetivo: La investigación tuvo como fin la adaptación para adultos argentinos de la Escala de Gratitud de Alarcón (EG). Método: La EG se administró a 923 participantes (65% mujeres) cuya media de edad fue de 31 años. Se separó la muestra en dos partes en forma aleatoria. Con una de las submuestras se realizó un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) mientras que sobre la otra submuestra se corroboró la estructura hallada en el AFE mediante un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC). El AFE se efectuó mediante el método de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados robustos para la extracción de los factores con base en la matriz de correlaciones policóricas y la implementación óptima del análisis paralelo para la determinación del número de dimensiones. El AFC también se basó en la matriz de correlaciones policóricas, estimándose los parámetros con el método de mínimos cuadrados ponderados robustos. Resultados: Mientras que la estructura factorial de EG era tridimensional, los puntajes de la versión argentina mostraron evidencias de unidimensionalidad. Un modelo monofactorial de 12 ítems describió el 51,28% de la varianza. El alfa ordinal fue de 0,91. Se exploraron relaciones entre el puntaje en gratitud y las variables sociodemográficas género, edad, zona de residencia y nivel máximo de educación alcanzado. Se obtuvieron evidencias de validez convergente con la Versión Argentina de la Escala de Eratitud de Lima de Alarcón y la Escala de Conducta Prosocial de Auné, Abal y Attorresi. Conclusiones: Se concluye que las propiedades psicométricas evidenciadas en el AFE y en el AFC así como el resultado del análisis de la validez convergente de la versión argentina de la EG resultan adecuados. Dada la relación negativa de la gratitud con el neuroticismo, la depresión y la tasa de suicidio, esta escala puede ser utilizada en intervenciones de corte clínico y psicosocial. Al ser unidimensional, el puntaje total de la escala es el puntaje en gratitud, siendo así muy sencilla para administrar y puntuar.

Abstract Objective: In this paper the Alarcon's Gratitude Scale (GS) adapted for Argentinian adults is showed. Method: The GS was administered to 923 participants that were sampled as follows: 65% were women with an average age of 31. The sample was randomly divided in two groups. An Exploratory method of Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted using one of the sub-samples, at the same time, through a Confirmatory method of Factor Analysis (CFA) the other group's structure results from EFA were corroborated. Also, in order to get factors, based on the polychoric correlation matrix and the optimal implementation of parallel analysis, for determining the number of dimensions, weighted least squares method (EFA) were used; taking into account that parameters were estimated through weighted least squares method. The EFA was based on the polychoric correlation matrix. Results: While the factorial structure of the GS was three-dimensional, the scores got from Argentine version showed evidences of uni-dimensionality. A 12 items single factor model showed 51,28% of variance and ordinal alpha was 0,91. Relationships between the gratitude score and socio-demographic variables such as gender, age, place of residence and maximum level of education reached were explored, showing as results evidence of convergent validity between the Argentine version of Alarcon's Gratitude Scale of Lima and Auné, Abal and Attorresi's Social Behavior Scale. Conclusions: It is concluded that the psychometric properties evidenced in the EFA and in the CFA as well as the result of the analysis of the convergent validity of the Argentine version of the GS are adequate. Given the negative relationship of gratitude with neuroticism, depression and suicide rate, this scale can be used in clinical and psychosocial interventions. Being one-dimensional, the total score of the scale is the score in gratitude, thus being very easy to administer and score.

Da criatividade às criações: uma viagem na companhia de Winnicott, Bion, De M'Uzan e Anzieu / From creativity to creations: a journey in the company of Winnicott, Bion, de M'Uzan, and Anzieu / De la creatividad a las creaciones: un viaje en compañía de Winnicott, Bion, de M'Uzan y Anzieu / De la créativité aux créations: un voyage en compagnie de Winnicott, Bion, de M'Uzan et Anzieu

A partir da questão da criatividade, tal como pode ser identificada no pensamento de Winnicott e de Bion, apresentaremos algumas ideias sobre a criação - a decolagem criativa -, tomando por interlocutores os psicanalistas franceses Michel de M'Uzan e Didier Anzieu. Trabalharemos com a criação nas artes, na literatura, nas ciências e nas próprias teorias psicanalíticas. Veremos como a inveja inconsciente extravia ou obstrui o processo criativo.

Starting from the issue of creativity as it may be identified in Winnicott's and Bion's thinking, we will present some ideas on creation - a creative takeoff - by using the French psychoanalysts Michel de M'Uzan and Didier Anzieu as interlocutors. We will work with creation in the Arts, Literature, Science, and Psychoanalytic Theories. We will also examine how unconscious envy misleads or obstructs the creative process.

A partir del tema de la creatividad, tal como se puede identificar en los pensamientos de Winnicott y Bion, presentaremos algunas ideas sobre la creación - el despegue creativo - tomando como interlocutores a los psicoanalistas franceses Michel de M'Uzan y Didier Anzieu. Vamos a trabajar con la creación en las artes, la literatura, la ciencia y en las teorías psicoanalíticas. También veremos cómo la envidia inconsciente extravía, u obstruye, el proceso creativo.

À partir de la question de créativité, comme on peut l'identifier dans les idées de Winnicott et Bion, présenterons quelques idées concernant la création - le décollage créatif - en prenant comme interlocuteurs les psychanalystes français Michel de M'Uzan et Didier Anzieu. Nous travaillerons avec la création dans les arts, la littérature, la science et les théories psychanalytiques. Nous verrons aussi comment l'envie inconsciente peut égarer ou obstruer le processus de création.

The moderating effect of trait gratitude between discrimination perception and social anxiety in the left-behind children / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective@#To explore the relationship of discrimination perception and social anxiety of the left-behind children, focusing on the moderating effect of trait gratitude.@*Methods@#Totally 588 left-behind children were investigated with discrimination perception questionnaire, gratitude questionnaire and Liebowitz social anxiety questionnaire. Data were analyzed by independent t test, correlation analysis and regression analysis.@*Results@#There was a significant difference in group discrimination between the only child (2.11±0.98) and the non-only child (2.28±0.93) (t=-2.11, P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that trait gratitude (4.93±0.89) was negatively correlated with individual discrimination (2.53±1.03) and group discrimination (2.22±0.95) (r=-0.55, r=-0.56, both P< 0.05), furtherly negatively correlated with fear of negation (0.85±0.47) and social avoidance (0.81±0.53) dimensions of social anxiety (r=-0.47, r=-0.48, both P<0.05). Additionally, discrimination perception was positively correlated with social anxiety (r=0.61, P<0.05). Regression analysis showed that discrimination perception could significantly predict social anxiety (β=0.44, P<0.01), and trait gratitude could significantly moderate this effect (β=-0.75, P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Discrimination perception can positively predict social anxiety, and trait gratitude can moderate this effect.

The moderating effect of trait gratitude between discrimination perception and social anxiety in the left-behind children / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the relationship of discrimination perception and social anxiety of the left-behind children,focusing on the moderating effect of trait gratitude. Methods Totally 588 left-be-hind children were investigated with discrimination perception questionnaire, gratitude questionnaire and Liebowitz social anxiety questionnaire. Data were analyzed by independent t test,correlation analysis and re-gression analysis. Results There was a significant difference in group discrimination between the only child (2. 11±0. 98) and the non-only child (2. 28±0. 93) (t=-2. 11,P<0. 05). Correlation analysis showed that trait gratitude (4. 93± 0. 89) was negatively correlated with individual discrimination ( 2. 53 ± 1. 03) and group discrimination (2. 22±0. 95) (r=-0. 55,r=-0. 56,both P< 0. 05),furtherly negatively correlated with fear of negation (0. 85±0. 47) and social avoidance (0. 81±0. 53) dimensions of social anxiety ( r=-0. 47,r=-0. 48,both P<0. 05). Additionally,discrimination perception was positively correlated with so-cial anxiety (r=0. 61,P<0. 05). Regression analysis showed that discrimination perception could significant-ly predict social anxiety (β=0. 44,P<0. 01),and trait gratitude could significantly moderate this effect (β=-0. 75,P<0. 01). Conclusion Discrimination perception can positively predict social anxiety,and trait gratitude can moderate this effect.

Adaptation and validation of the gratitude questionnaire GQ-6 for the Ecuadorian context / Adaptação e validação do questionário de gratidão GQ-6 para o contexto equatoriano / Adaptación y validación del cuestionario de gratitud GQ-6 para el contexto ecuatoriano

This paper evaluates the factor structure, reliability and validity of the gratitude scale (GQ-6) of McCullough, Emmons and Tsang (2002) and the five-item version proposed by Chen et al. (2009). Results of a sample of 1112 adults show that the fiveitem version has excellent internal consistency (α=.926; ω=.891; GLB=.913); high and significant factor loadings (greater than .8; p<.01), and excellent goodness of fit indexes (χ²(5)=23.837, p<.001; CFI=.997; TLI=.995; RMSEA=.082, p=.045; SRMSR=.035; WRMSR=.837). The criterion validity was evaluated applying subscales of the PERMA-Profiler: positive emotions (ρ=.5702, p=.021) and negative emotions (ρ=-.1786, p=.0316). Finally, we find psychometric equivalence between the sex of the participants. In conclusion, the five-item questionnaire is valid and reliable in the Ecuadorian context. (AU)

Este estudo avalia a estrutura fatorial, a confiabilidade e a validade da Escala de Gratidão (GQ-6) de McCullough, Emmons e Tsang (2002) e a versão de cinco itens proposta por Chen et al. (2009). Resultados de uma amostra de 1.112 adultos mostram que a versão de cinco itens tem excelente consistência interna (α=0,926; ω=0,891; GLB=0,913); cargas fatoriais altas e significativas (maior que 0,8; p<0,01), e excelentes índices de qualidade de ajuste (χ²(5)=23,837, p<0,001; CFI=0,997; TLI=0,995; RMSEA=0,082, p=0,045; SRMSR=0,035; WRMSR=0,837). A validade de critério foi avaliada aplicando-se subescalas do PERMA-Profiler: emoções positivas (ρ=0,5702, p=0,021) e emoções negativas (ρ=-0,1786, p=0,0316). Finalmente, encontra-se equivalência psicométrica entre o sexo dos participantes. Em conclusão, o questionário de cinco itens é válido e confiável no contexto equatoriano. (AU)

Este estudio evalúa la estructura factorial, la confiabilidad y la validez de la escala de gratitud (GQ-6) de McCullough, Emmons y Tsang (2002) y la versión de cinco ítems propuesta por Chen et al. (2009). Resultados de una muestra de 1112 adultos indican que la versión de cinco ítems tiene excelente consistencia interna (α=.926; ω=.891; GLB=.913); cargas factoriales altas y significativas (mayores a .8; p < .01), y excelentes índices de calidad de ajuste (χ²(5)=23.837, p<.001; CFI=.997; TLI=.995; RMSEA=.082, p=.045; SRMSR=.035; WRMSR=.837). La validez de criterio se evaluó aplicando subescalas del PERMA-Profiler: emociones positivas (ρ=.5702, p=.021) y emociones negativas (ρ=-.1786, p=.0316). Finalmente, se ha encontrado equivalencia psicométrica entre el sexo de los participantes. En conclusión, el cuestionario de cinco ítems es válido y fiable en el contexto ecuatoriano. (AU)

Relation of Gratitude Disposition, Organizational Intimacy and Organizational Well-being on Comprehensive Nursing Service Units of Nurses / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between gratitude disposition, organizational intimacy, and organizational well-being among nurses on comprehensive nursing service units. METHODS: This study was a descriptive correlation study. Participants were 150 nurses working in comprehensive nursing service units. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 program. RESULTS: Gratitude disposition correlated positively with organizational intimacy (r=.53, p<.001) and organizational well-being (r=.59, p<.001). Gratitude disposition and organizational intimacy were factors affecting organizational well-being. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest organizational well-being can be increased by enhancing gratitude disposition and organizational intimacy. Further study is needed to develop and test for application, a gratitude and organizational intimacy promotion program for nurses on comprehensive nursing service units.

História de uma análise interrompida / Story of an interrupted psychoanalysis / Historia de un análisis interrumpido / Histoire d'une psychothérapie interrompue

A brusca interrupção de um processo analítico remete o autor a uma reflexão, em que constata indícios de hostilidade surgidos no vínculo com o paciente, ressaltando-se a importância do binômio inveja-gratidão. O analista correlaciona aspectos de inveja e ressentimento, experimentados pelo analisando, com o comprometimento da capacidade de sonhar a dois e o prejuízo para a evolução do trabalho. Aborda ainda a teorização sobre a função desobjetalizante como elemento essencial para uma compreensão atual do conceito de pulsão de morte.

The sudden interruption of a psychoanalytic process leads the author to this written reflection. He notices evidences of hostility which has arisen from his relationship with the patient. The author highlights the importance of the envy- gratitude binomial. He relates the feelings of envy and resentment the patient experiences to the hindering of their abitlity to “dream together”, and therefore, the hindering of the analytic work and its progress. The author deals with the theory of the disobjectalizing function as a vital element to today's comprehension of the concept of death drive.

La interrupción brusca de un análisis remite al autor a una reflexión en la que constata indicios de hostilidad surgidos en el vínculo, señalando la importancia del binomio envidia-gratitud. El analista correlaciona aspectos de envidia y resentimiento, experimentados por el paciente, que compromete la capacidad de “soñar a dos” y el perjuicio para la evolución del trabajo. Aborda también la teorización sobre la función desobjetalizante como elemento esencial para una comprensión actual del concepto de pulsión de muerte.

La brusque interruption d'un processus analytique mène l'auteur à une réflexion où il constate des indices d'hostilité surgis dans le lien établi avec le patient, en soulignant l'importance du binôme envie-gratitude. L'analyste met en corrélation des aspects d'envie et de ressentiment éprouvés par l'analysant avec l'endommagement de la capacité de « rêver à deux ¼ et la détérioration du travail. Il aborde encore la théorisation concernant la fonction désobjectalisante en tant qu'un élément essentiel pour une compréhension actuel du concept de la pulsion de mort.

A study to explore the relationship between Gratitude in Daily Life and Self Esteem among young adults

Background: Gratitude as expressed by an individual can be seen both as a dispositional trait and even asan emotion. It helps man to see positive life events as more positive and negative life events as seeminglyless traumatic. Studies over time have clearly revealed the significance of gratitude to foster lifesatisfaction, optimism, physical and psychological well-being, etc. These different indicators on the otherhand also play a pivotal role in boosting the self-esteem in an individual. This study therefore aims atexploring if there exists any relation between the degree of gratitude carried by an individual and thequantum of self-esteem in the individual.Methods: The method used was survey. Young adults between the age bands of 18-22 years wererandomly chosen for the study. Rosenberg's scale for self-esteem and Gratitude Resentment andAppreciation Test for measuring Gratitude were used as tools.Results: Results of the present study suggest that there is a significant and positive correlation betweenself-esteem of a young adult and 2 of the 4 measured aspects of gratitude like ‘Simple Appreciation’ factorand ‘Appreciation for Others’ factor. The correlations are however of low strength indicating that thesetwo variables are less influenced by each other and may therefore have other unexamined strongcorrelates.Conclusions: Gratitude in daily life and self esteem in young adults may not influence each other. Furtherstudies are needed to explore the relationship between these variables

Source and essence of gratitude: Re-examining the intergenerational views on respect for the older persons

@#<p style="text-align: justify;">The paper looked into dynamics and variances of the manifestation of gratitude towards the older persons utilizing qualitative survey design. A total of 300 study participants, which include the young millennials, mid-lifers and older generation groups, were interviewed. The tool used was a simple interview guide for a freewheeling interview with storytelling style. Three-level classification of qualitative survey analysis was used. The findings revealed how family, work and societal changes have contributed to the changes in the manifestation of gratitude. The changes in the social structure and the demand to cope with these changes have caused the gap between the desire of the older persons to be respected and how the younger generations have shown this to them. Gratitude, which is manifestation of respect, has evolved and is now shown differently across intergenerational groups and seems to be experienced similarly across nations. The younger generations have a different view on respect in comparison with the older generations.</p>

Gratidão como fator protetivo no envelhecimento / Gratitude as a protective factor in aging

O aumento do envelhecimento global tem despertado interesse em diversas áreas da saúde que almejam que essa etapa seja vivida de forma saudável e bem-sucedida. A gratidão vem se mostrado um constructo valioso para o desenvolvimento e fortalecimento das forças pessoais. Estudos da gratidão e outras emoções positivas relacionadas ao do envelhecimento se tornam importantes devido à contribuição na gerontologia para o desenvolvimento de estratégias que promovam qualidade de vida à população idosa. Este estudo consiste em uma revisão de literatura, cujo objetivo foi explorar na literatura existente evidências da gratidão relacionada ao envelhecimento bem sucedido. Nos resultados foi possível observar que estudos existentes apresentam a gratidão como uma emoção importante promotora de saúde mental. Algumas intervenções evidenciam as associações entre os níveis de gratidão com os de bem-estar subjetivo, redução de ansiedade e depressão e aumento da qualidade de vida.(AU)

The global aging has provoked interest in several healthcare areas that aim for improving this stage of life, so that it can be lived in a healthy and successful way. Gratitude has proved to be a valuable construct for the development and strengthening of personal strengths. Studies of gratitude and other positive emotions related to aging become important due to the contribution in gerontology to the development of strategies that promote quality of life for the elderly population. This study consists of a review of literature, the goal was to explore in the existing literature evidence of gratitude related to successful aging. From the results, it was possible to observe that existing studies present gratitude as an important emotion that promotes mental health. Some interventions show the associations between levels of gratitude with subjective well-being, reduction of anxiety and depression, and increased quality of life.(AU)