Construction of residents' healthy lifestyle cognitive index system in the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality / 环境与职业医学

Background Healthy lifestyle is one of the important factors affecting individual health. How to promote residents' cognition of healthy lifestyle has become an urgent practical problem for the whole society. However, there is no residents' healthy lifestyle cognitive indexes available with consideration of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Objective To construct a cognitive index system for providing effective assessment on residents' cognition of healthy lifestyle under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Methods Based on the health belief model, a preliminary cognitive index system of residents' healthy lifestyle under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality was proposed after literature study and relevant policy review. Then three rounds of indicator importance evaluation and screening by Delphi method were conducted before the index system was finally constructed. The weights of all levels of indicators were determined using analytic hierarchy process. In addition, a self-assessment questionnaire was developed based on the index system. The questionnaire was utilized to conduct a survey among 200 residents by convenience sampling in Shenyang, Liaoning Province from November to December 2021. The survey was used to examine the reliability and validity of the indicator system. Results The effective recovery rates of the three rounds of Delphi method were all 100%. The authority coefficient was 0.84. The Kendall's W consistency test showed good expert consistency (P<0.001). Finally, a cognitive index system of residents' healthy lifestyle under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality was initially constructed, including 4 first-level indicators, 8 second-level indicators, and 35 third-level indicators. Among them, the weights of the first-level indicators were 0.4541 for practice cognition, 0.2248 for benefit and obstacle cognition, 0.1626 for action clue cognition, and 0.1585 for risk cognition, respectively. The correlation coefficients between each indicator were from 0.586 to 0.977 (P<0.01). The overall Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.95, indicating high reliability. Invited experts agreed that the entries were representative and the content validity of the constructed indicator system was good. The factor analysis also showed that the structure validity was good. Conclusion The proposed index system for residents' cognition of healthy lifestyle show good reliability and validity, which can be used as an effective assessment tool for residents' healthy lifestyle cognition under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. It can provide a scientific and theoretical basis for promoting residents' cognition and practice of healthy lifestyle.

A saúde de adolescentes na volta às atividades escolares presenciais após dois anos de pandemia do Covid-19 ­ estudo transversal de base escolar em Pelotas/RS / The health of adolescents returning to face-to-face school activities after two years of the Covid-19 pandemic - school-based cross-sectional study in Pelotas/RS / La salud de los adolescentes que retornan a las actividades escolares presenciales después de dos años de la pandemia de Covid-19 - estudio transversal escolar en Pelotas/RS

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a percepção sobre a massa corporal, comportamentos relacionados à saúde, e a saúde mental de escolares adolescentes durante o período de retorno às atividades escolares presenciais com o período anterior à pandemia de COVID-19. O estudo foi realizado com 425 escolares (16,96±1,39 anos; 60,2% do sexo feminino) selecionados aleatoriamente de escolas das redes pública e privada de Pelotas/RS. Para a coleta dos dados foi utilizado um questionário de autopreenchimento contendo perguntas retrospectivas e atuais sobre as variáveis analisadas. Os resultados indicaram que a percepção sobre a massa corporal, o nível de atividade física, o tempo de sono, e a saúde mental (apenas para as meninas) estão piores (p<0,05) no momento atual quando comparados ao período anterior à pandemia. Por outro lado, hábitos alimentares e tempo de tela recreativo apresentaram melhores resultados (p<0,05) no momento atual do que no período anterior à pandemia. Estes resultados mostram um complexo panorama em relação à saúde de adolescentes no período de retomada das atividades presencias, tornando o retorno às atividades escolares presenciais um desafio para os próprios adolescentes, seus familiares, para professores, e para as escolas.

The aim of this study was to compare the perception of body mass, health- related behaviors and mental health of adolescent schoolchildren during the period of return to face to face school activities with the period before COVID-19 pandemic. The study was carried out with 425 students (16.96±1.39 years; 60.2% female) randomly selected from public and private schools in Pelotas/RS. For data collection, a self-completion questionnaire was used, containing retrospective and current questions about analyzed outcomes. The results indicated that the perception of body mass, level of physical activity, sleep time, and mental health (only for girls) are worse (p<0.05) at present when compared to the period before the pandemic. On the other hand, eating habits and recreational screen time showed better results (p<0.05) at present than in the period before the pandemic. These results show a complex panorama concerning the health of adolescents in the period of resumption of face to face activities, making this return a challenge for the adolescents themselves, their families, teachers and for schools.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la percepción de masa corporal, comportamientos relacionados a la salud y salud mental de escolares adolescentes durante el período de retorno a las actividades escolares presenciales con el período anterior a la pandemia de COVID-19. El estudio fue realizado con 425 alumnos (16,96±1,39 años; 60,2% del sexo femenino) seleccionados aleatoriamente de escuelas públicas y privadas de Pelotas/RS. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizó un cuestionario auto-completado, conteniendo preguntas retrospectivas y actuales sobre los resultados analizados. Los resultados indicaron que la percepción de la masa corporal, el nivel de actividad física, el tiempo de sueño y la salud mental (sólo para las niñas) son peores (p<0,05) en la actualidad en comparación con el período anterior a la pandemia. Por otro lado, los hábitos alimentarios y el tiempo de pantalla recreativo mostraron mejores resultados (p<0,05) en la actualidad que en el periodo anterior a la pandemia. Estos resultados muestran un panorama complejo en relación a la salud de los adolescentes en el período de reanudación de las actividades presenciales, haciendo de este retorno un desafío para los propios adolescentes, sus familias, profesores y para las escuelas.

Perfil clínico dos usuários com demanda em saúde mental de uma unidade de saúde da família do município de Rondonópolis, MT / Clinical profile of users with mental health demand of an Family Health Estrategics in the municipality of Rondonópolis, MT

Objetivo: caracterizar o perfil clínico e epidemiológico dos usuários com demanda em saúde mental, assistidos em uma Unidade Saúde da Família no município de Rondonópolis, MT. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo, realizado por meio da análise documental de dados secundários presentes em um banco de dados já existente de usuários desta Unidade de Saúde da Família. Resultados: foram analisados 224 prontuários, dos quais 73% pertenciam a pacientes do sexo feminino. Em ambos os sexos, os diagnósticos mais prevalentes foram transtorno depressivo maior (40,6%), transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (38,4%) e transtorno do sono (33,5%). Conclusões: mediante a caracterização clínica e epidemiológica dos usuários com demanda em saúde mental, há a necessidade de planejar intervenções em saúde voltadas para a realidade local a fim de minimizar o sofrimento da população adscrita.

Objective: to characterize the clinical and epidemiological profile of users with mental health needs assisted in a Family Health Strategy in the city of Rondonópolis, MT. Methods: observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and quantitative epidemiological study based on document analysis of secondary data present in an existing database of users of the Family Health Strategy. Results: 224 medical records were analyzed, of which 73% belong to female patients. In both sexes, the most prevalent diagnoses were Major Depressive Disorder (40.6%), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (38.4%), and Sleep Disorder (33.5%). Conclusions: the clinical and epidemiological characterization of users with mental health needs contributes to the planning of health interventions focused on this theme

Advances in pulmonary rehabilitation for children with bronchial asthma / 浙江大学学报·医学版

Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. With the development of the whole-life-cycle health concept, the focus of treatment for bronchial asthma in children has gradually shifted from initial pharmacological control to an integrated management model of functional rehabilitation and pharmacological assistance. As a non-pharmacological integrated approach, pulmonary rehabilitation plays an equally important role in the management of childhood asthma as pharmacological treatment. Studies have shown that breathing techniques such as Buteyko breathing, pursed lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing training, threshold-pressure inspiratory muscle training and yoga breathing can improve lung function indicators such as FEV1, FVC, PEF and MVV in children. The comprehensive pre-exercise assessment, the development of exercise prescriptions, and the implementation and evaluation of exercise effects can improve the physical fitness, neuromuscular coordination and self-confidence of children with asthma. The comprehensive interventions of health education, psychological support and nutritional intervention can improve the compliance and effectiveness of rehabilitation training. This article reviews the research progress on respiratory training, physical exercise and comprehensive interventions in the pulmonary rehabilitation of asthmatic children, to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the scientific and rational management of pulmonary rehabilitation of asthmatic children in clinical settings.

The association among the consumption of ultra-processed food and body image, nutritional status and physical activity of pregnant women at the primary health care / Associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e imagem corporal, estado nutricional e atividade física de gestantes na Atenção Primária à Saúde

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the consumption of ultra-processed food and its association with body image, physical activity, nutritional status and self-assessment on food of pregnant women enrolled in the Primary Health Care. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study carried out with pregnant women enrolled in the Family Health Strategy in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The dependent variable was the consumption of ultra-processed food, and the independent ones addressed body appearance, physical activity, nutritional status, self-assessment on food and food consumption. Descriptive analysis was carried out and for association of analysis, the linear regression model was used with crude and adjusted associations. Results: 1,185 pregnant women participated in the study. Caloric intake from ultra-processed food represented 32.0% of these women's daily diet. There was an association between consumption of ultra-processed food and physical activity (β=-0.08; p<0.01), pre-gestional nutritional status (β=-0,12; p<0.01) and body image (β =0.08; p=0.01). Conclusion: the pregnant women presented high consumption of ultra-processed food. Having a negative body image, the lowest level of physical activity, and high pre-gestational nutritional status are conditions that influenced the consumption of these food.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e sua associação com imagem corporal, atividade física, estado nutricional e autoavaliação alimentar de gestantes cadastradas na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com gestantes cadastradas na Estratégia Saúde da Família do município de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário. A variável dependente foi consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, e as independentes abordaram aspecto corporal, atividade física, estado nutricional, autoavaliação alimentar e consumo alimentar. Realizou-se análise descritiva e para análise de associação, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear com associações brutas e ajustadas. Resultados: participaram do estudo 1.185 gestantes. O consumo calórico proveniente dos ultraprocessados representou 32,0% da dieta diária dessas mulheres. Verificou-se associação entre consumo de ultraprocessados com atividade física (β=-0,08; p<0,01), estado nutricional pré-gestacional (β=-0,12; p<0,01) e imagem corporal (β=0,08; p=0,01). Conclusão: as gestantes apresentaram alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Ter imagem corporal negativa, menor nível de atividade física, estado nutricional pré-gestacional elevado são condições que influenciaram o consumo desses alimentos.

Advances in pulmonary rehabilitation for children with bronchial asthma / 浙江大学学报·医学版

Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. With the development of the whole-life-cycle health concept, the focus of treatment for bronchial asthma in children has gradually shifted from pharmacological control to an integrated management model of functional rehabilitation and pharmacological assistance. As a non-pharmacological integrated approach, pulmonary rehabilitation plays an equally important role in the management of childhood asthma as pharmacological treatments. Breathing techniques such as Buteyko breathing, pursed lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing training, threshold-pressure inspiratory muscle training and yoga breathing can improve lung function indicators such as forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) in children. Comprehensive pre-exercise assessment, development of exercise prescriptions, and implementation and evaluation of exercise effects can improve physical fitness, neuromuscular coordination, and self-confidence of children with asthma. The comprehensive interventions of health education, psychological support and nutritional intervention can improve the compliance and effectiveness of rehabilitation training. This article reviews the research progress on respiratory training, physical exercise, and comprehensive interventions in the pulmonary rehabilitation of asthmatic children, to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the scientific and rational management of pulmonary rehabilitation of asthmatic children in clinical settings.

A study on Instinctive Feelings, Perceived Stressors and Factors that helped in reducing Stress during COVID 19 pandemic among Health Care Workers

Background: Healthcare workers at the forefront of the battle against COVID 19 are not only putting their own health and lives at risk but are also fighting to keep their own worries and emotional stress at bay. Aim & Objective: To evaluate emotions, perceived stressors, and factors that helped in reducing stress of healthcare workers who worked during a COVID19 pandemic. Settings and Design: This cross sectional study was conducted among Health Care staff involved in COVID 19 duty in tertiary care hospital of Gujarat. Methods and Material: Google form link was shared though what’s up and mail. The questionnaire was completed online. Consent for voluntarily participation was also obtained through online Google form. Statistical analysis used: Data was entered and analysed through Microsoft Excel 2010. Results: Total 106 participants responded to the questionnaire. It was extremely stressful for health care workers to see their colleagues getting infection, as well as the fear that they could transmit the disease to their families or friends. Main factors that helped to reduce the stress were positive attitude from colleagues, improvement of patients conditions and availability of protective equipment. Conclusions: Personal safety, the protection of family members and unpredictability of pandemic were the main concerns. Hospitals should prioritise stress monitoring for health care workers and provide targeted psychological guidance for HCWs during the pandemic.

Perfil epidemiológico de óbitos decorrentes da Covid-19 em um município do sudoeste do Paraná / Epidemiological profile of death resulting from Covid-19 in a municipality in southwest of Paraná / Perfil epidemiológico de las muertes por Covid-19 en un municipio del suroeste de Paraná

Introdução: No final do ano de 2019 surgiu na China uma doença infectocontagiosa de característica respiratória e alto grau de disseminação até então desconhecida. No Brasil o primeiro caso de Covid-19 foi confirmado no final de fevereiro de 2020 e a primeira morte em meados de março. Segundo dados da plataforma Coronavírus Brasil, em 17 de março de 2021, houve registro de 11.603.535 casos confirmados e 282.127 óbitos. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de pessoas que morreram tendo como causa básica do óbito a Covid-19, em um município do Sudoeste do Paraná, entre os anos de 2020 e 2021. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, documental de caráter quantitativo que foi realizado na prefeitura municipal de Francisco Beltrão. Resultados: Houve prevalência de óbitos em pacientes do sexo masculino, idosos, com presença de alguma comorbidade associada, sendo hipertensão a mais citada (50,8%). Os sintomas mais prevalentes foram tosse (74,4%), dispneia (56,3%) e saturação < 95% (48,3%), necessitando ainda de hospitalização em algum período da doença (94,1%), sendo os leitos de Sistema Único de Saúde os mais procurados (74,4%). Quanto à taxa de ocupação 49,6% dos casos necessitou apenas de leitos de enfermaria e 42% unidades de terapia intensiva. Discussão: Diversas pesquisas apontam que o sexo masculino é o mais acometido por condições graves de saúde, devido à demora na busca de assistência médica. No que se refere à idade, neste estudo, a prevalência de óbitos se deu entre 71 e 75 anos (15,1%) o que justifica que o envelhecimento é um fator de risco elevado para complicações da doença. Durante a análise dos dados, notou- se que grande parte dos pacientes que tiveram como desfecho o óbito, possuíam algum fator associado, dentre os mais citados, verificou-se a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (50,8%) Diabetes Mellitus (24,8%), doenças cardiovasculares (23,9%) e obesidade (14,7%). No que diz respeito à hospitalização, nesse estudo notou-se que 74,4% da amostra foram hospitalizadas em leitos de SUS, 18,5% em hospitais particulares e 7,1% não possuíam essa informação. Conclusão: É possível observar a importância do estudo epidemiológico para identificar o perfil da população em risco, podendo auxiliar no planejamento do atendimento, rastreamento e controle da doença, além de conhecer a evolução da patologia, a fim de buscar ações adequadas para seu enfrentamento.

Introduction: At the end of 2019, a previously unknown infectious disease with respiratory characteristics and a high degree of dissemination emerged in China. In Brazil the first case of Covid-19 was confirmed in late February 2020 and the first death in mid-March. According to data from the Coronavirus Brazil platform, as of March 17, 2021, 11,603,535 confirmed cases and 282,127 deaths were recorded. Objective: To describe the profile of people who died with Covid-19 as the underlying cause of death in a city in southwestern Paraná between the years 2020 and 2021. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, documental, quantitative study carried out at the Francisco Beltrão City Hall. Results: There was a prevalence of deaths in male patients, elderly, with the presence of some associated comorbidity, hypertension being the most cited (50.8%). The most prevalent symptoms were cough (74.4%), dyspnea (56.3%) and saturation < 95% (48.3%), requiring hospitalization in some period of the disease (94.1%), and the Unified Health System beds were the most sought (74.4%). As for the occupancy rate, 49.6% of the cases required only ward beds and 42% intensive care units. Discussion: Several studies show that men are the most affected by serious health conditions, due to the delay in seeking medical assistance. Regarding age, in this study, the prevalence of deaths was between 71 and 75 years (15.1%), which justifies that aging is a high risk factor for disease complications. During data analysis, it was noted that most patients who died had some associated factor, among the most cited were systemic arterial hypertension (50.8%), diabetes mellitus (24.8%), cardiovascular diseases (23.9%) and obesity (14.7%). Regarding hospitalization, in this study it was noted that 74.4% of the sample were hospitalized in SUS beds, 18.5% in private hospitals, and 7.1% did not have this information. Conclusion: It is possible to observe the importance of the epidemiological study to identify the profile of the population at risk, which can help in planning care, tracking and control of the disease, besides knowing the evolution of the pathology in order to seek appropriate actions for its confrontation

Introducción: A finales del año 2019 apareció en China una enfermedad infecto- contagiosa de característica respiratoria y alto grado de diseminación desconocida hasta entonces. En Brasil se confirmó el primer caso de Covid-19 a finales de febrero de 2020 y la primera muerte a mediados de marzo. Según los datos de la plataforma Coronavirus Brasil, hasta el 17 de marzo de 2021, había 11.603.535 casos confirmados y 282.127 muertes. Objetivo: Describir el perfil de las personas fallecidas con Covid-19 como causa subyacente de muerte en una ciudad del sudoeste de Paraná entre los años 2020 y 2021. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo, documental de carácter cuantitativo que se realizó en la prefectura municipal de Francisco Beltrão. Resultados: Hubo una prevalencia de muertes en pacientes masculinos, de edad avanzada, con presencia de alguna comorbilidad asociada, siendo la hipertensión la más citada (50,8%). Los síntomas más prevalentes fueron la tos (74,4%), la disnea (56,3%) y la saturación < 95% (48,3%), requiriendo hospitalización en algún periodo de la enfermedad (94,1%), siendo las camas del Sistema Único de Salud las más solicitadas (74,4%). En cuanto a la tasa de ocupación, el 49,6% de los casos sólo necesitaban camas de sala y el 42% unidades de cuidados intensivos. Discusión: Varias investigaciones señalan que el género masculino es el más afectado por las condiciones de salud graves, debido al retraso en la búsqueda de asistencia médica. En cuanto a la edad, en este estudio, la prevalencia de muertes se produjo entre los 71 y los 75 años (15,1%), lo que justifica que el envejecimiento sea un factor de riesgo elevado para las complicaciones de la enfermedad. Durante el análisis de los datos, se observó que la mayoría de los pacientes que fallecieron tenían algún factor asociado, entre los más citados estaban la Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica (50,8%), la Diabetes Mellitus (24,8%), las enfermedades cardiovasculares (23,9%) y la obesidad (14,7%). En lo que respecta a la hospitalización, en este estudio se observó que el 74,4% de la muestra estaba hospitalizada en camas del SUS, el 18,5% en hospitales privados y el 7,1% no tenía esta información. Conclusión: Es posible observar la importancia del estudio epidemiológico para identificar el perfil de la población en riesgo, pudiendo ayudar en la planificación de la atención, el rastreo y el control de la enfermedad, además de conocer la evolución de la patología, con el fin de buscar las acciones adecuadas para su enfrentamiento.

Formas terapêuticas jurídicas para o litígio entre médicos e pacientes / Legal therapeutic forms for litigation between doctors and patients

Com a maior possibilidade de conhecimento e acesso a informações, o paciente deixa de ser uma parte passiva no relacionamento médico-paciente, sendo a cada dia mais contestador e argumentativo a respeito de seus diagnósticos e terapêuticas instituídas. Parte destes questionamentos, principalmente no que diz respeito a intercorrências médicas, acaba por desgastar esta relação, fenômeno que tem sido descrito como um potencializador na judicialização dos conflitos médicos no mundo. Com esta trajetória, assistiu-se de perto a um afastamento nessa relação médico-paciente, não apenas com um público geral mais desconfiado das prestações de serviços, mas também um médico mais desgastado, com posturas defensivas, hiperespecializado e, consequentemente, mais técnico e formalista do que humano e empático. O reforço na informação médica e na comunicação entre as partes é um sinalizador forte no que se pensa de uma profilaxia jurídica nas prestações de serviços médicos. Ainda assim, intercorrências ocorrem, e posturas diversas existem frente ao ocorrido. Quando isso ocorre, temos hoje a possibilidade de contar com um grande sistema jurídico dito "multiportas", capacitado a abrigar a contingência necessária, a depender do diagnóstico nas relações entre as partes, para uma terapia jurídica adequada a cada situação em particular. Tal "terapêutica jurídica" pode dar-se por autocomposição, como os consagrados métodos de mediação ou conciliação, já não estranhos à área da saúde, ou por métodos heterocompositivos, e, entres estes, a já conhecida tutela Estatal e a Arbitragem, por autonomia da vontade das partes desde que o direito a ser discutido seja disponível.

Highly empowered by knowledge and available information, patients are no longer a passive part of the patient-physician relationship but become more challenging and argumentative about their diagnoses and prescribed therapies. Part of the issues, especially regarding medical complications, may weaken this relationship, a phenomenon that has been described to enhance judiciary litigation against physicians worldwide. With this trajectory, there was a distance in this medical relationship. In this perspective, a wedge has been placed within the patient-physician relationship, delineating on one side a general public more suspicious of the services provided, and on the other side, a more worn-out doctor, with a defensive stance, hyper-specialized and consequently more technical and formalistic than humane and empathic. The reinforcement of medical information and communication between the parts strongly signal what is considered legal prophylaxis in medical services. Even so, complications do occur, and different attitudes do exist in the face of what may have happened. When this happens, one can count on a large legal system called "multi-doors," able to accommodate the necessary contingency, depending on the diagnosis in the relations between the parts, for a legal therapy appropriate to each particular situation. Such "legal therapy" can occur by self-composition, as are the established methods of Mediation and Conciliation, no longer foreign to the health area, or by heterocompositive methods, among which are the already well-known methods of judicial adjudication and Arbitration.

Evaluation of the efficacy of plaque reduction and gingival health among 6-12 years old school children before and after a short term daily intake of probiotic lozenge - A comparative study

Context: Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which when delivered in adequate amounts provides health benefit in the host. Dietary supplements like lozenge seem to be the easy and acceptable vehicle for ingestion of probiotics in young children. Aim: To assess the efficacy of probiotics in plaque reduction and gingival health among 6?12 years school children before and after short term daily intake of Probiotic lozenge. Settings and Design: This Comparative study was conducted among 60 children in the age group 6–12 years. Thirty children in experimental group; who were given lozenge containing probiotic bacteria twice daily, one in the morning and another in the evening after brushing for one month. The placebo lozenge group also followed the same protocol. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 21. Results: The Probiotic lozenge group was found to have statistically significant reduction in plaque scores when compared to that of the placebo group with P < 0.001 and there was also a significant improvement in gingival health. Conclusion: An effective reduction in plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation was found with the use of probiotic lozenges and hence proved the therapeutic value of the same.

Vulnerabilidade programática na saúde: análise do conceito / Vulnerabilidad programática en la salud: análisis del concepto / Programmatic vulnerability in health: concept analysis

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar, conceitualmente, a vulnerabilidade programática com identificação de seus antecedentes, atributos e consequentes. Método: modelo de análise conceitual segundo metodologia de Walker e Avant. Foram etapas, I. seleção do conceito: vulnerabilidade programática; II. determinação dos objetivos: análise do uso do conceito; III. identificação de usos do conceito: estudo de revisão integrativa (buscou-se a expressão não controlada "programmatic vulnerabilty" nas bases de dados embase, web of science e Medline via pubmed e nos repositórios de artigos Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Scielo); IV. determinação dos atributos: análise dos registros da etapa III; V. identificação do caso modelo e casos adicionais: construção com base nos atributos e um caso contrário; VI. identificação de antecedentes e consequentes: painel de dados para elaboração de fenômenos antes e depois da vulnerabilidade programática; VII. referência empíricas: definições operacionais extraídas dos registros. Resultados: 20 registros foram incluídos na análise do conceito. Identificaram-se as variações do termo e os significados mais presentes e caracterizadores da vulnerabilidade programática, sendo a dimensão programática e acesso à saúde as mais frequentes. Foi construído o caso modelo. Os antecedentes, atributos e consequentes foram agrupados em quadro por similitude, no qual referências empíricas do conceito foram indicadas. Conclusão: a vulnerabilidade programática tem elementos discursivos importantes, sendo sua principal característica a falta de consultas disponibilizadas (antecedente), insuficiência/dificuldade no acesso à saúde (atributo) e evolução da doença (consequente).

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar conceptualmente la vulnerabilidad programática con la identificación de sus antecedentes, atributos y consecuencias. Método: modelo de análisis conceptual según la metodología de Walker y Avant. Los pasos fueron: I. selección del concepto: vulnerabilidad programática; II. determinación de los objetivos: analizar el uso del concepto; III. identificación de los usos del concepto: se utilizó un estudio de revisión integrador (se buscó la expresión no controlada " programmatic vulnerabilty " en las bases de datos embase, Web of Science y Medline a través de pubmed y en los repositorios de artículos Virtual Health Library y Scielo); IV. determinación de los atributos: análisis de los registros del paso III; V. identificación del caso modelo y de los casos adicionales: se construyó a partir de los atributos y de un caso contrario; VI. identificación de los antecedentes y las consecuencias: panel de datos para la elaboración de los fenómenos antes y después de la vulnerabilidad programática; VII. referencia empírica: definiciones operativas extraídas de los registros. Resultados: se incluyeron veinte registros en el análisis conceptual. Se identificaron las variaciones del término y los significados más presentes y característicos de la vulnerabilidad programática, siendo la dimensión programática y el acceso a la salud los más frecuentes. Se construyó el caso modelo. Los antecedentes, atributos y consecuencias se agruparon en una tabla por similitud, en la que se indicaron las referencias empíricas del concepto. Conclusión: la vulnerabilidad programática tiene importantes elementos discursivos, siendo su principal característica la falta de consultas disponibles (antecedente), la insuficiencia/dificultad en el acceso a la salud (atributo) y la evolución de la enfermedad (consecuente).

ABSTRACT Objective: to conceptually analyze programmatic vulnerability with the identification of its antecedents, attributes, and consequences. Method: conceptual analysis model according to the Walker and Avant methodology. There were steps, I. selection of the concept: programmatic vulnerability; II. determination of objectives: analysis of the use of the concept; III. identification of uses of the concept: integrative review study (the uncontrolled expression "programmatic vulnerabilty" was searched in the Embase, Web of Science and Medline databases via Pubmed and in the article repositories Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde and Scielo); IV. determination of attributes: analysis of records from stage III; V. identification of the model case and additional cases: construction based on attributes and an otherwise; VI. identification of antecedents and consequences: panel of data for elaboration of phenomena before and after programmatic vulnerability; VII. empirical reference: operational definitions extracted from the records. Results: 20 records were included in the concept analysis. Variations of the term and the most common meanings that characterize programmatic vulnerability were identified, with the programmatic dimension and access to health being the most frequent. The model case was built. The antecedents, attributes and consequences were grouped in a table by similarity, in which empirical references of the concept were indicated. Conclusion: programmatic vulnerability has important discursive elements, its main characteristic being the lack of available consultations (antecedent), insufficiency/difficulty in accessing health (attribute) and disease evolution (consequent).

Analysis on the psychological response of clinical front-line nurses in response to public health emergencies / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the psychological state and influencing factors of clinical front-line nurses in response to public health emergencies.Methods:We used stratified cluster random sampling method to survey 1187 front-line clinical nurses from February to March, 2020, using the Psychological Questionnaire for Emergent Events of Public Health.Results:The questionnaire survey showed that the scores for dimensions of depression, neurasthenia, fear, obsessive-anxiety and hypochondria were (0.52±0.02), (0.37±0.01), (0.87±0.02), (0.24±0.01) and (0.25±0.01), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in scores of hypochondriac dimension for clinical nurses at different hospital levels ( F=4.30, P<0.05), and there were statistically significant differences in scores of depression, neurasthenia, obsessive-anxiety and hypochondriac dimension for nurses in different nursing units ( F values were 4.34-11.11, all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the nursing unit factors had influence on depression, neurasthenia, obsessive-anxiety and hypochondria. Conclusions:Clinical front-line nurses experienced negative psychology such as depression, neurasthenia and fear in public health emergencies. As a manager, it is necessary to strengthen preventive psychological counseling, do a good job in the theory, operation and protection knowledge training for public health emergencies, humanistic care, establish a good organizational atmosphere to maintain the physical and mental health of clinical nurses, and ensure the quality and safety of nursing.

Somatotype characteristics of Zhuang-Dong ethnic group by Heath-Carter method in China / 解剖学报

[Abstract] Objective To explore the somatotype characteristics of Zhuang-Dong ethnic groups in China. Methods The Heath-Carter somatotyping method was used to study the somatotypes of 9965 (male 4312, female 5653) cases from 15 Zhuang-Dong language groups. Results The average somatotype of males in the Zhuang-Dong ethnic group were 4. 1-5. 2-1. 9, which belonged to the mesodermal somatotype of partial endoderm, and the mean somatotype of women were 5. 5-4. 9-1. 3, which belongs to the endoderm somatotype of partial mesoderm. Except for endomorphy factor and SAM, height, weight, mesomorphy, ectomorphy and HWR of all age groups of males were greater than those of females. There were statistically significant differences in somatotype among the three age groups among the sexes of the Zhuang-Dong language group. The weight, height, and ectomorphy of men and women were negatively correlated with age, and endomorphy were positively correlated with age. Among them, the male mesomorphy was not correlated with age, and the female mesomorphy was positively correlated with age. The differences between male and female three-factor value age groups were statistically significant. Conclusion The somatotype of male and female of Zhuang-Dong ethnic group has obvious changes with the increasing of age, and the southern ethnic group has the characteristics of low linearity, well-developed bones and muscles, and plump body fat.

Heath-Carter somatotype of Tajik adults / 解剖学报

Objective To explore the somatotype characteristics and changing rules of Tajik adults. Methods The Heath-Carter bod)' type method was used to determine the body size of 280 (124 males and 156 females) Tajik adults. Results The average body size of Tajik males and females were 4. 3-3. 1-1. 8 and 7. 0-3. 1-1. 1, respectively, and both are mesomorphic endomorphy.The ectomorphy of Tajik nationality were negatively correlated with age, female endomorphy and mesomorphy were positively correlated with age, while endomorphy and mesomorphy were not correlated with age. With increasing age, the difference in body shape between female age groups was more obvious than that of males. Conclusion The Tajik have less skeletal muscle mass, and women have developed body fat, which is different from the Tibetan people and other people in the Altaic language family.

Somatotype characteristics of Lisu and Dulong adolescents aged 13-18 in Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture of Yunnan Province / 解剖学报

Objective To explore the somatotype characteristics and rules of Lisu and Dulong adolescents aged 13-18 years, and to analyze their annual somatotype differences. Methods According to the method of human bod)' measurement, through the measurement of 10 related indexes, using Heath-Carter bod)' type evaluation method, 634 cases (328 boys, 306 girls) Lisu and Dulong teenagers bod)' type evaluation. Results The average bod)' size of male and female students of Lisu ethnic group was of balanced mesoderm type (2. 9-4. 8-3. 3) and endoderm type (4. 7-4. 8-2. 8) . The average body size of male and female students of Dulong nationality is mesoderm type (3 . 1-3. 9-2. 1) and mesoderm type (5 . 2 - 4 . 6 - 1 . 6) . Among the 10 test indexes, there were significant differences in height, body weight, intercondylar diameter of humerus and intercondylar diameter of femur (P < 0. 01) . There were significant differences in height, intercondylar diameter of humerus and intercondylar diameter of femur among female students (P<0. 0 1) . Conclusion In Yunnan Province, adolescents of Lisu and Dulong ethnic groups generally have the body type characteristics of southern ethnic groups, but the body type difference between the two ethnic groups is great, and only has the characteristics of similar stage, age and body type.

Oral health conditions and self-reported presence of pain in rowers: an epidemiology study / Condiciones de salud bucodental y presencia de dolor autodeclarado en remeros: un estudio epidemiológico / Condições de saúde bucal e autorrelato de dor em remadores: um estudo epidemiológico

ABSTRACT Introduction: Rowers are especially prone to oral health problems due to the massive consumption of supplements and isotonic drinks that lead eating disorders, due to the need for weight control, and to the development of teeth clenching caused by the constant activation of the chewing muscles during sports activity. Objective: To evaluate the oral health status of a group of Brazilian rowers and to identify the main risk factors influencing their oral health. Methods: One hundred and twenty rowers (84 men and 36 women) with an age of 24.16 ± 5.74 years participated in this study; an average height of 1.79 ± 0.09 cm and body mass of 75.02 ± 11.64 kg were detected by means of a questionnaire focused on the main factors that influence the deterioration in athletes' oral health. Results: The dental results revealed a significant number of rowers with the oral breathing pattern (46.7%), malocclusion (65.8%), bruxism (33.3%) and noise and/or pain in the TMJ (temporomandibular joint) (20.8%). The use of supplements and isotonic drinks (48.3%) and the incidence of bleeding gums (30.83%) were also found. Conclusion: The results show the importance of making rowers aware of the relevance of oral health and the need for prevention systems, ideally including sports dentistry specialists within the sports medicine departments of rowing clubs. Level of evidence II; Retrospective study.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los remeros son especialmente propensos a sufrir problemas de salud bucodental debido al uso masivo de suplementos e isotónicos, con tendencia a trastornos alimentarios por la exigencia de control de peso y el apretamiento dental, por la constante activación de los músculos masticatorios durante la actividad deportiva. Objetivo: Evaluar el estado bucal de un grupo de remeros brasileños e identificar los principales factores de riesgo para la salud bucal de estos deportistas. Material y método: En este estudio participaron 120 remeros (84 hombres y 36 mujeres) con una edad de 24,16 ± 5,74 años; una altura de 1,79 ± 0,09 cm y una masa corporal de 75,02 ± 11,64 kg, por medio de un cuestionario que indagó sobre los principales problemas de la salud bucodental de los deportistas. Resultados: Los resultados relativos al área dental revelaron un número significativo de remeros con patrón de respiración oral (46,7%), con historia de maloclusión (65,8%), con parafunción de bruxismo (33,3%) y con ruido y/o dolor de la ATM (articulación temporomandibular) (20,8%). El uso de suplementos e isotónicos (48,3%) y la incidencia de sangrado gingival (30,83%) son también datos relevantes encontrados. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos muestran la importancia de concientizar a esta categoría deportiva sobre la relevancia de la salud bucodental y establecer sistemas de prevención, preferiblemente con la inclusión de un especialista en odontología deportiva en el departamento de medicina deportiva de los clubes de remo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio retrospectivo.

RESUMO Introdução: Os remadores são particularmente propensos a problemas de saúde oral devido ao uso generalizado de suplementos e isotônicos, tendência a distúrbios alimentares pela exigência do controle de peso e ao cerramento dos dentes causado pela ativação constante dos músculos mastigatórios durante a atividade esportiva. Objetivo: Avaliar os distúrbios orais dos remadores brasileiros e identificar os principais fatores de risco de saúde bucal desses atletas. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 120 remadores (84 homens e 36 mulheres) com idade de 24,16 ± 5,74 anos, estatura de 1,79 ± 0,09 cm e massa corporal de 75,02 ± 11,64 kg, que foram avaliados com um questionário que investigou os principais problemas de comprometimento da saúde oral dos atletas. Resultados: Os resultados odontológicos revelaram um número significativo de remadores com padrão respiratório oral (46,7%), com histórico de maloclusão (65,8%), com parafunção oclusal de bruxismo (33,3%) e com ruído e/ou dor na ATM (articulação temporomandibular) (20,8%). O uso de suplementos e isotônicos (48,3%) e a incidência de sangramento gengival (30,83%) também são achados relevantes. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos mostram a importância de conscientizar essa categoria esportiva sobre a relevância da saúde oral e de estabelecer sistemas de prevenção, de preferência, com a inclusão de um especialista em odontologia do esporte no departamento de medicina esportiva dos clubes de remo. Nível de evidência II; Estudo retrospectivo.

Enseñanza y aprendizaje de los determinantes sociales en salud en la región de las Américas / Teaching and learning of social determinants in health in the region of the Americas

Introducción: La región de las Américas es considerada como la más desigual del mundo. Los recursos humanos en salud resultan fundamentales para superar estas diferencias mediante el abordaje de los Determinantes Sociales. Objetivo: Revisar los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje de los Determinantes Sociales en programas de ciencias de la salud en la región de las Américas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura mediante la búsqueda de documentos oficiales y artículos en las bases de datos Web of Science, Clinicalkey, PubMed, Science Direct y Lilacs. Se seleccionaron 68 documentos para su análisis. Resultados: La región de las Américas ha tenido un avance significativo en cuanto a la inclusión de las políticas públicas que actúan sobre los Determinantes y que ayudan a que los recursos humanos en salud se formen con enfoque de atención primaria. Sin embargo, es importante que las facultades de ciencias de la salud de la región profundicen en el conocimiento de estrategias pedagógicas y de investigación, y que faciliten la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los Determinantes. A su vez, se observan avances en la inclusión de la Educación Interprofesional en la región. Conclusiones: Los programas de ciencias de la salud deben profundizar en la aplicación de estrategias pedagógicas y de investigación, que faciliten la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los Determinantes, los cuales promueven la reflexión del papel de profesional en la disminución de las inequidades sociales y el mejoramiento en la salud de la población(AU)

Introduction: The region of the Americas is considered as the most unequal in the world. Human resources in health are essential for overcoming these differences, by means of addressing social determinants. Objective: To review the processes of teaching and learning about social determinants in health science programs in the region of the Americas. Methods: A literature review was carried out by searching for official documents and articles in the databases ofWeb of Science, Clinicalkey, PubMed, Science Direct and Lilacs databases. Sixty-eight documents were selected for the analysis. Results: The region of the Americas has made significant progress in terms of including public policies influencing on determinants and helping human resources in health to be trained under a primary care approach. However, it is important thathealth sciences schools in the region deepen their knowledge of pedagogical and research strategies, as well as they facilitate teaching and learning of the determinants. At the same time, progress has been observed regarding the inclusion of interprofessional education in the region. Conclusions: Health sciences programs should deepen the application of pedagogical and research strategies that facilitate teaching and learning of the determinants, which foster reflection about the role of professionals in reducing social inequalities and improving population health(AU)

Medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados prescritos para idosos atendidos na Atenção Primária / Potentially Inappropriate Medications Prescribed for Assisted Elderly in Primary Care

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o perfil dos medicamentos prescritos para pacientes idosos em atenção primária, buscando a ocorrência de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados (MPI), segundo critérios de Beers e fatores associados. O método consistiu em estudo observacional retrospectivo no período de setembro a outubro de 2015, cujos critérios de inclusão foram prescrições de medicamentos de uso contínuo para pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos. Foram analisadas prescrições de 820 pacientes. A presença de MPI ocorreu em 35,4% das prescrições. Estas apresentaram maior ocorrência para o gênero feminino OR: 1,33 (0,97 - 1,80), pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 80 anos OR: 2,36 (1,62 - 3,43) e uso concomitante de 5 ou mais medicamentos OR: 4,74 (3,47 - 6,45). A glibenclamida foi o MPI mais prescrito para os idosos (36,6%), seguido do clonazepam (22,7%) e do ácido acetilsalicílico (10,2%). Assim, faz-se necessária a revisão periódica das listas de medicamentos padronizados, nessas unidades assistenciais, considerando o consenso brasileiro de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para os idosos, bem como investigações sistemáticas, a fim de detectar precocemente e evitar a ocorrência de prescrição de MPI nos grupos de maior vulnerabilidade para que se possa melhorar a qualidade da assistência ofertada.

The objective of the present study was to determine the profile of medications prescribed for elderly patients in primary care, seeking the occurrence of Potentially Inappropriate Medications (MPI), according to Beers' criteria and associated factors. The method consisted of a retrospective observational study from September to October in 2015 whose inclusion criteria were prescriptions of continuous medication for patients aged 60 years or older. The prescriptions of 820 patients were analyzed. The presence of MPI occurred in 35.4% of the prescriptions. These had the highest occurrence for the female gender OR: 1.33 (0.97 -1.80), patients aged 80 years and over OR: 2.36 (1.62 - 3.43) and concomitant use of 5 or more drugs OR: 4.74 (3.47-6.45). Glibenclamide was the most prescribed MPI for the elderly (36.6%), followed by clonazepam (22.7%) and acetylsalicylic acid (10.2%) of the prescriptions. Thus, it is necessary to periodically review the lists of standardized drugs in these assistential units, considering the Brazilian consensus on the list of inappropriate drugs for the elderly. As well as systematic investigations, in order to detect early and to prevent the occurrence of MPI prescription in the groups of greater vulnerability so that the quality of the offered assistance can be improved.

Terapia comunitária integrativa na abordagem de transtornos mentais comuns na atenção primária à saúde: uma revisão sistemática / Community integrative therapy for common mental disorders in Primary Health Care: a systematic review

A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) constitui a porta preferencial de acesso ao Sistema de Saúde, devendo atender com resolutividade a maior parcela dos problemas de saúde, incluindo os transtornos mentais comuns (TMC). A Terapia Comunitária Integrativa (TCI) é uma ferramenta desenvolvida como um recurso para pessoas com sofrimentos de qualquer natureza, especialmente psicossociais, sendo reconhecida como tal e promovida no Sistema Único de Saúde para aplicação em cenários diversos, desde a APS até serviços de especialidades focais. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática da literatura foi buscar evidências que permitam avaliar a efetividade da TCI como forma de abordagem para pessoas com TMC na APS. A busca realizada para estudos publicados nos últimos 10 anos com o termo "Terapia Comunitária" na Bireme e "Community Therapy" no PubMed identificou, juntamente com outras fontes, 169 registros não duplicados. Após análise inicial dos títulos e resumos desses registros de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram analisados os textos completos de 14 estudos, nenhum dos quais avaliava a efetividade da TCI de forma longitudinal, comparando os resultados desta com quaisquer outras modalidades de intervenção. Assim, não há evidências na literatura atual que apontem para a efetividade da TCI na abordagem dos TMC na APS. Sugere-se a necessidade do desenvolvimento de pesquisas com metodologia adequada para responder a essa questão e prover maior suporte teórico para a base empírica da TCI.

Primary Care (PC) services should be the first contact for resolutive care in the health system, including for people suffering of Common Mental Disorders (CMD). Community Integrative Therapy (CIT) is a tool developed as a resource for people with any kind of suffering, particularly psychosocial suffering, and provided by the Brazilian Health System (SUS) in different settings, as PC and secondary care services. This systematic review aimed to search evidences demonstrating CTI's effectivity in providing care for people with CMD in PC. The search was conducted for studies published in the last 10 years using the terms "Terapia Comunitária" ("Community Therapy") in Bireme and "Community Therapy" in PubMed. Considering these databases and other sources, there were 169 non-duplicated registries. After the previous analyses of titles and abstracts for inclusion and exclusion criteria, we found 14 studies that were taken to full text analysis. But neither of them was conducted to verify CTI's effectivity with a longitudinal design and comparing it with other forms of intervention. So, there are no current evidences to confirm or deny CTI's effectivity in providing care for people with CMD in PC. We suggest the need of new research projects to study that this question with adequate methodology in order to give a stronger theoretical support for CTI's empirical fundaments.

Somatotype characteristics of Dong nationality adults in Hu'nan Province / 解剖学报

Objective To investigate the somatotype characteristics of Dong adults in rural areas of Hu'nan province. Methods The Heath-Carter somatotyping method was used to study the somatotype of 749 adults (304 males and 445 females) of Dong in the rural areas of Hu'nan. Results The mean somatotype in males of Dong was endomorph- mesomorph category (4.83-4.95-1.80) and was mesomorphic endomorph category (6.09-4.68-1.37) in females. With their age increasing, the values of endomorphy decreases gradually in males, the values of endomorphy of females and mesomorphy of males and females increased at first and then decreased gradually, the values of ectomorphy of males and females decreased at first and then increased. The values of endomorphy of males were significantly lower than those of females with the same age groups, and the values of mesomorphy and the values of ectomorphy of males were significantly higher than those of females in some age groups. Compared with other ethnic groups, the values of endomorphy of Dong were larger, the values of mesomorphy were smaller, and the values of ectomorphy were in a middle level. Conclusion Adults of Dong in Hu'nan have thick subcutaneous fat, underdeveloped skeletal and muscular systems, and medium linearity. The somatotype of Dong adults in Hu'nan is close to that of Jiangsu Han, Fujian Han and Liaoning Han.