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Objective:To describe the characteristics and analyze risk factors for surgical items count near-miss errors stemming from the self-incident reports of staff nurses from operating room, to reduce the risk of counting surgical items and prevent the occurrence of the relative adverse events.Methods:This was a retrospective study. Used the self-made checklist to retrospect the surgical items count errors, relative characteristics and reasons from the operating room nurses of Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University reported from January 2017 to December 2021. Grey Relational Analysis was used to analyze and identify the risk elements.Results:A total of 98 surgical items count near-miss errors were reported by nurses.The unclear items were mainly classified into 6 categories, of which 52.04% (51/98) were disposable surgical items, 24.49% (24/98) were fine parts of surgical instruments, 14.28% (14/98) were implants, 5.10% (5/98) were electrosurgical instruments, 3.06% (3/98) were power systems, and 1.02% (1/98) were medical lasers; the disposable surgical items were the highest risk of surgical items count near-miss errors (non-standard behaviors of surgeons ξ 1=0.333); among the 9 risk factors, non-standard behaviors of surgeons ( r1 = 0.673), instrument nurses improper operation ( r4 = 0.691) and surgeons errors ( r2 = 0.693) were the most important influence factors. Conclusions:Analyzing the possible system risk factors resulting from the near-miss error could be a useful method for nurses to generate hierarchical risk-control strategies and improve surgical items count safety for patients. This com prerent the occurrence of adverse events.
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OBJECTIVE To study the spectru m-toxicity relationship of in vitro hepatotoxicity of aqueous extract from Euodia rutaecarpa. METHODS The aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa from different habitats were prepared. The fingerprints of aqueous extract from E. rutaecarpa were established by ultra high performance liquid chromatography （UPLC） method and Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Fingerprint （2012A edition ），and common peaks were identified and the similarity was evaluated. Using normal human hepatocytes L 02 as subject ，inhibitory effect of aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa to them were investigated. The spectrum-toxicity relationship of UPLC fingerprint of aqueous extract from E. rutaecarpa with the hepatotoxicity of hepatocytes L 02 was analyzed by grey relational analysis （GRA）and partial least squares regression analysis （PLSR）. The corresponding compound of the chromatographic peak with the greatest correlation with the in vitro hepatotoxicity of E. rutaecarpa were isolated ，prepared and identified. RESULTS There were 27 common peaks in UPLC fingerprints of aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa ，with similarity of 0.375-0.995. Totally 9 peaks were confirmed ，i.e. neochlorogenic acid （peak 5），chlorogenic acid （peak 9），cryptochlorogenic acid （peak 10），caffeic acid （peak 12），rutin （peak 16），hyperin（peak 17），dehydroevotarine（peak 19），evotarine（peak 24），rutecarpine（peak 25）. The aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa showed significant inhibitory effect on the growth of L 02 cells（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01），and the inhibitory rate ranged from 6.68％ to 67.95％. GRA showed that there were 18 common peaks with correlation degree greater than 0.8，which were peak 8＞peak 3＞peak 23＞peak 7＞peak 4＞peak 9＞peak 12＞peak 2＞peak 19＞peak 6＞ 4928381。E-mail：799247687@qq.com peak 15＞peak 5＞peak 1＞peak 17＞peak 21＞peak 26＞ peak 20＞peak 14 in descending order of correlation degree. PLSR showed that there were 14 peaks with regression coefficient＞0 and variable importance projection value ＞1，and the order of regression coefficient was peak 8＞peak 3＞peak 23＞ peak 2＞peak 7＞peak 4＞peak 12＞peak 9＞peak 19＞peak 5＞peak 17＞peak 26＞peak 10＞peak 15. Peak 8 had the greatest correlation with in vitro hepatotoxicity，and the corresponding compound of this peak was identified as 6-O-trans caffeoyl gluconic acid. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro hepatotoxicity of aqueous extract from E. rutaecarpa is the result of multiple component interaction，among which 6-O-trans caffeoyl gluconic acid shows closest relation with in vitro hepatotoxicity.
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Chrysanthemi Indici Flos(CIF), the capitulum of Chrysanthemum indicum, is widely used in proprietary Chinese medicine and daily chemical products. At present, CIF is mainly produced from wild resources and rarely cultivated. This study aims to reveal the correlations between linarin content in CIF and climatic factors in different habitats, and provide a theoretical basis for suitable zoning and rational production of medicinal materials. The content of linarin in CIF was determined by HPLC. Grey relational analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were carried out for linarin content with climatic factors. The results showed that the content of linarin in CIF was significantly different among different habitats. The grey relational degrees of climatic factors with linarin content was in an order of average annual precipitation>annual average sunshine hours>annual average temperature>longitude>annual frost-free period>latitude>altitude. Longitude, annual average temperature and average annual precipitation had significantly positive correlations with the content of linarin in CIF, whereas latitude and altitude showed negative correlations with it. The annual frost-free period and annual average sunshine hours had no significant correlation with the content of linarin in CIF. The content of linarin in CIF varied significantly in different habitats. High longitude, low latitude, low altitude, high annual average temperature and high annual average precipitation could be used as indicators for the habitats of high-quality Ch. indicum. This study provides a reference for selecting suitable producing areas of Ch. indicum and establishing artificial cultivation system.
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Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Chrysanthemum , Ecosystem , GlycosidesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE：To establish fingerprint of Lonicera japonica ，and to study its anti-inflammatory spectrum-effect relationship. METHODS ：HPLC was adopted. The determination was performed on Diamonsil C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1％ formic acid solution-acetonitrile （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃，and detection wavelength was 238 nm. The sample size was 10 μL. Using chlorogenic acid as reference，HPLC fingerprint of 10 batches of L. japonica from different production areas was established according to TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System （2012 edition）. By comparing with reference substance ，chemical constituents corresponding to common peaks were identified ，and the similarity analysis was conducted. Acute and chronic inflammatory models of mice induced by xylene ，carrageenan and cotton ball were used to evaluate inhibition rate of 10 batches of L. japonica to ear，foot and granuloma swelling； the average value was calculated as the comprehensive pharmacodynamic index. The spectrum-effect relationship with HPLC fingerprint of L. japonica and anti-inflammatory effect was analyzed by grey relational analysis （GRA）and partial least squares regressiosn （PLSR）based on common peak area and comprehensive pharmacodynamic index . Chromatographic peaks with correlation＞0.7 and regression coefficient of PLSR model ＞0 were characteristic peaks. The percentage of peak areas of characteristic peaks to peak areas of common peak was calculated in 10 batches of L. japonica （e.g.“peak ratio ”）. RESULTS ： There were 25 common peaks in HPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of L. japonica ，with similarity of 0.775-0.994. Totally 9 peaks were confirmed ，i.e. rutin （peak 18），hyperoside（peak 20），isochlorogenc acid B （peak 22），galuteolin（peak 21），chlorogenc acid（peak 9），loganin（peak 10），neochlorogenic acid （peak 2），isochlorogenic acid C （peak 25），isochlorogenic acid A （peak 23）. All 10 batches of L. japonica had inhibitory effects on ear swelling ，foot swelling and granuloma ，with average inhibitory rate of 47.95％-56.52％. The correlation by GRA was peak 8＞12＞18＞16＞3＞11＞20＞22＞19＞21＞1＞9＞10＞13＞24＞14＞2＞ 17＞25＞23＞5＞4＞15，and all of correlations were greater than 0.7. The regression coefficient of PLSR for peaks 2，4，5，7，8， 10，12，13，14，15，16，17，18，20，21，22，24 were all greater than 0；those peaks were positively correlated with anti-inflammatory effect and were characteristic peaks except for peak 7； among them ，VIP values of peaks 5，8，10，16，18， 20，24 were greater than 1. The peak ratio of 10 batches of L. japonica was 58.61％-71.19％. CONCLUSIONS ：HPLC fingerprint of 10 batches of L. Japonica is successfully established. 10 batches of samples have similar components ，and the content of anti-inflammatory components is relatively high. The proportion of characteristic peaks to common peaks should not be less than 51.8％.
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OBJECTIVE：To study the spectrum-effect relationship of HPLC finger print of different polar parts of Ampelopsis grossedentata with its in vivo anti-inflammatory effect. METHODS ：A. grossedentata was reflux extracted with 70％ ethanol，then extracted with petroleum ether ，chloroform，ethyl acetate and water saturated n-butanol；or it was directly decocted with water and then concentrated to obtain different polar parts. The xylene-induced mice ear swelling model was established ；using dexamethasone as positive control ，anti-inflammatory activity of different polar parts of A. grossedentata was investigated. Fingerprints of different polar parts of A. grossedentata were established by HPLC. The determination was performed on Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile- 0.1％ phosphoric acid solution （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The column temperature was 25 ℃. The detection wavelength was set at 365 nm，and sample size was 5 μL. The grey ralational analysis method was used to analyze the spectrum-effect relationship of HPLC fingerprint common peaks of different polar parts of A. grossedentata with its anti-inflammatory effect. The correlation coefficient and correlation degree were calculated and ranked. RESULTS：Anti-inflammatory experiment showed that the anti-inflammatory effects of 70％ ethanol extraction part ，ethyl acetate extraction part and water extraction part were the most significant （inhibitory rates of ear swelling were 54.07％，30.54％， 30.45％）. Five common peaks were determined in HPLC fingerprints of different polar parts from A. grossedentata . The spectrum-effect analysis results showed that the correlation of5 common peaks were higher than 0.6；among them ，peak 3 and peak 2 （dihydromyricetin） had the strongest anti- inflammatory effect ，and their correlation degrees were both mail：123745789@qq.com greater than 0.8. CONCLUSIONS ： The anti-inflammatory effect of A. grossedentata on xylene-induced ear swelling in mice is the result of multi-comp onent synergy ； unknown substance of peak 3 and dihydromyricetin may be the main active components of A. grossedentata .
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OBJECTIVE：To study the spectrum-ef fect relationship of anti-hepatoma effect of C Ⅱ-3 extract from Periplaneta americana，and to preliminarily clarify the anti-hepatoma active components of it. METHODS ：Based on UHPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of C Ⅱ-3 samples，with the help of UHPL C-Q-TOF/MS，the compounds corresponding to each chromatographic peak were identified qualitatively by standard substances and related literatures. Using the IC 50 value of each batch of C Ⅱ-3 sample against human hepatoma cells HepG 2 as anti-hepatoma activity index ，the spectrum-effect relationship of fingerprint and anti-hepatoma effect was established and analyzed by the combination of grey relational analysis （GRA）and orthogonal partial least squares（OPLS）. RESULTS ：There were 25 common peaks in UHPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of C Ⅱ-3 samples，and 10 chemical compounds were identified ，which were cyclo- （Tyr-Pro）（peak 24），cyclo-（Gly-Phe）（peak 15），hypoxanthine（peak 3）， adenine（peak 7），phenylalanine（peak 10），inosine（peak 11），N-acetyldopamine（peak 16），cyclo-（Pro-Ala）（peak 13），2-hydroxy propionyl（peak 22），cyclo-（Pro-Ser）（peak 6）. The IC 50 of 10 batches of C Ⅱ-3 samples to HepG 2 cells was 70.550-200.303 μg/mL. Among 25 common peaks ，the order of GRA correlation （r）of anti-hepatoma activity was peak 20＞23＞24＞15，all of r values were greater than 0.7；the order of variable importance projection （VIP）of OPLS analysis was peak 23＞18＞15＞24＞7＞14＞6＞ 2＞20，all of VIP values were greater than 1. The standard regression coefficients of peak 7，15，20，23，24 were all greater than 0；while the standard regression coefficients of peak 2，6，14，18 were all less than 0. Conjoint analysis shows that the order of anti-hepatoma activity was peak 20＞23＞24＞15. CONCLUSIONS：unknown chemical ingredients （peak 20， ），cyclo-（Tyr-Pro）（peak 24）and cyclo- （Gly-Phe）（peak 15） in C Ⅱ-3 may be main anti-hepatoma active components.
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<b>Objective::To establish the HPLC fingerprint of aqueous extract of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, and research the spectrum-effect relationship in diabetic cognitive dysfunction rats. <b>Method::The HPLC fingerprints of 21 batches of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium were established, with acetonitrile (A)-0.1%of phosphoric acid (B) as the flow phase for gradient elution. The detection wavelength was 270 nm. Acomparative analysis was performed for the results based on similarity evaluation, SPSS 24.0 two-dimension clustering analysis and SIMCA 14.1 principal component analysis of fingerprint software. Thediabetic rat model wasduplicated by one-time intraperitoneal injection with streptozotocin (STZ) at the dose of 50 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>. After successful replication of the model, thediabetic rats were given aqueous extract of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium by gavage. The blood glucose value was determined at regular intervals. The cognitive function was analyzed with Morris water maze experiment at the 12 week. Grey relational analysis (GRA) and partial least squares regression analysis were used to study the spectrum-effect relationship. <b>Result::Totally 16 common peaks of water extract of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium were confirmed, five substances were identified, and 21 species of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium of different varieties and origins were divided into 2 categories. Compared with the model group, the blood glucose of rats in each group treated with water extract of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpiumwere reduced, and their cognitive function was improved.According to the grey correlation analysis and the least partial square regression analysis, the peaks No. 19, 15, 4, 17 and 6 were significantly correlated with the cognitive function of diabetic rats. <b>Conclusion::There were some differences in aqueous extract of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium between different varieties and origins. It is convenient and fast to make a comprehensive quality evaluation of aqueous extract of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium of different varieties and producing areas by stoichiometry, and aqueous extract of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium can reduce the blood glucose level and improve the cognitive function of diabetic cognitive dysfunction rats, its mechanisms of action are resultedfrom the joint effects of multiple effective components, and peaks No. 19, 15, 4, 17 and 6 are components closely related to the cognitive function of diabetic rats.
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Objective: To screen potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Methods: Response surface methodology employing Box-Behnken design was used to optimize conditions for the extraction of α-glucosidase inhibitory active compounds from A. asphodeloides. The powders (20.0 g) of A. asphodeloides were extracted under the optimized conditions. The extract was applied to a D-101 macroporous resin column. It was eluted with ethanol and water to give six fractions. Compounds from the active fraction were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The structure-activity relationship was discussed based on grey relational analysis. Results: The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration, 100%; extraction temperature, 51 °C; and solvent to solid ratio, 23 mL/g. It indicated that the active compounds were concentrated into 80% ethanol fraction. Twenty five steroid saponins from 80% ethanol fraction were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Peaks 19 and 23 were tentatively identified as new structures. The predicted α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the compounds were 7 > 2 > 1 > 22 > 23 > 3 > 9 > 21 > 24 > 4 > 13 > 8 > 14 > 16 > 17 > 25 > 6 > 19. Conclusion: The fraction eluted by 80% ethanol showed the best inhibitory activity. After analyzing the data of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, 25 steroid saponins were tentatively identified in this fraction.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint,anti-inflammatory activity as well as the correlation between them in Speranskiae Tuberculatae Herba. Method: Fingerprint by HPLC was established on Speranskiae Tuberculatae Herba from different sources. The common peaks were evaluated on the basis of similarity evaluation together with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Ear swelling induced by xylene in mice model was used to study the anti-inflammatory activity. Grey relational analysis (GRA) and partial least square regression analysis (PLSR) were used to study the relationship between the HPLC fingerprint and the anti-inflammatory activity. Result: The HPLC fingerprint of Speranskiae Tuberculatae Herba was established and 24 common peaks were determined,with the similarity above 0.907 (except for S2 and S5). Four peaks were identified by comparing to reference substances. The result of HCA showed that Speranskiae Tuberculatae Herba from different sources were clustered into four categories,in consistent with the result of PCA. Combined with discriminant analysis of partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA),three signature compounds represented by 5,6,7 peaks were responsible for the differences between groups. Different sources of Speranskiae Tuberculatae Herba differed in anti-inflammatory activity. The sectrum-activity relationship showed that the peaks 1,4,5,6,and 10 were positively correlated with the anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: The HPLC fingerprint of Speranskiae Tuberculatae Herba was established,and 5 components closely related to the anti-inflammatory activity were determined. The present study provide more comprehensive reference for quality control of the Speranskiae Tuberculatae Herba.
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A chemical fingerprint is an important mean for quality control of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM); however, there is much redundant information in a conventional fingerprint that can affect its availability and accuracy. In this work, the antibacterial biopotency of Scutellariae Radix (Huangqin, HQ) was determined according to the parallel line method of quantitative response. HPLC was adopted to detect the chemical fingerprint of HQ; Grey relational analysis (GRA) was used to identify the primary effective components. The results showed that the antibacterial biopotency of 15 batches of HQ ranged from 0 to 1 000 U·g-1 and the average potency was 556.29 ± 258.57 U·g-1 (1 U is equivalent to the bacteriostatic activity of 2.25 μg gentamicin). There were 34 characteristic peaks in the fingerprints of the samples and their similarities were 0.255-0.991. Eight components (P33, P30/baicalein, P19/baicalin, P15, P29, P34, P31/wogonin and P28) are positively related to antibacterial biopotency and selected from the top ten components of the grey correlation sequence to define the antibacterially effective components fingerprint of HQ. This fingerprint can clearly distinguish the commodity specification and grade, and can also characterize the morphology, components and the bacteriostatic potency differences of HQ. In summary, we established an antibacterially effective components fingerprint which provides simplified information on the antibacterial activity of Scutellariae Radix and could significantly improve the efficacy, specificity, and discriminative ability of the fingerprint for HQ, and could be a useful reference for the comprehensive quality evaluation of other TCM.
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Objective To study the spectrum-effect relationship between GC-MS fingerprint of the volatile oil of Atractylodis Rhizoma and the dryness effect of Atractylodis Rhizoma, and clarify the main dryness components of Atractylodis Rhizoma. Methods The volatile oil of different batches of Atractylodis Rhizoma (S1-S9) were analyzed by GC-MS. Using the daily drinking amount of water, the viscosity of whole blood, and the content of aquaporin 2 (AQP2) in the kidney of rats as the indexes of dryness effect of Atractylodes Rhizome, the spectrum-effect relationship was analyzed by the combination of grey relational grade and orthogonal partial least square method. Results The dryness effect of Atractylodis Rhizoma was the combined action of multiple components, and the peaks of the major contribution to dryness effect were 31, 28, and 33, respectively. The corresponding components of the three peaks were β-eudesmol, (-)-aristolene, and bulnesol, which were identified by the spectral library retrieval analysis. Conclusion The main dryness effect components of Atractylodis Rhizoma are β-eudesmol, (-)-aristolene, and bulnesol, which provide a reference for investigating the material basis of dryness effect of Atractylodis Rhizoma.
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Objective: The entropy weight method and grey relative analysis (GRA) method were used to evaluate the quality of prepared Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix (NRR) slices. Methods: The content of extracts (water and ethanol), volatile oil, notopterol and isoimperatorin in 42 batches of NRR slices from different areas was determined. Using GRA, the weight of the entropy weight method was used as the resolution coefficient ρ to construct the quality research model of the slices. Results: The relative correlation degree of each evaluation unit sequence was 0.241 1-0.679 5, which indicated that the quality of NRR slices from different producing areas and manufacturers were different. The implementation of standardized management of NRR traceable slices had a relatively high degree of correlation, and the quality ranking was in the front, which indicated that the implementation of decoction slices standardized management was beneficial to the quality control of NRR slices. The top five samples were S16, S18, S17, S34, and S33 based on these two methods. Conclusion: The comprehensive quality evaluation of NRR slices can be effectively evaluated by GRA and entropy weight method. Entropy weight method improves the reliability of GRA method and the scientificity of quality evaluation of NRR slices.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish the method for simultaneous determination of curdione， curcumenol， germacrone， furanodiene and β-elemene in Curcuma wenyujin， and to optimize its processing method in production place. METHODS： HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on ODS SP C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.05％ phosphoric acid solution （gradient elution） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 214 nm， and column temperature was 30 ℃. The sample size was 10 μL. 18 batches of sample medicinal materials were prepared by steaming-drying （10， 20， 30， 40 min）， or cooking-drying （drying temperature 50， 60， 70 ℃）， and then the contents of 5 components were determined. Relative relational degree （ri） obtained by grey relational analysis method as indexes was used to optimize the processing methods of C. wenyujin in production place using. RESULTS： The linear range of curdione， curcumenol， germacrone， furanodiene and β-elemene were 25.56-409.0， 2.05-32.8， 6.36-102.0， 9.14-146.0， 8.62-138.0 μg/mL （r≥0.999 2）， respectively. RSDs of precision， stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2.0％ （n＝6）. Quantitative limits were 0.34， 0.62， 0.11， 0.14 and 1.20 μg/mL， and detection limits were 0.10， 0.19， 0.03， 0.04 and 0.42 μg/mL， respectively. The average recoveries were 101.3％， 98.7％， 99.0％， 99.6％， 96.4％， respectively （RSD＜2.8％， n＝6）. The results of grey relational analysis showed that the relative relational degree （ri） from the processing technology of “boil for 10 min-drying at 50 ℃” was greatest， which had relatively small comprehensive effect on the contents of curdione， curcumenol， germacrone， furanodiene and β-elemene respectively. CONCLUSIONS： Established HPLC method can be used for content determination of 5 components in C. wenyujin. The results of optimization can provide reference for the selection of processing method of C. wenyujin in production place.
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To study the correlation between ultra high performance liquid chromatography( UPLC) fingerprint of Smilax china and its anti-pelvic inflammatory effect,and to explore the pharmacodynamic material basis of S. china against pelvic inflammatory disease.UPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of S. china from different habitats were established,and the values of SOD,MDA,TNF-α,and IL-6 in rats with pelvic inflammation were measured. The weight of each single pharmacodynamics index to the total efficacy was determined by analytic hierarchy process,and the contribution of each peak in fingerprints to the each single pharmacodynamics index and total efficacy was analyzed by the grey relational analysis. Then the structures of chemical constituents at the identified peaks were confirmed by comparing with the reference substance. The 27 common characteristic peaks of UPLC fingerprints were all related to the anti-pelvic inflammation effect of S. china,of which 13 peaks were identified as peak 2( 3,5-dihydroxy-2-methylbenzoic acid-3-O-glucoside),peak 3( chlorogenic acid),peak 5( 2,7,4-trihydroxydihydroflavone-5-O-glucoside),peak 6( 7,4-dihydroxydihydroflavonol-5-O-glucoside),peak 7( taxifolin-7-O-glucoside),peak 9( taxifolin),peak 10( polydatin),peak 11( oxyresveratrol),peak 12( astilbin),peak15( resveratrol),peak 16( quercitrin),peak 18( engeletin) and peak 24( kaempferol). The correlation degree of 21 peaks and the total efficacy was greater than 0. 8,and the top 10 ranked by correlation degree were as follows: peak 1,3,7,19,18,17,4,11,16,and 21. The results showed that the anti-pelvic inflammation effect of S. china was achieved by the combined action of pharmacodynamic substances. In order to control the quality of S. china and its prepared slices more effectively,the index components of content detection should be selected reasonably.
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Animals , Female , Rats , China , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Pelvic Inflammatory Disease , Drug Therapy , Phytochemicals , Pharmacology , Plant Extracts , Pharmacology , Smilax , ChemistryABSTRACT
The Chinese society is becoming predominantly an aging society, as the number of elderly people increase very quickly. The long-term care insurance for the elderly is becoming more and more important. Therefore, analyzing the factors affecting the demand of long-term care insurance has important theoretical and practical signifi-cance for the Chinese society. This paper uses the grey correlation model and the generalized grey relational model method,using 2005-2015 nationwide data,and divides the main factors influencing the demand of long-term care insurance into economic and non-economic factors. The main influencing factors on demand for long-term care insur-ance were analyzed by the grey relational analysis which shows that the impact of social insurance expenditure on long-term care insurance is the most important economic factor. The per capita education level of non-economic fac-tors and the elderly dependency ratio were rated to be the most important non-economic factors. According to the em-pirical results,combined with China's national conditions and actual situation,it provides a new research method and ideas for the long-term development of the nursing insurance.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish the fingerprint of the extract from Semen Sojae Praeparatrm fermented by different preparation, to investigate the effects on the proliferation in rat osteoblasts, and to analyze the spectrum-effect relasionship. METHODS: The fingerprint of alcohol extract from Semen Sojae Praeparatrm fermented by one functional bacteria for 6, 12, 18 h and 1-7 d(H6, H12, H18 and D1~D7) were established by HPLC, and the proliferation of each extract on rat osteoblasts was measured by MTT. The spectrum-effect relasionship was analyzed by grey relation analysis. Qualitative analysis was performed by HPLC-DAD-MS for analysis of major active components in alcoholic extract. RESULTS: Alcoholic extract of Semen Sojae Praeparatrm fermented by different preparation was demonstrated to show similar proliferative activity at the concentration of 100 μg·L-1. Semen Sojae Praeparatrm fermented for 4 d led to the osteoblasts proliferation rate of 43.6%. On the basis of UV and mass spectral analysis,sixteen flavonoids were tentatively characterized.The glycitein had the highest correlation with pharmacodynamics, genistin, glycitin and daidzin also show higher correlation than the other chromatography peaks. The proliferation were promoted significantly after the treatment with glycitein, genistin, and daidzin (10-9-10-6 mol·L-1) by the verification experiment. CONCLUSION: Fermentation time of 4 d is more appropriate. The RESULTS: of grey relational analysis and the activity in vitro of glycitein, genistin and daidzin mutually support each other, which confirms the scientificness of the spectral-effect relationship analysis in this study. The substance basis of anti-osteoporosis effect in the pure bacterial fermented soybean and natural fermented soybean are basically the same.
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OBJECTIVE: The influence of different processing methods on the quality of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus was investigated based on simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents combined with multivariate statistical analysis.METHODS: An analytical method based on UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS was used for the simultaneous determination of fifteen components including lignans, such as schizantherin B, schisandrol B, schizandrin C, γ-schisandrin, deoxyschizandrin, schisantherin, schisandrin, schisanhenol, gomisin D, gomisin J, and angeloylgomisin H and organic acids, such as (S)-malic acid, D (-)-tartaric acid, protocatechuic acid, and quinic acid in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus under different processing methods. Besides, clustering analysis and grey relation analysis(GRA) have been applied to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the results of different processing methods according to the content of 15 components.RESULTS: The results showed that fifteen components had good linearity, and correlation coefficients were more than 0.999 1. The method exhibited good precision, repeatability and stability. The average recoveries were between 96.64% and 99.96%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 5%. In addition, GRA results indicated that the quality of oven drying samples were better than the quality of oven drying after steaming samples. The quality of S7 was the best, followed by S10.CONCLUSION: The established method was accurate and reliable, which could be used to appraise the quality of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus. Our study may lay the way for the processing method of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in optimization, normalization and standardization.
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A method, for determination of saponins, amino acids and nucleosides in Panacis Japonici Rhizoma of ultra fast liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS), was established to investigate the effect of different processing methods on the target components of Panacis Japonici Rhizoma. The chromatographic separation was performed on a XBridgeC₁₈(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) at 30 °C with a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid solution-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile, and the flow rate was 0.8 mL·min⁻¹, using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The grey relational analysis was adopted for the analysis of different processing samples. The results showed that the thirty-three constituents were in a good linear range and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.999 0; the precision, repeatability and stability were good; the average recovery rates were between 95.33% and 101.8%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 5%. The result of grey relational analysis showed that the complete rhizomes without peeling, which were adopted for the microwave dried method, had the best quality. The established method was accurate and reliable, which could be used to appraise the quality of Panacis Japonici Rhizoma. Our study may lay the way for the processing method of Panacis Japonici Rhizoma in optimization,normalization and standardization.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Chromatography, Liquid , Nucleosides , Panax , Chemistry , Phytochemicals , Rhizome , Chemistry , Saponins , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Objective: To establish an HPLC method for the content determination of cucurbitacin B and E in cucurbitaceae plants, and evaluate the quality of cucurbits by grey relational analysis.Methods: A Diamonsil-C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was adopted and the UV detection wavelength was 234 nm at the flow rate of 1.0 ml·min-1.The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile with gradient elution, and the column temperature was 30℃.In addition,grey relational analysis was carried out for the comprehensive evaluation.Results: The linear range of cucurbitacin B and E was 0.894-44.715 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 6) and 0.257-12.825 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 7),respectively.The average recovery was 98.8%-100.3% and 98.0%-100.1%(RSD＜0.88%,n=6), respectively.According to the grey correlation analysis on the components, Cucumis melo L had the best quality, and Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng showed the worst quality.Conclusion: The established method is rapid and convenient, which can be used for the content determination of cucurbitacin B and E in cucurbits, and the comprehensive quality evaluation of cucurbits.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To study the biosynthesis mechanism and transshipment law of limonin compounds in Citri Reticulatae Semen, traditional medicinal variety Citrus reticulata "Dahongpao". Methods: In the process of seed growth and development, the contents of limonin, nomilin, and obacunone in stem, vane, peel, and seeds were determined by UPLC tangerine; Using grey relational analysis method, the correlation analysis between the contents and the cloning of squalene synthase gene (ss), squalene epoxidase gene (se), and glucose transferase (lgt) expression was performed. Results: Limonin compounds in different organs had the largest accumulation in seeds; The accumulation of limonin compounds in different organs was significantly correlated with ss, se, and lgt gene expression, but in the seeds the accumulation of limonin has the most closely correlation with ss, se, and lgt gene expression; The ss gene expression had the largest contribution on the accumulation of limonin, nomilin, and obacunone. Conclusion: The study provides reliable and scientific envidendce for the synthesis mechanism and transshipment law of limonin compounds.