Taxonomic study and local environmental conditions of occurrence of Chlorophyceae (Chlorophyta) from subtropical lotic environments, Paraná, Brazil / Estudo taxonômico e condições ambientais locais da ocorrência de Chlorophyceae (Chlorophyta) de ambientes lóticos subtropicais, Paraná, Brasil

Abstract Lotic environments are subjected to the impacts of human activities in an intense way in urban regions and one of the ways to assist in the environmental diagnosis is through the knowledge of the composition of bioindicator organisms, including microalgae. The objective of this work was to qualitatively characterize the Chlorophyceae Class Wille, providing descriptions and meristic data of the specimens as well as the environmental conditions in which the taxa were recorded. Water and phytoplankton samplings were carried out quarterly in 2020, in nine supply rivers, distributed in three river basins in the western region of Paraná (Paraná III basin, Piquiri basin and Baixo Iguaçu basin). The studied rivers were classified as oligotrophic or mesotrophic and the taxa were mostly rare. Thirty-six taxa belonging to the Chlorophyceae class were recorded, distributed in five families: Hydrodictyaceae Dumortier, Neochloridaceae Ettl & Komárek, Radiococcaceae Fott ex P.C.Silva, Scenedesmaceae Oltmanns, Selenastraceae Blackman & Tansley. These taxa have mainly cenobial representatives, with about 70% of the individuals in this thallus configuration, followed by 22% colonies and 8% unicellular thallus. Among the identified species, five occurred only in mesotrophic sites, warning for environments with tendencies to elevate their trophic, since they are genera previously associated with these conditions. Ten new citations were recorded for the State of Paraná, namely: Pseudopediastrum boryanum var. longicorne (Reinsch) P.M.Tsarenko, Radiococcus skujae I.Kostikov, T.Darienko, A.Lukesová & L.Hoffmann, Desmodesmus perforatus (Lemmermann) E.Hegewald, Desmodesmus subspicatus (Chodat) E.Hegewald & A.W.F.Schmidt, Scenedesmus indicus Philipose ex Hegewald, Engelberg & Paschma, Ankistrodesmus bernardii Komárek, Monoraphidium capricornutum (Printz) Nygaard, Monoraphidium caribeum Hindák, Raphidocelis danubiana var. elegans (Playfair) Taşkin & Alp, Selenastrum rinoi Komárek & Comas. Taxonomic studies, such as this one, are an important tool for understanding the flora, and in addition to contributing to the registration of species in aquatic ecosystems, they serve as a basis for ecological studies and other approaches used to preserve biodiversity in these places.

Resumo Ambientes lóticos são ecossistemas muito vulneráveis aos impactos das atividades humanas, especialmente em regiões urbanas, e uma das formas para auxiliar no diagnóstico ambiental é utilizando o conhecimento da composição dos organismos bioindicadores, dentre eles as microalgas. O objetivo foi caracterizar qualitativamente as microalgas enquadradas na Classe Chlorophyceae Wille, fornecendo descrições e dados merísticos dos espécimes bem como as condições ambientais em que os táxons foram registrados. Foram realizadas amostragens de água e de fitoplâncton trimestralmente no ano de 2020, em nove rios de abastecimento, distribuídos em três bacias hidrográficas da região oeste do Paraná (bacia do Paraná III, bacia do Piquiri e bacia do Baixo Iguaçu). Os rios estudados foram enquadrados como oligotróficos ou mesotróficos e os táxons apresentaram em sua maioria ocorrência rara. Foram registrados 36 táxons pertencentes a classe Chlorophyceae distribuídos em cinco famílias: Hydrodictyaceae Dumortier, Neochloridaceae Ettl & Komárek, Radiococcaceae Fott ex P.C.Silva, Scenedesmaceae Oltmanns, Selenastraceae Blackman & Tansley. Esses táxons possuem representantes principalmente cenobiais, apresentando cerca de 70% dos indivíduos nessa configuração de talo, seguido por 22% de colônias e 8% de talos unicelulares. Entre as espécies identificadas, cinco ocorreram somente em locais mesotróficos, advertindo para ambientes com tendências a elevar sua trofia, visto que são gêneros já associados anteriormente a essas condições. Foram registradas 10 novas citações para o Estado do Paraná, sendo estas: Pseudopediastrum boryanum var. longicorne (Reinsch) P.M.Tsarenko, Radiococcus skujae I.Kostikov, T.Darienko, A.Lukesová & L.Hoffmann, Desmodesmus perforatus (Lemmermann) E.Hegewald, Desmodesmus subspicatus (Chodat) E.Hegewald & A.W.F.Schmidt, Scenedesmus indicus Philipose ex Hegewald, Engelberg & Paschma, Ankistrodesmus bernardii Komárek, Monoraphidium capricornutum (Printz) Nygaard, Monoraphidium caribeum Hindák, Raphidocelis danubiana var. elegans (Playfair) Taşkin & Alp, Selenastrum rinoi Komárek & Comas. Trabalhos taxonômicos, como este, são uma importante ferramenta para o conhecimento da flora, e além de contribuir no registro das espécies nos ecossitemas aquáticos, servem como base para estudos ecológicos e demais abordagens utilizadas na preservação da biodiversidade nesses locais.

Life cycle assessment of Chlorella species producing biodiesel and remediating wastewater

4,5-Dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (Rhein) has been shown to have various physiological and pharmacologicalproperties including anticancer activity and modulatory effects on bioenergetics. In this study, we explored the impact ofrhein on protein profiling of undifferentiated (UC) and differentiated (DC) SH-SY5Y cells. Besides that, the cellularmorphology and expression of differentiation markers were investigated to determine the effect of rhein on retinoic acidinduced neuronal cell differentiation. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry we evaluated the changes in the proteome of both UC and DC SH-SY5Y cellsafter 24 h treatment with rhein. Validation of selected differentially expressed proteins and the assessment of neuronaldifferentiation markers were performed by western blotting. Proteomic analysis revealed significant changes in theabundance of 15 proteins linked to specific cellular processes such as cytoskeleton structure and regulation, mitochondrialfunction, energy metabolism, protein synthesis and neuronal plasticity. We also observed that the addition of rhein to thecultured cells during differentiation resulted in a significantly reduced neurite outgrowth and decreased expression ofneuronal markers. These results indicate that rhein may strongly interfere with the differentiation process of SH-SY5Yneuroblastoma cells and is capable of inducing marked proteomic changes in these cells

Differential Response of Fresh Water Algae Ankistrodesmus acicularis and Anabaena flos-aquae to Dichlobenil Exposures

The massive use of herbicides may harm the growth of algae, which in turn might disturb the balance of the aquatic ecosystem. Herein the physiological as well as the biochemical responses of two fresh water algae namely Ankistrodesmus acicularis (Chlorophyta) and Anabaena flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) to different concentrations of dichlobenil were assessed. Parameters including chlorophyll (a) Chl (a) content, EC50 values, carbohydrate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents as well as the uptake of dichlobenil by both algal species were tested. The results indicated that a significant decrease in chlorophyll (a) content of both algal species to intermediate and high concentration of dichlobenil, whereas stimulative effect of low concentration of dichlobenil on Chl (a) content were recorded. Attainable results derived by probits analysis revealed that the EC50 values for both algae at 5th and 7th days approximate each other. Additionally, drastic decrease (98%) in ATP content was observed at 8.0 mg/L dichlobenil treatment in case of Ankistrodesmus acicularis. Furthermore, Anabaena flos-aquae cells activity was enhanced by the application of low and intermediate concentrations of dichlobenil (0.25-4.0 mg/L). Higher concentration level (16.0 mg/L) led to relative decrease in ATP content. Ankistrodesmus acicularis was found to be more sensitive than Anabaena flos-aquae. The uptake of dichlobenil was best ascribed to a pseudo-first order rate kinetic. The specific uptake rate constants of dichlobenil in case of Ankistrodesmus acicularis were relatively lower than the corresponding rates exhibited by Anabaena flos-aquae. In sum, the uptake of dichlobenil by algae may present environmental hazards and could affect the human health, through accumulation in the food chain.

An experimental device for studying the effects of shear stress on cell activity of blue-green algae / 医用生物力学

Objective To design a device for studying the effects of shear stress on the activity of blue-green algae.Methods The device was optimized in terms of the weakness of current shear stress devices,such as small volume,unstability,inability for quantitative analysis and short working period.The effective volume of the new device was 400-700 mL,and the error was less than 13.8％.Moreover,this device could produce a quantitative and uniform shear stress field and be continued to follow observation for more than 96 hours.Results By experiment on growth of microcystis aeruginosa,the device was proved to generate shear stress that could significantly affect the activity of microcystis aeruginosa cells.Conclusions This experimental device is an effective equipment for investigating the effects of shear stress on the activity of blue-green algae.

An experimental device for studying the effects of shear stress on cell activity of blue-green algae / 医用生物力学

Objective To design a device for studying the effects of shear stress on the activity of blue-green algae.Methods The device was optimized in terms of the weakness of current shear stress devices,such as small volume,unstability,inability for quantitative analysis and short working period.The effective volume of the new device was 400-700 mL,and the error was less than 13.8％.Moreover,this device could produce a quantitative and uniform shear stress field and be continued to follow observation for more than 96 hours.Results By experiment on growth of microcystis aeruginosa,the device was proved to generate shear stress that could significantly affect the activity of microcystis aeruginosa cells.Conclusions This experimental device is an effective equipment for investigating the effects of shear stress on the activity of blue-green algae.

An experimental device for studying the effects of shear stress on cell activity of blue-green algae / 医用生物力学

Objective To design a device for studying the effects of shear stress on the activity of blue-green algae. Methods The device was optimized in terms of the weakness of current shear stress devices, such as small volume, unstability, inability for quantitative analysis and short working period. The effective volume of the new device was 400-700 mL, and the error was less than 13.8%. Moreover, this device could produce a quantitative and uniform shear stress field and be continued to follow observation for more than 96 hours. Results By experiment on growth of microcystis aeruginosa, the device was proved to generate shear stress that could significantly affect the activity of microcystis aeruginosa cells. Conclusions This experimental device is an effective equipment for investigating the effects of shear stress on the activity of blue-green algae.

An experimental device for studying the effects of shear stress on cell activity of blue-green algae / 医用生物力学

Objective To design a device for studying the effects of shear stress on the activity of blue-green algae.Methods The device was optimized in terms of the weakness of current shear stress devices,such as small volume,unstability,inability for quantitative analysis and short working period.The effective volume of the new device was 400-700 mL,and the error was less than 13.8％.Moreover,this device could produce a quantitative and uniform shear stress field and be continued to follow observation for more than 96 hours.Results By experiment on growth of microcystis aeruginosa,the device was proved to generate shear stress that could significantly affect the activity of microcystis aeruginosa cells.Conclusions This experimental device is an effective equipment for investigating the effects of shear stress on the activity of blue-green algae.

Effect of nutrients on total lipid content and fatty acids profile of Scenedesmus obliquus

ABSTRACT The effect of nutrients on the total lipid content and fatty acid profile of Scenedesmus obliquus isolated from the south coast of the Caspian Sea was evaluated. The nutritional compositions of the media impacted the growth rate and biomass of S. obliquus that ranged from 0.175 day-1 to 0.209 day-1and 0.92 gr·l-1 to 1.79 gr·l-1, respectively. The alga grew better in the medium which was characterized by higher levels of sodium and trace elements such as Fe, Mn, Mo, and Co and poor in N and P as compared with the other media. The highest level of the total lipid (32%) and the highest values of saturated fatty acids, in particular palmitic acid also were positively correlated with these nutrients. Peaks in polyunsaturated fatty acids (43.7 %), especially α-linolenic acid (28.4%) were related to N and P, but its correlation with K and Mg was more evident. The most important factors correlated with high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids were also N and P, followed by K and Mg to a lesser extent. This study demonstrated that the same algal strain may be a source of different amount of fatty acids, depending on the composition of the culture medium.

Antioxidant activities of purified glycoprotein extracted from Codium decorticatum.

Marine algae are known to produce an extensive variety of bioactive metabolites and several novel drugs have been derived for the pharmaceutical industries. However glycoproteins from the algae have not been adequately explored for their potential as a source of bioactive substances. The objectives of this study were to investigate the antioxidant activity effect of glycoprotein (GLP). In the experiment of the radical elimination ability by means of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) expressed anti-oxidative effect depending on the concentration considering GLP. Hydroxyl (OH) radical, superoxide radical (O2) and nitric oxide radial (NO) scavenging also showed that antioxidant abilities in the dose depended concentration. These results express that GLP eliminates reactive oxygen species (ROS), protect cell membrane, and can act as antioxidants. Therefore, it is thought that GLP can be used to new material of food supplements related to antioxidants.

Anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract of green algae Caulerpa mexicana in a murine model of ulcerative colitis

Abstract Inflammatory bowel diseases, which include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by chronic and relapsed gut inflammation. Caulerpa mexicana is a type of green marine algae that can be found in tropical areas, such as the Brazilian Coastland. These macrophytes exhibit in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties such as the ability to reduce both cell migration to different sites and edema formation induced by chemical irritants. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the C. mexicana methanolic extract on the treatment of colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. Acute experimental colitis was induced in BALB/c mice by treatment with 3% dextran sodium sulfate orally for 14 days. During this 14-day period, C. mexicana methanolic extract (2 mg/kg/day) was given intravenously on alternate days. Treatment with the methanolic extract significantly attenuated body weight loss and severe clinical symptoms. This was associated with a remarkable amelioration of colonic architecture disruption and a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory action of C. mexicana methanolic extract on colorectal sites may be a useful therapeutic approach for inflammatory bowel diseases.

Biodiversity of Blue Green Algae from Satara District (M.S.).

Satara district is located in Western Ghats of Maharashtra. The district occupies 10,480 km2area. The district includes 11 administrative tahasils viz., Satara, Karad, Patan, Jaoli, Wai, Mahabaleshwar, Phaltan, Maan, Khatav, Koregaon, Khandala. Entire district falls within Deccan trap area, however the common soil types are the black, loamy and clay. Some western part of district enjoys average annual rainfall exceeding 500 mm while eastern side has the rainfall less than 300 mm. These variations in environmental condition have helped this region to be rich in floral biodiversity. Present work was carried out to explore the diversity of blue green algae from Satara district. Variety of habitats from 82 localities were screened to explore blue green algae from the district. Between June 2010 to May 2013 in all 127 species from 36 genera belonging to 4 orders were recorded. Out of these 28 species were unicellular while 99 were filamentous. Filamentous forms were found to be dominant over unicellular forms.

Ocorrência de algas cianofíticas em água de dessedentação de bovinos criados extensivamente / Occurrence of blue-green algae in the drinking water of extensively raised cattle

Na pecuária extensiva, os bebedouros naturais ou artificiais possibilitam o acesso direto dos bovinos ao seu interior e trazem como consequência a degradação da qualidade da água e o aumento dos riscos sanitários. Em tais circunstâncias ocorre a eutrofização e consequentemente a floração de algas, dentre elas cianobactérias toxigênicas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar a ocorrência de cianobactérias de interesse sanitário em água de dessedentação de bovinos e descrever os seus parâmetros físico-químicos pH, temperatura e oxigênio dissolvido. Foram examinadas 19 amostras de água de cacimbas ou bebedouros naturais formados predominantemente em decorrência da precipitação pluviométrica, coletadas em seis propriedades rurais localizadas nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, para a presença de cianobactérias e mensurados os valores de pH, temperatura e oxigênio dissolvido. Microcystis e/ou Merismopedia foram detectadas em dois bebedouros; em um dos quais havia intensa floração. Os valores de pH, temperatura e oxigênio dissolvido nas 19 coleções oscilaram entre pH 7,2-9,7, 31-34ºC e 7,8-30mg/l, respectivamente. Foram detectadas ainda algas consideradas não patogênicas de diversos gêneros, em conjunto ou não com a ocorrência das cianofíticas. Nessas condições, as práticas comuns de oferta de água de dessedentação na bovinocultura extensiva, as possibilidades de eutrofização e a contaminação por cianobactérias trazem potenciais riscos à saúde dos animais.

In extensive animal husbandry, natural or artificial ponds allow direct access of cattle to water but result in degradation of water quality and in increased health risks. Under such circumstances eutrophication occurs and consequently algal bloom, among them toxigenic cyanobacteria. The present study aimed to report the occurrence of cyanobacteria in the drinking water of cattle and to describe their physical and chemical parameters, as pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen. Nineteen samples of natural ponds or water troughs formed predominantly as result of rainfall from six farms located in the Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil were analyzed for the presence of cyanobacteria, and pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen was measured. Microcystis and/or Merismopedia were detected in two ponds; one of them was covered with intense flowering. The values of pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen in 19 collections were pH 7.2-9.7, 31-34ºC and 7.8-30mg/l respectively. Also non-pathogenic algae of several genera were detected besides the occurrence or not of cianogenics. Under these conditions, the common practices of drinking water supply for extensively raised cattle and the possibilities of eutrophication and cyanobacterial growth bring potential risks for animal health.

Antioxidant properties of some filamentous green algae (Chaetomorpha Genus)

The antioxidant activity and the contents of total phenolics and flavonoids were quantified in the methanolic extracts of four Chaetomorpha species including C. aerea, C. crassa, C. linum and C. brachygona. Eight samples of Chaetomorpha plants were collected from five locations along the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf in south of Iran from December 2010 until October 2011. Methanolic extracts of the seaweeds were assessed for their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assay. C. linum showed highest antioxidant potential with a relatively low IC50 (1.484 ± 0.168 mg mL-1), the highest flavonoid content (18.177 ± 2.238 mg RE g-1 ) and a relatively high content of phenolics (2.895 ± 0.415 mg GAE g-1) in comparison with the other species. C. crassa, which was collected from two different areas, showed lowest antioxidant activity and lowest phenolics and flavonoid contents than other species. Results revealed that IC50, total phenolics and flavonoid content were influenced by the time of collection and location. Also there were positive correlations between the phenolic and flavonoid contents with DPPH radical scavenging activity (p<0.01). The results suggested that some of these filamentous green seaweeds possessed antioxidant potential, which could be considered for future applications in medicine, food or cosmetic industries.

Polissacarídeos sulfatados isolados das clorofíceas Caulerpa racemosae Caulerpa cupressoides – extração, fracionamento e atividadeanticoagulante / Sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa cupressoides (Chlorophyceaes) – extraction, fractionation and anticoagulant activity

A incidência de doenças cardiovasculares e os efeitos adversos da heparinoterapiatêm motivado a busca por novos agentes terapêuticos e os polissacarídeos sulfatados (PS) de algasmarinhas têm sido reportados como fontes alternativas para tal. Objetivou-se avaliar o potencialanticoagulante dos PS totais (PST) isolados e fracionados das clorofíceas Caulerpa racemosa eCaulerpa cupressoides. Inicialmente, os PST foram extraídos com papaína em tampão acetato desódio 0,1 M (pH 5,0) contendo cisteína 5 mM e EDTA 5 mM, seguidos de fracionamento emcoluna de troca iônica de DEAE-celulose com gradiente de NaCl. As frações obtidas foramanalisadas por eletroforese em gel de agarose a 0,5% e a atividade anticoagulante, mensurada pelotempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA), usando-se plasma humano normal ecomparada a uma curva-padrão de heparina (193 UI mg-1). Verificaram-se semelhantes perfiscromatográficos entre os PS de ambas as espécies, porém com padrões de mobilidades distintasquando as frações foram comparadas por eletroforese. Os PS modificaram o TTPA, cujasatividades anticoagulantes foram de apenas 21,23 e 24,36 UI mg-1, quando eluídos com 0,75 M desal para C. racemosa e C. cupressoides, respectivamente. Portanto, PS anticoagulantes isolados dasclorofíceas C. racemosa e C. cupressoides resultaram em efeitos anticoagulantes inferiores aos daheparina. Estudos comparativos dessas moléculas também são sugeridos como ferramentasauxiliares na identificação de algas do mesmo gênero.

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases and adverse effects from heparintherapy have led to asearch for new therapeutic agents, and the sulfated polysaccharides (SP) of seaweeds have beenreported as alternative sources. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anticoagulant potentialof total SP (TSP) isolated and fractionated from Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa cupressoides(Chlorophyceaes). Initially, the TSP were extracted with papain in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer(pH 5.0) containing 5 mM cysteine and 5 mM EDTA, followed by fractionation on ionexchange DEAE-cellulose column with NaCl gradient. The obtained fractions were analyzed by0.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and the anticoagulant activity measured by the activated partialthromboplastin time (APTT) using normal human plasma, and compared to a standard heparincurve (193 IU mg-1). Similar chromatographic profiles of SP were shown on both species, butwith distinct mobility patterns, when the SP fractions were compared by electrophoresis. SPeluted with 0.75 M of NaCl modified the APTT, whose anticoagulant activities were only 21.23and 24.36 IU mg-1 for C. racemosa and C. cupressoides, respectively. Therefore, anticoagulant SPisolated from chlorophyceaes showed effects inferior to heparin, and comparative studies of thesemolecules are also suggested as auxiliary tools in the identification of algae of the same genus.

Distribuição espacial e dinâmica temporal da alga epizoária Basicladia chelonum associada ao cágado Phrynops geoffroanus no rio Uberabinha, Minas Gerais. Uberlândia, 2006, 52P. dissertação (Mestrado Em Ecologia E Conservação De Recursos Naturais) Universidade Federal de Uberlândia / Distribución espacial y dinámica temporal de alga epizoária Basicladia chelonum asociada a la tortuga Phrynops geoffroanus en el río Uberabinha, Minas Gerais / Space distribution and storm dynamics of Basicladia chelonum epizoic algae associate with Phrynops geoffroanus freshwater turtle in the Uberabinha River, Minas Gerais, Uberlândia, 2006, 52p. Thesis (Master In Ecology And Conservation of Natural Resources) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia

Foram realizados estudos da alga Basicladia chelonum sobre a carapaça de Phrynops geoffroanus no rio Uberabinha, Uberlândia (18°54’34,5’’S e 48°18’20,4’’W), Brasil. Os trabalhos de campo foram realizados de agosto de 2004 a junho de 2005, juntamente com estudos de alguns parâmetros físicos do ar e físicos e químicos da água. Foram capturados 320 Phrynops geoffroanus (205 fêmeas, 115 machos; 40 espécimes/coleta). As algas da carapaça foram plotadas em folhas de acetato e a área da cobertura algácea estimada em AutoCAD 2002. Amostras das algas foram coletadas, fixadas e analisadas quanto: presença de esporângios, altura e comprimento e diâmetro das células. Foram constatadas correlações entre: temperatura do ar/temperatura da água; oxigênio dissolvido/pH e DQO; precipitação/concentrações de ferro e amônio; condutividade elétrica/ pH, sólidos totais dissolvidos, turbidez e concentrações de nitrato, nitrito, ferro e amônio. A cobertura foi maior em setembro e menor em março e junho (F=2,28; p<0,05). Os machos apresentaram maior cobertura que as fêmeas (F=8,60; p<0,05). Ocorreu um maior número de indivíduos com algas nos escudos marginais posteriores e menor nos marginais anteriores e da ponte (F=35,27; p<0,05). Os esporângios foram mais abundantes em setembro (F=5,86; p<0,05) e nos escudos marginais anteriores (F=114,62; p<0,05), e mais raros em agosto, outubro, março e junho (F=4,85; p<0,05) e nos escudos costais, marginais anteriores e nos vertebrais (F=54,13; p<0,05). A sazonalidade não interferiu na dinâmica populacional da alga, embora tenha variado durante o período. Abrasão, turbulência e concentração de nutrientes da água podem ter interferido na cobertura algácea dos cágados.

Studies were developed about a population of Basicladia chelonum algae over the Phrynops geoffroanus carapace in Uberabinha River, Uberlândia (18°54’34,5’’S e 48°18’20,4’’W), Brasil. The work was accomplished from August 2004 to June 2005, together with some physical of air and physical and chemical water parameters. Three hundred and twenty Phrynops geoffroanus (205 female; 115 males; 40 specimens/collect) were captured. The algae of carapace were plotted in acetate sheets and the area of algae covering was estimated in AutoCAD 2002. Samples of algae were collected, fixed and analyzed as: presence of sporangium, height and length and diameter of cells. Were found correlations between: air temperature/water temperature; dissolved oxygen/pH and oxygen chemical demand; precipitation/concentration of iron and ammonium; electrical conductivity/pH, totals solids dissolved, turbidity and concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, iron and ammonium. The coverage was higher in September and lower in March and June (F=2,28; p<0,05). The males showed more coverage than female (F=8,60; p<0,05). Occurred a higher number of individuals with in the posterior marginal shield and lower in the anterior marginal shield and in the bridge (F=35,27; p<0,05). Sporangium´s were more abundant in September (F=5,86; p<0,05) and in the anterior marginal shield (F=114,62; p<0,05), and rare in August, October, March and June (F=4,85; p<0,05) and in the costal shield, anterior marginal and in the vertebral (F=54,13; p<0,05). The seasonality did not interfere in the populational dynamics of algae although it had varied during the period. Abrasion, turbulence and concentration of nutrients the water could be interfering in algae coverage of the turtle.

Se realizaron estudios de algas Basicladia chelonum sobre el caparazón de Phrynops geoffroanus en el río Uberabinha, Uberlândia (18°54’34,5’’S y 48°18’20,4’’W), Brasil. Los trabajos de campo se realizaron de agosto de 2004 a junio de 2005, juntamente con estudios de algunos parámetros físicos del aire y físicos-químicos del agua. Fueron capturados 320 Phrynops geoffroanus (205 hembras, 115 machos; 40 especímenes/colecta). Las algas del caparazón fueron marcadas en hojas de acetato y el área de cobertura con algas estimada en AutoCAD 2002. Muestras de las algas fueron colectadas, fijadas y analizadas cuanto a: presencia de esporangios, altura y longitud, y diámetro de las células. Se constató correlaciones entre: temperatura del aire/ temperatura del agua; oxigeno disuelto/ pH y DQO; precipitación/concentraciones de hierro y amonio; conductividad eléctrica/pH, sólidos totales disueltos, turbidez y concentraciones de nitrato, nitrito, hierro y amonio. La cobertura fue mayor en septiembre y menor en marzo y junio (F=2,28; p<0,05). Los machos presentaron mayor cobertura que las hembras (F=8,60; p<0,05). Ocurrió un mayor número de individuos con algas en los escudos marginales posteriores y menor en los marginales anteriores y del puente (F=35,27; p<0,05). Los esporangios fueron más abundantes en septiembre (F=5,86; p<0,05) y en los escudos marginales anteriores (F=114,62; p<0,05), y más raros en agosto, octubre, marzo y junio (F=4,85; p<0,05) y en los escudos costales, marginales anteriores y en los vertebrales (F=54,l3; p<0.05). La estacionalidad no afectó en la dinámica poblacional del alga, aunque haya variado durante el periodo. Abrasión, turbulencia y concentración de nutrientes del agua pueden haber interferido en la cobertura de algas de las tortugas.

Distribuição espacial e dinâmica temporal da alga epizoária Basicladia chelonum associada ao cágado Phrynops geoffroanus no rio Uberabinha, Minas Gerais, Uberlândia / Spatial and temporal dynamics of Basicladia chelonum epizoic algae associate with Phrynops geoffroanus freshwater turtle in the Uberabinha River, Minas Gerais, Uberlândia / Distribución espacial y dinámica temporal de alga epizoária Basicladia chelonum asociada a la tortuga Phrynops geoffroanus en el Río Uberabinha, Minas Gerais, Uberlândia

Foram realizados estudos da alga Basicladia chelonum sobre a carapaça de Phrynops geoffroanus no rio Uberabinha, Uberlândia (18°54’34,5”S e 48°18’20,4”W), Brasil. Os trabalhos de campo foram realizados de agosto de 2004 a junho de 2005, juntamente com estudos de alguns parâmetros físicos do ar e físicos-químicos da água. Foram capturados 320 Phrynops geoffroanus (205 fêmeas, 115 machos; 40 espécimes/coleta). As algas da carapaça foram plotadas em folhas de acetato e a área da cobertura algácea estimada em AutoCAD 2002. Amostras das algas foram coletadas, fixadas e analisadas quanto a: presença de esporângios, altura e comprimento e diâmetro das células. Foram constatadas correlações entre: temperatura do ar/temperatura da água; oxigênio dissolvido/pH e DQO; precipitação/concentrações de ferro e amônio; condutividade elétrica/pH, sólidos totais dissolvidos, turbidez e concentrações de nitrato, nitrito, ferro e amônio. A cobertura foi maior em setembro e menor em março e junho (F=2,28; p<0,05). Os machos apresentaram maior cobertura que as fêmeas (F=8,60; p<0,05). Ocorreu um maior número de indivíduos com algas nos escudos marginais posteriores e menor nos marginais anteriores e da ponte (F=35,27; p<0,05). Os esporângios foram mais abundantes em setembro (F=5,86; p<0,05) e nos escudos marginais anteriores (F=114,62; p<0,05), e mais raros em agosto, outubro, março e junho (F=4,85; p<0,05) e nos escudos costais, marginais anteriores e nos vertebrais (F=54,13; p<0,05). A sazonalidade não interferiu na dinâmica populacional da alga, embora tenha variado durante o período. Abrasão, turbulência e concentração de nutrientes da água podem ter interferido na cobertura algácea dos cágados.

Studies were developed about a population of Basicladia chelonum algae over the Phrynops geoffroanus carapace in Uberabinha River, Uberlândia (18°54’34,5”S and 48°18’20,4”W), Brazil. Field work was accomplished from August 2004 to June 2005, together with some physical parameters of the air and physical and chemical parameters of the water. Three hundred and twenty Phrynops geoffroanus (205 female; 115 males; 40 specimens/collection) were captured. The algae of carapace were plotted in acetate sheets and the area of algae covering was estimated in AutoCAD 2002. Samples of algae were collected, fixed and analyzed as: presence of sporangium, height and length and diameter of cells. Correlations were found for: air temperature/water temperature; dissolved oxygen/pH and oxygen chemical demand; precipitation/concentration of iron and ammonium; electrical conductivity/pH, totals solids dissolved, turbidity and concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, iron and ammonium. The coverage was higher in September and lower in March and June (F=2.28; p<0.05). The males showed more coverage than female (F=8.60; p<0.05). Higher number of individuals with in the posterior marginal shield and lower in the anterior marginal shield and bridge (F=35.27; p<0.05) were found. Sporangia were more abundant in September (F=5.86; p<0.05) and in the anterior marginal shield (F=114.62; p<0.05), and rare in August, October, March and June (F=4.85; p<0.05) and in the costal shield, anterior marginal and in the vertebral (F=54.13; p<0.05). The seasonality did not interfere with the population dynamics of algae although it had varied during the period. Abrasion, turbulence and concentration of nutrients in the water may have interfered in algal coverage of the turtle.

Fueron realizados estudios de algas Basicladia chelonum sobre el caparazón de Phrynops geoffroanus en el río Uberabinha, Uberlândia (18°54’34,5”S y 48°18’20,4”W), Brasil. Los trabajos de campo fueron realizados de agosto de 2004 a junio de 2005, juntamente con estudios de algunos parámetros físicos del aire y físicos-químicos del agua. Fueron capturados 320 Phrynops geoffroanus (205 hembras, 115 machos; 40 especimenes /colecta). Las algas del caparazón fueron marcadas en hojas de acetato y el área de cobertura algácea estimada en AutoCAD 2002. Muestras de las algas fueron colectadas, fijadas y analizadas cuanto a: presencia de esporangios, altura y longitud y diámetro de las células. Fueron constatadas correlaciones entre: temperatura del aire/temperatura del agua; oxigeno disuelto/pH y DQO; precipitación/concentraciones de hierro y amonio; conductividad eléctrica/pH, sólidos totales disueltos, turbidez y concentraciones de nitrato, nitrito, hierro y amonio. La cobertura fue mayor en septiembre y menor en marzo y junio (F=2,28; p<0,05). Los machos presentaron mayor cobertura que las hembras (F=8,60; p<0,05). Ocurrió un mayor número de individuos con algas en los escudos marginales posteriores y menor en los marginales anteriores y del puente (F=35,27; p<0,05). Los esporangios fueron más abundantes en septiembre (F=5,86; p<0,05) y en los escudos marginales anteriores (F=114,62; p<0,05), y más raros en agosto, octubre, marzo y junio (F=4,85; p<0,05) y en los escudos costales, marginales anteriores y en los vertebrales (F=54,13; p<0,05). La estacionalidad no afectó en la dinámica poblacional del alga, aunque haya variado durante el período. Abrasión, turbulencia y concentración de nutrientes del agua pueden haber interferido en la cobertura algácea de las tortugas.

A STUDY ON NUTRITION OF ULVA PERTUSA KJELLM / 中国海洋药物

In this paper five nutritive indexes of Ulva pertusa were measured in Liaoning coast. The results showed that in dry powder of Ulva pertusa, the protein was 6. 03% , crude fat was 3. 12%, carbohydrate 38. 88%, moisture content 12. 27%, ash content 39. 7, etc. In which the carbohydrate is made up of rhamnose, glucose, xylose, triose, fucose, mannose, galactose, arabinoe etc, measured with gas chromatography. There were many inorganic elements, such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium. The results indicate that Ulva pertusa is rich in nutritive components and can be developed into valuable function food.

Extracellular polypeptides of Anabaena L-31 : Evidence for their role in regulation of heterocyst formation.

Extracellular polypeptides released by both N2-grown [peptide I] and NO3-grown [peptide II] Anabaena L-31 have molecular weight of approximately 3,500 but have distinctly different amino acid composition. Acid hydrolysis of the peptide I fraction (obtained by separation on Sephadex G-25) yielded ten amino acids whereas that from peptide II fraction yielded only 3 amino acids. On addition to a freshly inoculated N2-grown culture, the peptide I fraction stimulated pro-heterocyst and to a lesser extent heterocyst differentiation, whereas the peptide II fraction strongly inhibited differentiation. The inhibitory effect of polypeptide II fraction could not be relieved by methionine sulphoximine, which by itself enhances differenttiation, but was greatly relieved by addition of the peptide I fraction. The data suggest but does not prove, that Anabaena L-31 synthesises "inducer" or " inhibitor " peptides which could possibly control pattern formation.