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Background: Menstrual cycle is a regular coordinated physiological change in non-pregnant women. The variation of hormonal concentrations during different phases of the menstrual cycle has a profound influence on autonomic and metabolic activities. The present study was designed to assess the cardiovascular sympathetic functions during different phases of menstrual cycle in normal healthy eumenorrheic females.Methods: Fifty females in the age group of 18-25 years were selected for the study. Non-invasive cardiovascular sympathetic function tests were performed during different phases of the menstrual cycle using RMS Polyrite D.Results: Results were analyzed using paired ‘t’ test. Resting blood pressure, blood pressure response to isometric handgrip test and cold pressor test were statistically significant higher (p-value <0.05), in the secretory phase as compared to menstrual and proliferative phase. Blood pressure response to orthostatic test was statistically significant between the proliferative and secretory phase and between menstrual and secretory phase (p-value <0.05).Conclusion: Our study shows that sympathetic activity is highest during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and lowest in the proliferative phase as compared to the menstrual phase. This higher sympathetic activity may be correlated with higher estrogen and progesterone levels during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. The study also emphasizes the complex relationship between ovarian hormones and autonomic regulatory systems.
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Objective To evaluate the effects on reduction of peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis by hand grip exercise. Methods A detailed search was performed to identify literature about the impact of handgrip exercise on peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis, using the Cochrane Library and the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, CNKI, WanFang and CBM. The meta-analysis or descriptive review were performed after two authors in-dependently searching databases,extracting data and assessing quality of included studies. Results Seven RCTs were included in a total of 789 patients. Meta-analysis showed the effectiveness of handgrip exercise on reduction of peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis ( RR=0.27, 95% CI 0.17-0.42, P＜0.01); and improving vein maximum velocity ( WMD=6.53, 95% CI 3.34-9.73, P＜0.01) and time-mean flow velocity ( WMD=6.05, 95% CI 3.24-8.87, P＜0.01). Conclusions Handgrip exercise can improve axillary vein blood flow parameters and reduce peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis. Due to a small number of included studies and heterogeneity of indicators,multi-centered,high-quality RCTs with large sample size are needed in the future to assess the effect of handgrip exercise in PICC patients.
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Objective@#To evaluate the effects on reduction of peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis by hand grip exercise.@*Methods@#A detailed search was performed to identify literature about the impact of handgrip exercise on peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis, using the Cochrane Library and the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, CNKI, WanFang and CBM. The meta-analysis or descriptive review were performed after two authors in-dependently searching databases,extracting data and assessing quality of included studies.@*Results@#Seven RCTs were included in a total of 789 patients. Meta-analysis showed the effectiveness of handgrip exercise on reduction of peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis (RR=0.27, 95% CI 0.17-0.42, P<0.01); and improving vein maximum velocity (WMD=6.53, 95%CI 3.34-9.73, P<0.01) and time-mean flow velocity (WMD=6.05, 95%CI 3.24-8.87, P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#Handgrip exercise can improve axillary vein blood flow parameters and reduce peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis. Due to a small number of included studies and heterogeneity of indicators, multi-centered, high-quality RCTs with large sample size are needed in the future to assess the effect of handgrip exercise in PICC patients.
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Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of isometric resistance training(IRT)conducted using handgrip exercise on blood pressure variability (BPV) and heart rate variability (HRV) in hypertensive patients with minor ischemic stroke (MIS).Methods One hundred and twenty-five hypertensive patients with MIS were included in the present study. Patients were randomized into two groups with random number table. Patients in the control group (n=60) were nursed in the routine care in department of neurology, while patients in the experimental group (n=65) received the IRT.The 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure-monitoring assessment was performed using validated oscillometric recorders (A&D TM- 2430, A&D Inc.,Tokyo,Japan).The 24- hour ambulatory electrocardiography measurement was performed using electrocardiocorder(PI200A-A, QunTian Inc.,Shanghai,China).The BPV ratio and the HRV ratio were assessed in the two groups. Results 24 hours after the intervention, intervention group 24 hours systolic blood pressure variation coefficient and diastolic blood pressure variation coefficient were(10.16 ± 1.95)％,(12.6 ± 7.15)％,the control group, respectively (12.92 ± 2.79)％, (17.38±4.49)％, two groups compare the difference was statistically significant (t=6.450, 4.435, P<0.05). Intervention group of normal sinus R- R period between the standard deviation, to the phase difference between adjacent R- R , root mean square value of the whole difference in more than 50 ms continuous period of percentage between normal R-R and triangle Index were (173.3±58.5) ms, (115.9±74.4), (54.8± 24.1)％, (53.3 ± 15.1).The control group was(128.7 ± 40.2)ms, (82.1 ± 35.2),(39.9 ± 17.1)％, (30.6 ± 14.9), and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(t=-8.439--3.207, all P<0.05). Conclusions Isometric resistance training conducted using handgrip exercise could increase the HRV and decrease the BPV in hypertensive patients with MIS. These results indicated that the IRT may improve the life quality of hypertensive patients with MIS.
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@#Exercise has been suggested as the best and the most affordable way for managing blood pressure. The insertion/ deletion of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D gene polymorphism had been reported to be linked with several diseases such as hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. Several studies showed that blood pressure response to exercise training for health management also vary among individuals with different genotypes of ACE I/D gene polymorphism. A study of 9 months of endurance exercise training at 75 to 85 % of VO2max showed that the decrease of resting blood pressure in I allele carriers wass greater than D allele carriers. In contrast, other study discovered that adult women with D allele had greater reduction in resting blood pressure than those with I allele, following a 12-week combined aerobic and resistance exercise training. Despite the inconsistencies of some findings, it has remained unknown if the ACE I/D gene polymorphism would also influence blood pressure response to isometric handgrip training that had been found to be superior to the dynamic resistance exercise training in controlling and preventing high blood pressure. Thus, this article was to review the literature on ACE I/D gene polymorphism and blood pressure response to exercise training that could serve as the basis for future research to identify individuals who will lower resting blood pressure the most with exercise training program for health management.
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Objective We observed influence of different handgrip exercise on the changes of blood flow velocity and blood vessel diameter of basilic vein before and after the PICC placement and discuss the best model for handgrip exercise.Methods 60 patients with PICC were chosen and divided into group A,B and C with 20 patients in each groups.Group A received routine guidance on unarmed handgrip exercise,group B used electronic handgrip,the frequency was 25 times/min,the time period was 2 min with 4 times a day,once every 4 hours,group C adopted the same model as that of group B and 6 times a day,once every 3 hours.The venous blood flow velocity and blood vessel diameter was measured by pulsed Doppler ultrasound one hour before the PICC placement and one hour,1 day,3 days,7 days,10 days,14 days,21 days after placement.Results The venous blood flow velocity before and after PICC placement had statistically significant differences at different time points (F=2.934,P ＜ 0.05).The effect of group B and C was better than that of the group A and group C showed the best effect.The blood vessel diameter before and after PICC placement had significant differences at different time points(F=3.940,P ＜ 0.05).There was significant differences in the blood vessel diameter 1h before and 1h after PICC placement.Conclusions Handgrip exercise can effectively promote the upper limb venous blood flow velocity in patients with PICC,but shows little effect on the blood vessel diameter.Using the electronic hand grip in weak tap position,25 times/min,2 min every time,and 6 times a day (once every 3 hours),can obviously promote the upper limb venous blood flow velocity.
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Objectives: The present study was planned to assess the effects of gonadal steroids (estrogen and progesterone) on bronchial responsiveness, before and after handgrip exercise, during different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods:In this study, 30 healthy (25-40 years), non-athletic, adult female volunteers were studied. The various pulmonary function parameters (FVC, FEV 1 , PEFR, FEF 25-75% ) were recorded with a spirometer under resting conditions and then within five minutes of cessation of isometric exercise. Recordings were taken during the Menstrual phase (MP), Proliferative phase (PP), and Luteal phase (LP) of menstrual cycle and were confirmed by plasma levels of estrogen and progesterone. The oral temperature was recorded during each phase of the menstrual cycle. Results : Under resting conditions, the above-mentioned parameters did not reveal significant differences during the three phases. A significant fall was observed only in the Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) during all the phases after handgrip, but there was a non-significant decline in the other parameters. Conclusion : By this study we conclude that the physiological changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle are not in themselves associated with changes in airway responsiveness before and after the handgrip test. The general fall seen in the pulmonary parameters could be due to fatigue or psychic factors.
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In COPD, overactivation of ergoreceptors may be a link between peripheral changes, sympathetic over activation and increased hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to exercise. The current study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that, ergoreflex in COPD patients is hyperactive and contributes to breathlessness and exercise limitation. The aim of study was to (1) demonstrate its hyperactivity in COPD (2). To record other efferent effects. Twenty stable COPD male patients aged 50±2.5 years and twenty healthy male subjects aged 48±3.5 years were studied under experimental and control groups. The ergoreflex contribution to cardio respiratory parameters was assessed by post-handgrip regional circulatory occlusion method (PH-RCO) and computed as the difference in heart rate and respiratory rate response between PH-RCO and control run without PHRCO. Results were analyzed for significance between two groups by repeated measures ANOVA. COPD patients showed over activation of ergoreflex as compared to control subjects in terms of heart rate during sustained hand grip (SHG) exercise (117±1.22 versus 89±0.89) beats/min, recovery heart rate (p<0.001), and respiratory rate during SHG (24±0.54 versus 19±03.24) breaths/min and recovery respiratory rate (p<0.001). Degree of overactivation of ergoreflex was significant in COPD patients (p<0.001). In COPD, overactivity of ergoreflex is associated with abnormal cardio respiratory reflex control. COPD patients showed overactivation of sympathetic nervous system as evidenced by heart rate changes during exercise and delayed recovery.
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Isometric contractions of muscles in upper extremities occur frequently during ordinary daily activities. The isometric handgrip exercise can be one of the best methods for the evaluation and treatment of patients with disability of upper extremity. However these isometric contractions can impose sudden and significant high stresses to the cardiovascular system. The purpose of this study was to document the torque patterns and cardiovascular responses of subjects by the isometric handgrip exercises and hopefully to provide a guidance for the safe evaluations and prescriptions of isometric exercises. Eighty healthy male subjects from 21 to 60 years of age performed isometric handgrip exercises using a Baltimore therapeutic equipment work simulator. The peak torque, time to peak torque, and torque at each second were measured by a six-second isometric strength trial program. The blood pressure and heart rate were measured simultaneously at rest and at each minute during isometric exercises at 30%, 50%, and 70% of the peak torque. There were no differences in the peak torque, time to peak torque, and torque at each second between age groups(p>0.05). After the onset of peak torque, the torque gradually decreased and recorded 72.8% of the peak torque at 6 seconds. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate increased significantly during exercise(p<0.001), but returned to the resting state immediately when the exercise stopped. The mean arterial pressures were significantly different when the duration of exercise prolonged at 50% and 70% of the peak torque(p<0.05). And also the mean arterial pressures increased significantly when the strength of exercise increased as well(p<0.001). We have concluded that attentions should be given to patient's cardiovascular state, and duration and strengh of exercise when the isometric handgrip exercises are prescribed for the evaluation and treatment of patients.