Género, empoderamiento y complejidad: un conflicto de la mujer en el contexto de la modernidad / Gender, Empowerment, and Complexity: A Women's Conflict in the Context of Modernity

Resumen El rol femenino suele ser estereotipado, sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo la mujer ha adquirido progresivamente mayor empoderamiento y protagonismo en la sociedad, lo que ha permitido el desempeño de diversos roles al tiempo, tales como, estudiante, trabajadora, madre y cónyuge. El objetivo del estudio es identificar la percepción de mujeres frente a la multiplicidad de roles y su impacto social en la actualidad. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico y hermenéutico, con una población de 19 estudiantes. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructurada sobre aspectos sociodemográficos y experiencias de las estudiantes en sus roles. La experiencia de sus roles fueron calificadas como duras, complejas, difíciles y le atribuyen significado de responsabilidad, compromiso, sacrificio. Se encontró que prevalecieron los sentimientos de dolor, tristeza y frustración. La sensación que más experimentan es la satisfacción y el empoderamiento; y percibieron muy escaso su tiempo. Las experiencias de las mujeres en el ejercicio de los roles, resultaron complejos y cargados de sentimientos encontrados y efectos históricamente marcados por el género, sin embargo, la satisfacción que genera en su crecimiento personal prevalece. No obstante, en el imaginario de las mujeres la repercusión social que esto genera recae en el descuido de la crianza de sus hijos.

Abstract The female role is usually stereotyped; however, over time, women have progressively acquired greater empowerment and prominence in society, which has allowed them to perform various roles at the same time: student, worker, mother, and spouse. This article aims to reveal women's perception of the multiplicity of roles and their current social impact. A qualitative, phenomenological, and hermeneutic study was carried out, with a population of 19 students. Semistructured interviews were conducted on sociodemographic aspects and experiences of the students in their roles. Their experience in the roles was qualified as hard, complex, and difficult, and they attribute it meanings of responsibility, commitment, and sacrifice. Feelings of pain, sadness, and frustration prevailed. The feelings they experienced the most were satisfaction and empowerment, and they perceived their time was scarce. Women's experiences in the exercise of their roles turned out to be complex, loaded with mixed feelings and effects historically marked by gender; however, the satisfaction it generates in their personal growth prevails. Nonetheless, in women's perspective, the social repercussion that this generates relies upon the neglect of their children's upbringing.

Consumo de medicamentos en profesionales y técnicos/ administrativos de la salud: / Consumo de droga na profissional de saúde, técnicos/ administrativos: / Consumption of medicines in health professionals and technical/ administrative staff:

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue establecer la situación de consumo de medicamentos no prescritos en profesionales, técnicos/administrativos de salud y los factores de riesgo asociados. Corresponde a un diseño de corte transversal en 182 profesionales y 578 técnicos/administrativos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial, con nivel de significación 5%. Se cuenta con la aprobación del Comité de Ética y Consentimiento Informado. Se obtuvo como resultado que el 44,9% consume medicamentos no prescritos; al comparar con situación profesional se tiene OR=1,66, IC (1,18-2,32); en consumo de tabaco OR=1,38, IC (1,02-1,87); en consumo de alcohol OR=2,10, IC (1,55-2,86); en hipertensión arterial OR=2,25 IC (1,29-3,91); y cefaleas OR=1,73, IC (1,27-2,37). Un alto porcentaje de automedicación, datos similares a un estudio hecho en farmacéuticos y estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud (38,5%). Asimismo, hay un alto riesgo en variables asociadas, concordante con estudios internacionales que señalan factores exógenos y factores endógenos asociados. Se concluye que existe alta prevalencia de automedicación y que los factores asociados (consumo de tabaco y alcohol) inciden en esta práctica. Se espera que se fomente la indagación en la salud del personal sanitario, garantizando la seguridad de las actividades y la impecabilidad en el ejercicio técnico profesional.

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi demonstrar a utilização de medicamentos não prescritos no, saúde / profissional técnica administrativa e fatores associados. Corresponde a um desenho transversal de 182 profissionais e 578 técnicos/administrativos. análise descritiva e inferencial foi realizada com o nível de significância de 5%. É aprovado pela Comissão de Ética e consentimento informado. 44,9% foi obtido que apresenta o consumo de medicamentos, comparando situação profissional tem OR = 1,66, CI (1,18-2,32), o consumo de tabaco OR = 1,38, CI (1,02-1,87), em álcool OR = 2,10, CI (1,55-2,86), na hipertensão OR = 2,25 IC (1,29-3,91), e OR = 1,73 dores de cabeça, CI (1,27-2,37). Elevada percentagem de auto-medicação, semelhante a um farmacêutico de estudo e estudantes de Ciências da Saúde (38,5%) de dados. Além disso, elevado risco associado, variáveis ​​consistentes com estudos internacionais indicando factores exógenos associados e factores endógenos. Concluiu-se que uma elevada prevalência de auto-medicação e factores associados (consumo de tabaco e álcool), afectar esta prática. O inquérito está prevista para ser promovido a saúde dos trabalhadores de saúde, garantindo a segurança das atividades e impecabilidade em exercício técnico profissional.

Abstract: The objective of the study was to assess the situation of consumption of non-prescribed drugs by health professionals, technical/administrative staff and its associated factors. It corresponds to a cross-sectional design in 182 professionals and 578 technicians/ administratives. A descriptive and inferential analysis was performed, with a significance level of 5%. The Committee on Ethics and Informed Consent has approved this study. It was obtained that 44.9% consumed non-prescribed medication, when comparing with professional situation, OR = 1.66, CI (1.18-2.32); in tobacco consumption OR = 1.38, CI 1.02-1.87); in alcohol consumption OR = 2.10, CI (1.55-2.86); in arterial hypertension OR = 2.25 CI (1.29-3.91), and in headaches OR = 1.73, CI (1.27-2.37). A high percentage of self-medication is shown, data similar to a study performed in pharmacists and students of Health Sciences (38.5%). There is also a high risk in associated variables, consistent with international studies that point out exogenous factors and associated endogenous factors. It is concluded that there is a high prevalence of self-medication and that the associated factors (smoking and alcohol consumption) influence this practice. It is hoped that the investigation into the health status of health professionals will be promoted, thus guaranteeing the safety of their activities and the impeccability in the practice of the profession.

Percepção de equipes de saúde bucal no norte de Minas Gerais sobre a formação de técnicos em saúde bucal do SUS / Views of oral health teams in northern Minas Gerais on the training of NHS oral health technicians / Percepción de los equipos de salud oral en el norte de Minas Gerais sobre la formación de técnicos en salud oral del SUS

A inclusão das Equipes de Saúde Bucal na Estratégia Saúde da Família representa uma mudança na saúde pública. Este estudo tem como objetivo conhecer percepções de egressos e coordenadores da formação técnica ministrada pela Escola Técnica de Saúde para Técnicos em Saúde Bucal em municípios do Norte de Minas Gerais, a partir do Programa Brasil Sorridente. A metodologia utilizada é exploratória-descritiva, com ênfase qualitativa. Os egressos afirmam que a participação no curso beneficia o serviço prestado à população por meio de ações de educação em saúde, maior eficiência, compreensão e qualidade de atividades desenvolvidas nas clínicas. As falas dos coordenadores e dos egressos enfatizam as melhorias nas ações de biossegurança. A percepção das equipes de saúde bucal, representada pelos egressos do curso técnico em saúde bucal e pelos coordenadores das equipes em que estão inseridos, ratifica a hipótese de que investir em educação para os trabalhadores do Sistema Único de Saúde contribui para a qualidade do serviço prestado.

The inclusion of Oral Health Teams in the Family Health Strategy represents a shift in public health. This study aims to get to know the views of graduates and coordinators of the technical training provided by the Technical Health School for Oral Health Technicians in municipalities in Northern Minas Gerais based on the Smiling Brazil Program. The methodology that was used is exploratory and descriptive, with a qualitative emphasis. The graduates claim that taking the course benefits the service provided to the population through actions in health education, it affords greater efficiency and understanding, and improves the quality of activities done in clinics. Coordinators and graduates emphasize the improvements that take place in biosecurity actions. The perception of the oral health teams, represented by the graduates of the technical course in oral health and by the coordinators of the teams in which they were in, confirms the hypothesis that investing in education for Unified Health System workers helps improve service quality.

La inclusión de los Equipos de Salud Oral en la Estrategia Salud Familiar representa un cambio en la salud pública. Este estudio tiene como objetivo conocer las percepciones de egresados y coordinadores de la formación técnica impartida por la Escuela Técnica de Salud para Técnicos en Salud Oral en municipios del Norte de Minas Gerais, a partir del Programa Brasil Sonriente. La metodología utilizada es exploratoria y descriptiva, con énfasis cualitativo. Los egresados afirman que la participación en el curso beneficia el servicio prestado a la población mediante acciones de educación en salud, mayor eficiencia, comprensión y calidad de actividades desarrolladas en las clínicas. Las palabras de los coordinadores y de los egresados enfatizan las mejoras en las acciones de bioseguridad. La percepción de los equipos de salud oral, representada por los egresados del curso técnico en salud oral y por los coordinadores de los equipos en que están incluidos, ratifica la hipótesis de que invertir en educación para los trabajadores del Sistema Único de Salud contribuye para la calidad del servicio prestado.

Eduación profesional de los técnicos de la salud en Argentina: Formación superior terciaria y universitaria / Professional Education of Health Technicians in Argentina at Tertiary and University Level

INTRODUCCIÓN: Investigar la formación profesionalde los técnicos en salud en Argentina es prioritaria dada la heterogeneidad de la oferta educativa que complejiza la inserción laboral y la regulación del ejercicio. OBJETIVO: Analizar la situación y características de la educación profesional de nivel superior para los trabajadores técnicos en salud en Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y transversal, con fuentes de datos secundarias y primarias durante 2010-2011. RESULTADOS: Se relevaron 370 instituciones educativas concentradas en la Región Centro (64%). La formación en el nivel terciario era del 87%, con una mayoría de gestión privada (71,3%). La formación universitaria dependía principalmente del sector público (73,9%). De las 852 carreras relevadas, casi el 30% correspondía a Enfermería, 12,4%a Laboratorio, 11,9% a Sanidad, 11,6% a Radiología y 10,1% a Instrumentación Quirúrgica. Se registraron 78.972 alumnos, con una cantidad predominante en Enfermería (39%) y Radiología (12%). CONCLUSIONES: La formación de técnicos en salud se distribuye en toda Argentina, aunque con una oferta desigual. Las diferencias estructurales entre las instituciones terciarias y universitarias obstaculizan la circulación entre ambos subsistemas. La complejidad del sistema de educación superior presenta una serie de desafíos que exigen el involucramiento conjunto de las carteras educativa y sanitaria para planificar y desarrollar estos recursos a nivel nacional.

INTRODUCTION: The research of the professional training of health technicians in Argentina is apriority area because of the heterogeneous educational offer that makes entry into the labor market and regulation of exercise more difficult. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the situation and characteristics of professional high education for health technicians in Argentina. METHODS: A descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study was conducted, with secondary and primary data sources during 2010-2011. RESULTS: The 370 educational institutions included in the survey were concentrated in the Central Region (64%).The training at tertiary level was 87%, mostly privately managed (71.3%). University education depended mostly on public sector (73.9%). Of the 852 careers surveyed, almost 30% were Nursing, Lab 12.4%, Health 11.9%, Radiology 11.6% and Surgical Instrumentation 10.1%. There were 78972 students, most of them in Nursing (39%) and Radiology (12%). CONCLUSIONS: The training offer for health technicians is unequally distributed in Argentina. Structural differences between tertiary institutions and universities make it difficult to move from one subsystem to the other. The complexity of high education system poses different challenges requiring the involvement of both Education and Health ministries for planning and development of these resources at national level.

Aspectos éticos e legais relacionados à atuação dos técnicos e auxiliares em saúde bucal / Ethical and legal issues related to the performance of dental technicians and dental auxiliary personnel

Introdução: em 24 de Dezembro de 2008, entrou em vigor a Lei 11.889, a qual Regulamenta o exercício das profissões de Técnico em Saúde Bucal (TSB) e de Auxiliar de Saúde Bucal (ASB), de nível médio e fundamental, respectivamente. Objetivo: revisar na literatura nacional e internacional sobre assuntos relacionados à importância de ASB (Auxiliar em Saúde Bucal) e TSB (Técnico em Saúde Bucal), enfocando os aspectos éticos e legais dessas profissões. Considerações Finais: na atualidade, os cursos profissionalizantes de ASB e TSB estão sendo oferecidos em todo o país. É necessária uma maior divulgação e consciência, tanto por parte dos cirurgiões-dentistas como por parte dos auxiliares, evitando a má utilização dos seus serviços. É importante que os auxiliares tenham conhecimento específico e normatizado para desenvolverem suas atividades de forma segura e lícita e, os órgãos competentes devem estar preparados para fiscalizar o cumprimento das normas previstas na legislação.

Introduction: On December 24th 2008, entered into force the Law 11.889, which regulates the exercise of the professions Dental Technician (DT) and Dental Auxiliary (DA), of mid- and fundamental level, respectively. Objective: To review the national and international literature on the importance of DT and DA, focusing on the ethical and legal aspects related to these professions. Final remarks: Currently, the DT and DA professionalizing courses are being offered across the country. A wider dissemination and awareness are needed, both on the part of dentists as well as auxiliary personnel, avoiding the misuse of their services. It is important for the supporting personnel to have specific and regulated knowledge to develop their activities safely and lawfully. Accordingly, competent bodies should be prepared to monitor compliance to the norms set out in the legislation.

Analysis on the turnover intention of the health technicians of county-level public hospitals in three cities of Shandong province / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective The turnover intention and the work states of the health technicians were investigated to analyze the influencing factors of turnover and the relationship between turnover intention and work state,to guide the health technicians who want to dimission to make a correct decision,and to make some suggestions to improve their work states.Methods Multistage stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to survey 2903 health workers on the job of all the county-level public hospitals in Shandong Province by the questionnaire of the Fourth National Health Services Survey.Analysis methods included Two Logistic classification regression and three evaluation methods based on two weights.Results 32.4 percent health technicians had turnover intention.The risk factors of the turnover intention were as follows:medical department,bad assessments of the practice environment,low degree of the diversity of job skills,small level of improving the individual's capacity,low degree of job satisfaction,high degree of job autonomy,high requirement for the expression of individual emotions,high working pressure,high job burnout.The higher turnover intentions were,the lower synthetical evaluation scores of the work states were.Conclusion The county hospitals ought to pay more attention to the health technicians with high tumover intention,and to guide the health technicians who want to dimission to make a correct decision,and to make some suggestions to improve their work states through having a heart-to-heart talk,training,and career planning,etc.

Propuesta metodológica. Vinculación del programa farmacología I con la medicina natural tradicional. Perfil de servicios farmacéuticos: Methodological proposal. Linking the syllabus of Pharmacology I with Natural Traditional Medicine. Profile of Pharmaceutical Services

Nuestro trabajo aborda la propuesta de incorporación de los conocimientos de la Medicina Natural Tradicional en el programa de Farmacología I que se imparte en la formación completa del perfil de Servicios Farmacéuticos de la Carrera Tecnología de la Salud, con el objetivo de vincular el programa de estudio y sus modalidades, y de esta forma promover la disciplina como una terapia actual y beneficiosa en el mundo moderno, logrando motivar a los profesionales en formación, partiendo de la vinculación de la especialidad (que abarca la Medicina Natural y Tradicional en su estudio) con el farmacéutico, personal paramédico que se encarga de la preparación de los medicamentos fitofármacos y apifármacos. Se impone entonces un sólido conocimiento de las plantas activas, teniendo como principal ventaja la aplicación de estos medicamentos que no implican efectos secundarios en su administración al paciente. Para lo cual incorporamos en cada uno de los temas las modalidades como apifármacos, fitofármacos, acupuntura, ejercicios estimuladores, masajes y otras que comprenden la disciplina, lo que permitirá lograr motivar a los estudiantes en formación a la investigación constante y aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos en la práctica diaria como criterio de la verdad.

This work is about a proposal to incorporate knowledge of Natural and Traditional Medicine in the syllabus of Pharmacology I, a subject that is taught in the profile of Pharmaceutical Services at Health Technology Major. The aim of this proposal is: to link the syllabus established in the specialty with these medical alternative and, at the same time, to promote it as a current and beneficial therapy in the modern world to achieve motivation in the future professionals. Starting from the link of the specialty-comprising Natural and Traditional Medicine in its study- with the paramedic personnel who is in charge of preparing the drugs (phyto and api medications) thus, knowledge about the active plants should be developed having as an advantage the application of those medications which do not produce adverse effects when administered. In each of the topics the modalities of api and phyto medications, acupuncture, stimulating exercises, massages and other terms are incorporated to encourage students to investigative systematically and apply knowledge obtained by experience or study in the daily practice.