Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities / Triagem fitoquímica de extratos de Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. e sua potencial atividade antioxidante, fotoprotetora, antimicrobiana e antiviral

Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-¹), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-¹), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-¹) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-¹ (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 µgmL-¹, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value <0.195 µgmL-¹ and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results [...].

Espécies do gênero Cordia apresentam atividades biológicas, como anti-inflamatória, analgésica, antioxidante, antiviral e antifúngica. Para a espécie Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC., ainda não existem informações sobre seu perfil fitoquímico e possíveis atividades biológicas, deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar este perfil em extratos etanólicos de folhas jovens, adultas e senescentes, bem como o potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetor, antimicrobiano e virucida. A análise fitoquímica foi realizada por CCD (Cromatografia em Camada Delgada), mostrando a presença de flavonóides, taninos e terpenos. Na avaliação por CLAE EM/EM (Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) foi evidenciado a presença dos ácidos caféico (3,89 mgL-¹), p-cumárico (6,13 mgL-¹) e ferúlico (0,58 mgL-¹), paralelamente, na CG/EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) verificou-se maior quantidade dos ácidos graxos palmítico (51,17%), esteárico (20,34%), linoléico (9,62%) e mirístico (8,16%). Os radicais DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) e ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico)) foram utilizados para verificar o potencial antioxidante, observando se uma atividade superior para o extrato da folha em sua fase fenológica adulta: 54,63 ± 1,06 µgmL-¹ (DPPH) e 44,21 ± 1,69 mM (ABTS+). A potencial atividade fotoprotetora dos extratos foi determinada espectrofotometricamente e os valores in vitro de FPS (Fator de Proteção Solar) em folhas jovens e adultas (5,47 e 5,41 respectivamente) apresentaram valores próximos ao FPS mínimo de 6,0 exigido pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária). Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para Staphylococcus aureus sendo a concentração inibitória mínima de 2000 µgmL-¹, no entanto o ensaio anti-herpético contra o vírus Herpes simplex tipo 2 (HSV-2) mostrou uma potente atividade virucida nas concentrações testadas [...].

Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities

Abstract Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-1), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-1), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-1) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatographymass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 gmL-1, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value 0.195 gmL-1 and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results obtained in this study suggest that extracts of leaves of C. glabrata in their adult phenological stage have potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activity, considering in vitro test results.

Resumo Espécies do gênero Cordia apresentam atividades biológicas, como anti-inflamatória, analgésica, antioxidante, antiviral e antifúngica. Para a espécie Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC., ainda não existem informações sobre seu perfil fitoquímico e possíveis atividades biológicas, deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar este perfil em extratos etanólicos de folhas jovens, adultas e senescentes, bem como o potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetor, antimicrobiano e virucida. A análise fitoquímica foi realizada por CCD (Cromatografia em Camada Delgada), mostrando a presença de flavonóides, taninos e terpenos. Na avaliação por CLAE EM/EM (Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) foi evidenciado a presença dos ácidos caféico (3,89 mgL-1), p-cumárico (6,13 mgL-1) e ferúlico (0,58 mgL-1), paralelamente, na CG/EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) verificou-se maior quantidade dos ácidos graxos palmítico (51,17%), esteárico (20,34%), linoléico (9,62%) e mirístico (8,16%). Os radicais DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) e ABTS+ (2-Azino-bis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico)) foram utilizados para verificar o potencial antioxidante, observando-se uma atividade superior para o extrato da folha em sua fase fenológica adulta: 54,63 ± 1,06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) e 44,21 ± 1,69 mM (ABTS+). A potencial atividade fotoprotetora dos extratos foi determinada espectrofotometricamente e os valores in vitro de FPS (Fator de Proteção Solar) em folhas jovens e adultas (5,47 e 5,41 respectivamente) apresentaram valores próximos ao FPS mínimo de 6,0 exigido pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária). Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para Staphylococcus aureus sendo a concentração inibitória mínima de 2000 gmL-1, no entanto o ensaio anti-herpético contra o vírus Herpes simplex tipo 2 (HSV-2) mostrou uma potente atividade virucida nas concentrações testadas com um valor de CV50 0,195 gmL-1 e um Índice de Seletividade (IS = CC50 / CV50) maior que 448. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que extratos de folhas de C. glabrata em seu estágio fenológico adulto apresentam potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetora e virucida, considerando os resultados de testes in vitro.

Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities / Triagem fitoquímica de extratos de Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. e sua potencial atividade antioxidante, fotoprotetora, antimicrobiana e antiviral

Abstract Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-1), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-1), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-1) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 μgmL-1, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value <0.195 μgmL-1 and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results obtained in this study suggest that extracts of leaves of C. glabrata in their adult phenological stage have potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activity, considering in vitro test results.

Resumo Espécies do gênero Cordia apresentam atividades biológicas, como anti-inflamatória, analgésica, antioxidante, antiviral e antifúngica. Para a espécie Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC., ainda não existem informações sobre seu perfil fitoquímico e possíveis atividades biológicas, deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar este perfil em extratos etanólicos de folhas jovens, adultas e senescentes, bem como o potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetor, antimicrobiano e virucida. A análise fitoquímica foi realizada por CCD (Cromatografia em Camada Delgada), mostrando a presença de flavonóides, taninos e terpenos. Na avaliação por CLAE EM/EM (Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) foi evidenciado a presença dos ácidos caféico (3,89 mgL-1), p-cumárico (6,13 mgL-1) e ferúlico (0,58 mgL-1), paralelamente, na CG/EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) verificou-se maior quantidade dos ácidos graxos palmítico (51,17%), esteárico (20,34%), linoléico (9,62%) e mirístico (8,16%). Os radicais DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) e ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico)) foram utilizados para verificar o potencial antioxidante, observando-se uma atividade superior para o extrato da folha em sua fase fenológica adulta: 54,63 ± 1,06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) e 44,21 ± 1,69 mM (ABTS+). A potencial atividade fotoprotetora dos extratos foi determinada espectrofotometricamente e os valores in vitro de FPS (Fator de Proteção Solar) em folhas jovens e adultas (5,47 e 5,41 respectivamente) apresentaram valores próximos ao FPS mínimo de 6,0 exigido pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária). Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para Staphylococcus aureus sendo a concentração inibitória mínima de 2000 μgmL-1, no entanto o ensaio anti-herpético contra o vírus Herpes simplex tipo 2 (HSV-2) mostrou uma potente atividade virucida nas concentrações testadas com um valor de CV50 <0,195 μgmL-1 e um Índice de Seletividade (IS = CC50 / CV50) maior que 448. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que extratos de folhas de C. glabrata em seu estágio fenológico adulto apresentam potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetora e virucida, considerando os resultados de testes in vitro.

Manifestaciones neurológicas del herpes virus simple y varicela zóster / Neurological manifestations of herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster

RESUMEN El espectro de manifestaciones neurológicas secundarias a la infección por la familia de virus Herpesviridae es heterogénea, depende de factores ambientales, de la susceptibilidad inmunológica del huésped (infección de por vida) y la susceptibilidad genética, entre otras variables. Así, el compromiso puede ser fatal en ausencia de un rápido diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo de revisar la neuroinfección por herpesvirus tipo 1 (HSV-1), tipo 2 (HSV-2) y virus de la varicela zóster (VVZ) es profundizar en aquellas manifestaciones clínicas que generan compromiso del sistema nervioso central y periférico, así como contribuir a una detección y confirmación temprana de la infección, establecer un enfoque terapéutico adecuado, que depende del compromiso clínico, y, finalmente, minimizar las complicaciones y secuelas neurológicas a largo plazo.

SUMMARY The spectrum of neurological manifestations secondary to infection by the family of viruses Herpesviridae is heterogeneous depending on environmental factors, susceptibility host immunological (infection for life), genetic susceptibility among other variables. Thus, the compromise can be fatal in the absence of prompt diagnosis and treatment. He objective of reviewing neuroinfection by Herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1), type 2 (HSV-2) and virus varicella zoster (VVZ) is to delve into those clinical manifestations that generate central and peripheral nervous system involvement, seeks to detect and confirm early, and likewise establish an adequate therapeutic approach that depends on the clinical commitment, ultimately minimizing long-term neurological complications and sequelae term.

Evaluation of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of herpes simplex virus-1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus in corneal cells from normal subjects and patients with keratitis in India

Purpose: To determine the presence of herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus (HSV 1 and 2, VZV) in the cornea of normal subjects by multiplex real time quantitative (qPCR) assay and evaluate its utility in the diagnosis of viral keratitis. Methods: Corneal epithelial cells from 33 eyes of 22 patients undergoing photorefractive keratectomy surgery (controls) and 50 corneal scrapings from 50 patients with suspected HSV keratitis were analyzed for the presence of HSV1 by conventional PCR and for presence of HSV1 and 2 and/or VZV by multiplex real-time PCR. Corneal scrapings of patients were also tested for HSV1 antigen by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The results were compared and clinical records reviewed. Results: HSV1 and VZV DNA were detected in 8/33 controls (mean-14.3 ± 7.96, range: 3-29.1 copies/mL) and 2/33 controls (mean-10.7 ± 10.9, range 3-18.5 copies/ml) respectively. HSV2 was not detected in any of the controls. Copy numbers above the mean + 1SD of controls were considered significant for viral load in patient samples. Significantly higher number of corneal scrapings (39/50, 78%) from patients were positive for HSV1 (1.2 × 106 copies/mL ± 3.7 × 106 copies/mL) by real time qPCR compared to IFA (11/48, 23%, P value 0.0001) and conventional PCR (20/50, 40%, P value 0.0002). Double infection with HSV-1 (1.5 × 107 copies/ml) and HSV-2 (3.57 × 104 copies/ml) in one case and VZV infection (1.03 × 102 copies/ml) in another was also detected by the multiplex real-time PCR. Conclusion: Multiplex real-time PCR reliably detects HSV1 and 2 and VZV DNA and is ideal for the diagnosis of HSV and VZV keratitis in an ocular microbiology laboratory.

Pathogenesis of nasal and genital infection with herpes simplex virus type Ⅱ in BALB/c mice / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To observe and analyze the pathological changes in BALB/c mice infected with herpes simplex virus typeⅡ (HSV-2) through nasal and genital inoculation. Methods Six-week old female BALB/c mice were divided into two groups, experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, the mice were infected with HSV-2 (104 CCID50/20μl per mouse) through nasal and genital tract in-oculation. Accordingly, the mice in the control group were injected with equal volume of PBS. Tissue speci-mens were collected from lung, nervous system and reproductive system for pathological analysis and viral load detection at different time points after infection. Lat gene expression in mouse trigeminal and sacral gan-glia was detected through in situ hybridization. In addition, the proliferation of viruses isolated form trigemi-nal and sacral ganglia of the infected mice was observed in vitro. Results Weight loss and histopathological lesions were observed in the mice of the experimental group 6 d after infection. Major pathological changes in the HSV-2-infected mice through nasal tract inoculation involved the lung and central nervous system( CNS) , including alveolar wall congestion, cerebrovascular cuff response and lymphocyte infiltration. How-ever, the major lesions in the infected mice through genital tract inoculation were found in the reproductive ducts, such as sacral ganglion necrosis, eosinophilia in the vagina and uterus, and ovarian congestion. Re-sults of the viral load detection in tissues and organs of the infected mice were consistent with the pathological changes. The mice infected through nasal tract inoculation had significantly higher viral loads in the nerves and lungs than those by genital tract inoculation, but lower viral loads in the genital tracts and sacral ganglia. Positive expression of lat gene at mRNA level was detected in the trigeminal and sacral ganglia of mice with HSV-2 latency 28 d after infection. In addition, both of the tissue fragments from trigeminal and sacral ganglia had cytopathic effects ( CPEs) on Vero cells. Enhanced expression of lat gene at mRNA level and much severer CPEs were induced by genital tract inoculation than by nasal tract inoculation. Conclu-sions HSV-2 could infect and cause histopathological damages in BALB/c mice through both nasal and genital tracts. In addition, the locations of the pathological lesions were closely related to the mode of infection.

Novel variants of human herpesvirus 2 from Brazilian HIV-1 coinfected subjects

BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2) have DNA genome with a limited genetic variability and have been classified into two clades. OBJECTIVES To identify and characterise six HHV-2 isolates derived from Brazilian women. METHODS HHV-2 isolates were performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of 2250 pb of the glycoprotein B (gB) coding regions. FINDINGS Four HHV-2 isolates were classified into clade B, while the remaining two, derived from HIV-1 co-infected women, showed a notable genetic divergence (> 1%). MAIN CONCLUSION The results reveal novel HHV-2 variants. The impact of these novel variants on HHV-2 pathogenesis and HIV/HHV-2 coinfection need to be investigated.

A study on the association between HSV-2 and HIV serostatus in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative individuals.

Background: HSV-2 is a common cause of genital ulcer disease worldwide and has become a prominent public health issue over recent years. The major public health importance of HSV-2 relates to its potential role in facilitating HIV transmission. This study was done to know the association of HSV-2 and HIV, to compare the seropositivity of HSV-2 in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative individuals and also to study the influence of certain factors on HSV-2 infection. Methods: Blood samples collected from 132 HIV seropositive individuals and 50 HIV seronegative blood donors were screened for HSV-2 type specific IgG antibodies by ELISA. Results: 84 samples of the test group tested positive for HSV-2 (63.63%), which is significantly higher compared to 3 (6%) positives of the control group. HSV-2 seropositivity was significantly higher in individuals with multiple sexual partners, illiterates, daily wage workers. Conclusions: High seropositivity of HSV-2 in HIV seropositive individuals demonstrates the need for regular screening of HSV-2 in HIV seropositive individuals. It also clearly shows that education and occupation will influence the prevalence of HIV and HSV-2.

Herpes simplex virus 2 infection in HIV seropositive individuals in Tamil Nadu, India.

Background: Viral infection with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is one of the commonest opportunistic infection in HIV seropositive patients. Studies have confirmed that genital herpes caused by HSV-2 has been associated with twofold to threefold increased risk of HIV acquisition. This study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of HSV-2 in HIV positive patients. Methods: This was a prospective, cross sectional study conducted from July 2012 to January 2013. After obtaining written informed consent, HIV positive patients were enrolled into the study. Demographic characteristics were recorded. Serology test was performed using HSV-2 IgG ELISA test kit from Calbiotech, USA. Results were analyzed using Chi-squared test. Results: Out of two hundred and seventy three HIV positive patients enrolled, 67% were males, 33% were females and one transgender. Average age was 38.8 years. Overall 50% of HIV positive patients had HSV-2 IgG antibodies. Seroprevalence of HSV-2 among HIV positive men and women were 47% and 57% respectively. The highest HSV-2 seropositivity was detected in the age group of 36 to 45 years. Chi-squared analysis showed a statistically significant association between HSV-2 and HIV infection (X2 = 55.900, P = 0.0076). The median CD4 counts estimated in 100 patients were 563.50 cells/mm3. There was no significant difference in CD4 counts of those with or without HSV-2. Conclusions: HSV-2 prevalence was higher in HIV positive women than in men. The implementation of continuous interventions for STIs and HIV will bring down the prevalence and spread of both HSV-2 and HIV infection.

Seroprevalence and Factors Associated with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and Chlamydia trachomatis among Women Attending AIDS Care Unit at the Bonassama District Hospital.

Background: Infections with Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 (HSV-2) and Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of genital ulcer disease and cervicitis worldwide. There is little information on the prevalence of these sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Cameroon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and behavior factors associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV-2 seropositvity among women attending AIDS care unit in the district hospital in Douala. Methodology: One hundred and fifty seven consenting women (80 HIV-1 positive and 77 HIV-1 negative) were invited to participate in this study. A structured questionnaire was used for each woman to obtain informations about socio-demographic characteristics and sexual risk behavior. Peripheral venous blood sample were collected, labeled and sent to the laboratory, where the presence of IgG antibody against HSV-2 and Chlamydia trachomatis was detected, using ELISA test. Data management was carried out using the SPSS 16.0 statistical software. Results: The mean age of women was 37.22±9.13 years (range, 20 to 74 years). Of the 157 women tested, 122 (77.7%) were HSV-2 positive and 60 (38.2%) were positive for chlamydial infection. The prevalence of HSV-2 and chlamydial infections in HIV positive patients were 73.7% and 43.7% respectively versus 81.8% and 32.5% in HIV negative individuals. Women with multiple infections were those belonging to the group aged 30-39 years old, single and having had more than three sexual partners during the six months preceding the study. Conclusion: HIV status appears tobe a factor in the acquisition of chlamydial infection in our population. These results suggest the need for extension and expansion of the current study in Cameroon.

Microbicidas para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual: estado actual y estrategias para la evaluación preclínica de nuevos candidatos / Microbicides for preventing sexually transmitted infections: current status and strategies for preclinical evaluation of new candidates

Los microbicidas constituyen una nueva herramienta, todavía en proceso de investigación, que podrían ayudar en la prevención de la infección por los virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (Human immunodeficiency virus: HIV) y de otras infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS). Una serie de evidencias ha demostrado que la complejidad de la transmisión sexual de patógenos virales requiere de la identificación de compuestos capaces de bloquear los eventos tempranos del ciclo de infección viral. En este manuscrito hacemos una revisión exhaustiva de las diferentes estrategias que se han estudiado o se están considerando para prevenir ITS mediante el uso de microbicidas, haciendo particular énfasis en aquellos con el potencial de bloquear la infección por el HIV. También se revisa el proceso complejo de evaluación preclínica que se requiere para llegar a estudios en humanos y se concluye con un breve análisis de las estrategias que podrían formar parte del futuro inmediato en la investigación de microbicidas

Microbicides are a new tool, still under investigation, which could help prevent infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Increasing evidence shows that the complexity of sexual transmission of viral pathogens requires the identification of compounds able to block the early events during the cycle of viral infection. In this manuscript we provide a comprehensive review of the different microbicide strategies that have been studied or are currently being considered for STI prevention, particularly emphasizing those having the potential to block HIV infection. The manuscript also reviews the complex process that is required to conduct future clinical studies in humans and concludes with a brief discussion of the strategies that could be part of the immediate future in microbicide research

Seroincidence of Human Herpes Virus 2 Among Ante-natal Clinic Attendees in Benin, Nigeria.

Background: Human Herpes Virus 2 (HSV-2) infection has been shown to be significantly associated with several obstetric complications, especially if the infection occurred during the pregnancy. Advocacy for policy formulation and the design of interventions requires local data on the risk factors for incident HSV-2 infection. The aim of this study is to assess HSV-2 sero-incidence among pregnant women in Benin and the effect of socio-demographic factors, HIV status, and HSV-1 status. Study Location, Design and Duration: Pregnant women attending ante-natal clinic in University of Benin Teaching Hospital and Central Hospital, Benin were prospectively recruited. A cross-sectional study was done and baseline data, obtained. The HSV-2 seronegative participants were followed up till the last clinic appointments [the closest appointment to their expected delivery dates (EDD)]. The study took place between November 2011 and December 2012. Methods: On recruitment a structured self-administered questionnaire was used to capture their socio-demographic data. Obstetric data was obtained from the patients’ case notes. Their HSV-1 and HSV-2 serostatuses were determined using an HSV glycoprotein G-based type-specific ELISA technique. Their HIV statuses were also determined. All those who were seronegative for HSV-2 were retested for HSV-2 six months later and/or on their last clinic appointment before the EDD. Incidence rates were calculated per person-years. Data analysis utilized SPSS version 16 software. Results: Out of the 674 participants, 315(46.8%) were HSV-2 seropositive while 359 (53.2%) were seronegative. 15.9% (57) of the HSV-2 sero-negative ones were lost to follow-up, giving a response rate of 84.1%. Seroincidence rate was found to be 17.9 per 100 person-years. There was significant association of seroincidence with younger reproductive age groups, unmarried status, and education below secondary level. Relative Risk (RR) and Incidence rate ratio (IRR) of HSV-2 infection among the HIV-infected cohort were 55.15 [95%CI:17.0-179.1] and 72.37 [95% CI:71.11-73.63] respectively. The RR and IRR among the HSV-1-seronegative cohort were 1.43 [95%CI:0.64-3.17] and 11.62 [95%CI:9.60-13.64] respectively. Conclusion: Seroincidence rate of HSV-2 infection among pregnant women in Benin was found to be 17.9 per 100 person-years. Positive HIV status, young age, unmarried status, and low education level were indicators of increased risk of incident HSV-2 infection.

Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Benin, Nigeria.

Aims: In many countries, genital herpes, which is predominantly caused by HSV-2 in Nigeria, has become a public health problem of such increasing magnitude that national genital herpes control programmes have been instituted.. Advocacy for formulation of such a programme and the types of interventions to be included in the programme in Nigeria will require data on the prevalence of the disease and the associated factors. Moreover, most of the candidate vaccines against HSV-2 tend to fail when administered to HSV-1 infected persons. The utility of such vaccines in Nigeria will depend on the current seroprevalence of HSV-1 infections. The aim of this study is to assess the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH); and to verify the association between HSV-2 infection and HIV-status, age, parity, level of education and positive history of painful genital ulcers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and duration of the study: 264 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in UBTH were prospectively and consecutively included in the study which took place between December, 2011 and August, 2012. Methodology: The patients were tested for HSV-1 IgG and IgM; and for HSV-2 IgG and IgM, using gG type-specific ELISA technique. Their HIV statuses were also determined. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16. Results: HSV-2 antibodies were present in 44.3% while HSV-1 antibodies were present 96.6% of the participants. Age, HIV-status and marital status were found to be significantly associated with occurrence of HSV-2 antibodies; while parity, level of education and history of painful genital ulcers had no significant association. Conclusion: Seroprevalence of HSV-1 infection was 96.6% while that of HSV-2 infection was 44.3%. Factors that were significantly associated with occurrence of HSV-2 infection included age, marital status and HIV status.

The interference effects on UL29 shRNA expression vectors on HSV-2 / 实用医学杂志

Objective To construct short hairpin RNA (shRNA) recombinant expression vector for herpes simplex virus typeⅡ(HSV-2) UL29 gene and observe its inhibitory effect on HSV-2. Methods Four interference target sites of HSV-2UL29 gene were selected to construct 4 groups of small hairpin RNA respectively,named shRNA recombinant expression vector. The expression vectors were transfected into HEK293 cells with liposome. HEK293 cells were infected with HSV-2 after expression vector being transfected. The viral titer was estimated by end-point titration assay. The level of transcription was estimated by Real-Time PCR method. The expressing effect of protein was detected by Western-blot. Results Recombinant expression vector pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shRNA was constructed successfully. The result of end-point titration assay showed that the viral titer was reduced comparing with blank control (P<0.05). The result of RT-PCR showed that inhibition rates were respectively 28.80%, 59.95%, 66.08%and 36.27% comparing with blank control, and there were significant differences (P < 0.05). The effect of UL29shRNA1461 group was the best one. The result of Western-blot showed that the expressing quantity of ICP8 was reduced. Conclusion Recombinant expression vector pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shRNA can interfere HSV-2 UL29 gene expression from different cell level in vitro, which can inhibit the replication of HSV-2 genome in HEK293 cells. Thus, RNA interference (RNAi) is conducive to the further exploration of viral therapy.

Anti-HSV activity of Hypnea musciformis cultured with different phytohormones

Four extracts from the seaweed Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen in Jacq.) J.V. Lamour. (Rhodophyta), collected directly from its natural habitat or cultivated in the presence of phytohormones, were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the replication of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex viruses types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) strains. The main purpose was to determinate whether these growth conditions would affect the antiviral activity. Our results showed the possibility of improving the anti-HSV activity by using extracts from algae cultured in the presence of phytohormones.

Antiherpetic activity of a flavonoid fraction from Ocotea notata leaves

This study describes the isolation of a flavonoid fraction from leaves of Ocotea notata (Nees & Mart.) Mez, Lauraceae, the identification of six major compounds (an A-type proanthocyanidin trimer [3], isoquercitrin [4], reynoutrin [5], miquelianin [6], quercitrin [7], afzelin [8]) and four minor compounds (catechin [1], epicatechin [2], quercetin [9], kaempferol [10]) present in the fraction and its activity against the Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). The 50% effective concentrations values (EC50) calculated from the dose-response curve and the selectivity indices (SI) against the virus were: EC50 35.8 µg/mL and SI 5.5 to HSV-1 and EC50 23.5 µg/mL and SI 8.5 to HSV-2. The flavonoid fraction was more active against HSV-2 than HSV-1. The mechanisms of antiviral action of the flavonoid fraction against the virus were also evaluated. The percentage inhibition (PI) obtained for HSV-2 was higher than 90% in the following assays: virucidal, pre-treatment of cells, treatment of cells after viral adsorption and treatment of cells after viral penetration. For HSV-1, the flavonoid fraction had no effect in pre-treatment of cells and showed 60% of inhibition in virucidal assay.

Prevalence & correlates of primary infertility among young women in Mysore, India.

Background & objectives: There are sparse data on the prevalence of primary infertility in India and almost none from Southern India. This study describes the correlates and prevalence of primary infertility among young women in Mysore, India. Methods: The baseline data were collected between November 2005 through March 2006, among 897 sexually active women, aged 15-30 yr, for a study investigating the relationship of bacterial vaginosis and acquisition of herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infection. A secondary data analysis of the baseline data was undertaken. Primary infertility was defined as having been married for longer than two years, not using contraception and without a child. Logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with primary infertility. Results: The mean age of the women was 25.9 yr (range: 16-30 yr) and the prevalence of primary infertility was 12.6 per cent [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 10.5-15.0%]. The main factor associated with primary infertility was HSV-2 seropositivity (adjusted odds ratio: 3.41; CI: 1.86, 6.26). Interpretation & conclusions: The estimated prevalence of primary infertility among women in the study was within the range reported by the WHO and similar to other estimates from India. Further research is needed to examine the role of HSV-2 in primary infertility.

Serological profile of HSV-2 in patients attending STI clinic: Evaluation of diagnostic utility of HSV-2 IgM detection.

Objective: The present study was done to evaluate the serological profile of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) among patients attending sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic and to determine the utility of detecting HSV-2 IgM antibodies in such patients. A correlation of HSV-2 infection with other STI including HIV has also been attempted. Materials and Methods: Hundred consecutive patients who attended STI clinic, with one or more of the complaints as enunciated by WHO in syndromic approach for the diagnosis of STI, were included as subjects. All subjects were screened for common STI by standard laboratory procedures/ commercially available kits. HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgM antibody was detected by commercially available enzyme immuno assay kit in all patient's sera. Sera were also tested for other STI, namely HIV, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus and Treponema pallidum. Antigen detection for Chlamydia trachomatis was done in genital swabs of all patients by Bio-Rad Chlamydia Microplate EIA 31189 (United States) kit. Results: Thirty patients were found to have genital herpes. In 17/30 (56.6%) patients, HSV-2 serology was found to correlate with the clinical diagnosis. The coexistence of other infection in HSV-2 seropositive patients was detected in 8/30 patients. None of the patients having concomitant infections were clinically diagnosed accurately. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of IgM antibodies for the diagnosis of genital herpes was 73.91%, 90.91%, 70.83% and 92.91% respectively. Conclusion: HSV-2 IgM detection could only be used as a supportive test for the diagnosis of genital herpes . It needs to be emphasized that the sensitivity and positive predictive value scores are pointers for further improvement in the commercial assay systems and a large sample size may determine the broader utility of such systems.

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Seroprevalence in Korea: Rapid Increase of HSV-2 Seroprevalence in the 30s in the Southern Part

To determine the characteristics of seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection among Korean people, a cross-sectional study was conducted on three groups in 2004. The three groups consisted of the general public who visited public health centers, commercial sex workers (CSWs), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. Among the general public, HSV-2 seroprevalence rates for age under the 20s, in the 20s, 30s, 40s and the above 22.6%, 32.7% and 32.3%, respectively, which showed rapid increase of the rate in the 30s (p<0.0001). In case of the above of 19 yr old, women (28.0%) was higher than men (21.7%) (p<0.0001). The rate of CSWs (81.6%) was about 10 times higher than that of general women. In case of HIV-infected men (47.6%), the figure was about 2-3 times higher than that of general men. The low rate in the teens and the 20s proved that it is essential to develop sexually transmitted infections (STIs) prevention programs of education and publicity for them as a precaution measure. This study is the first major study of its kind on HSV-2 and would provide basic data for prevention of STIs including information about target groups subject to vaccination program.

Prevalência e fatores de risco para a infecção pelo herpes simples vírus tipo-2 em uma coorte de homens que fazem sexo com homens no Rio de Janeiro / Prevalence and risk factors for herpes simplex type-2 virus in a cohort of men who have sex with men in Rio de Janeiro

O HSV-2 é a principal causa de herpes genital, sendo a maior parte destas infecções assintomática. A infecção pelo HSV-2 pode ser um fator de risco para a aquisição e transmissão de outras DST, inclusive da infecção causada pelo HIV. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção pelo HSV-2 em uma coorte de homens que fazem sexo com homens da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com avaliação de dados sócio-demográficos, comportamentais e laboratoriais referentes à linha de base de 403 voluntários incluídos na referida coorte, no período de 1994-1998. As amostras foram testadas através do ELISA para detecção de anticorpos tipo-específicos contra a gG2 do HSV-2 (HerpeSelect - Focus Technologies)Resultados: A prevalência para anticorpos anti-HSV-2 encontrada nesta população foi de 65,2 por cento. Após análise multivariada, os fatores que se mostraram independentemente associados à infecção pelo HSV-2 foram idade mais elevada (maior ou igual a 26 anos), raça não branca, ter sorologia positiva para sífilis (TPHA), ter feito sexo desprotegido com parceria sexual masculina e ter feito sexo desprotegido com parceria sexual feminina nos seis meses que antecederam a visita. Conclusão: Este estudo mostra uma elevada prevalência da infecção pelo HSV-2 neste grupo e associação dessa infecção com outras DST, em concordância com outros estudos. Estes dados podem ter uma importante contribuição no sentido de avaliar estratégias que possam contribuir para a prevenção desta infecção na população de homens que fazem sexo com homens, que é tida como uma população vulnerável e central à dinâmica da disseminação do HSV-2 em todo o mundo...

HSV-2 is the primary cause of genital herpes and most of the infections are asymptomatic. The infection by HSV-2 may be a risk factor to acquisition and transmission of other sexually transmitted diseases (STD), including infection by HIV virus. Objective: Estimate the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated of infection by HSV-2 in a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Fundação Oswaldo Cruz [Oswaldo Cruz Foundation], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Methods: Cross-sectional study, evaluating sociodemographic, behavioral, and laboratorialdata from baseline of 403 volunteers included in this cohort, in the period of 1994-1998. The samples were tested by ELISA to detect type-specific antibodies against HSV-2 gG2 (HerpeSelect - Focus Technologies). Results: The prevalence to antibodies anti-HV2-2 observed in this population was 65.2 percent.After multivariate analysis, the factors independently associated to HSV-2 infection were older age (> 26 years), non-white race, positive serology for syphilis (TPHA), history of unprotected sex with male partners and history of unprotected sex with female partners inthe last six months before the visit.Conclusion: This study shows a high prevalence of HSV-2 infection in this group and association with other STD, consistent with other studies. This data may have a significant contribution to evaluate strategies that may contribute to prevent this infection amongMSM, as this is considered a vulnerable core-population to the dynamics of HSV-2 spreading all over the world...