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2.
Rev. cuba. salud pública ; 42(1)ene.-mar. 2016. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: lil-778116

ABSTRACT

La Declaración de Helsinki es muy citada de en el ámbito de las ciencias médicas y de la salud. En Cuba se utiliza para valorar los aspectos éticos de las investigaciones, sin embargo es escasa la literatura dedicada a la valoración crítica de la misma. Referir sus versiones presupone conocer su devenir histórico para interpretar sus aciertos y limitaciones. La intención del estudio es contribuir a actualizar los conocimientos de los profesionales de la salud sobre la Declaración de Helsinki. Se realizó revisión de la literatura publicada entre 2008 y 2014 (agosto) en las bases de datos bibliográficos Cumed, Lilacs, SciELO PubMed, MedLine, Clinical Key, Cochrane y el motor de búsqueda Google utilizando vocabulario controlado con los siguientes descriptores: Declaración de Helsinki, placebo, ensayo clínico, ética y bioética. Los temas más polémicos fueron: uso del placebo, doble estándar en las investigaciones clínicas y garantía de continuidad de tratamiento a los pacientes participantes. Se destacaron méritos en la versión de 2013 tales como la insistencia para aumentar la transparencia en la investigación, su nuevo diseño estructural y la consideración de la competencia ética como un requisito para los investigadores. Los comentarios sobre la Declaración de Helsinki oscilan desde el elogio hasta la sugerencia de su desaparición o sustitución. La polémica sobre la misma es considerada necesaria por algunos autores pero también estéril por otros. Los problemas más álgidos tratados en las últimas versiones emanan del enfrentamiento entre los intereses de la industria farmacéutica y los derechos de los participantes en las investigaciones(AU)


In the fields of medical and health sciences, the Helsinki Declaration is quoted very often. The Helsinki Declaration is used to evaluate the ethical aspects of research studies; however, literature devoted to critical assessment of those studies is scanty. Making reference to the declaration versions presupposes the knowledge about its historical development in order to construe its good things and limitations. The intention of this study is to help to update the health professionals' knowledge about the Helsinki Declaration. A literature review published between 2008 and August 2014 was made and collected on the following databases: Cumed, Lilacs, SciELO PubMed, MedLine, Clinical Key, Cochrane and Google, using controlled vocabulary with the f subject headings Helsinki Declaration, placebo, clinical trial, ethics and bioethics. The most controversial topics were the use of placebo, application of the double standard possition in clinical research, and guaranteed continuous treatment for the participating patients. The following 2013 version's merits were highlighted: insistence on the research transparency its new structural design, and the concern for ethical competence as a requirement for researchers. Comments about the Helsinki Declaration range from praise to disappearance or replacement suggestions. Some authors deem the controversy necessary but others think it is a wasteful argument. The hottest problems in the most recent versions come from the confrontation between the pharmaceutical industry interests and the rights of participants in research studies(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Clinical Trial , Bioethical Issues , Ethics , Helsinki Declaration/history , Cuba
3.
Salud colect ; 11(1): 99-114, ene.-mar. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-746687

ABSTRACT

El Consejo Federal de Medicina de Brasil (CFM) -órgano normativo y fiscalizador del ejercicio ético de la medicina- prohibió, en 2008, la participación de médicos brasileños en investigaciones que utilizaran placebo para enfermedades con tratamiento eficaz y efectivo, en contraposición a la Declaración de Helsinki, que permite su uso en condiciones metodológicamente justificadas. Con el objetivo de verificar si la normativa ética del CFM modificó el uso de placebo en ensayos clínicos de fase III en Brasil, se analizaron varias características de sus registros en el ClinicalTrials.gov, en los períodos de 2003 a 2007 y de 2009 a 2013. Se concluye que: a) la normativa promulgada por el CFM en 2008 fue ineficaz y prevaleció la posición adoptada por la Declaración de Helsinki; b) el patrocinio de ensayos con placebo por parte de la industria farmacéutica multinacional fue significativo; c) predominaron las investigaciones de fármacos para enfermedades crónicas, y fueron poco significativas para las enfermedades postergadas, de importancia para Brasil.


In 2008, Brazil's Federal Council of Medicine [Conselho Federal de Medicina] (CFM) - regulatory and supervisory agency on the ethical practice of medicine - banned the participation of Brazilian doctors in studies using placebos for diseases with efficient and effective treatment. This position differs with the Helsinki Declaration, which allows the use of placebos in methodologically justified conditions. To ascertain whether the CMF's ethical regulation modified the use of placebos in phase III clinical trials in Brazil, characteristics of the records in ClinicalTrials.gov were researched in the periods from 2003 to 2007 and from 2009 to 2013. The conclusions reached were: a) the regulations issued by the CFM in 2008 were ineffective and the position adopted by the Helsinki Declaration prevails; b) there was significant sponsorship by the multinational pharmaceutical industry of trials with placebos; c) the research was predominantly on new drugs for chronic diseases, with little study done of the neglected diseases which are of great importance to Brazil.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Apoptosis/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics , Heme/deficiency , Nerve Degeneration/genetics , Neurons/metabolism , Porphyrias/complications , Apoptosis/drug effects , Caspases/drug effects , Caspases/metabolism , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Survival/genetics , Collagen Type XI/drug effects , Collagen Type XI/metabolism , Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/drug effects , Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics , Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Down-Regulation/physiology , Enzyme Inhibitors , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects , Heme/biosynthesis , Heptanoates , MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects , MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology , Membrane Proteins/drug effects , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Nerve Degeneration/metabolism , Nerve Degeneration/physiopathology , Nerve Tissue Proteins/drug effects , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/drug effects , Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics , Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/pathology , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases , Porphyrias/metabolism , Porphyrias/physiopathology , RNA, Messenger/drug effects , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA-Binding Proteins/drug effects , RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , SMN Complex Proteins , Up-Regulation/drug effects , Up-Regulation/physiology , Vesicular Transport Proteins/drug effects , Vesicular Transport Proteins/genetics , Vesicular Transport Proteins/metabolism
4.
Rev. bioét. (Impr.) ; 23(3): 456-467, 2015. tab, graf
Article in Spanish, English | LILACS | ID: lil-768363

ABSTRACT

O uso de placebo em pesquisa clínica tem sido motivo de debate nos últimos anos, sobretudo após a Associação Médica Mundial publicar, em 2002, nota de esclarecimento do parágrafo 29 da Declaração de Helsinki. O Brasil tem se destacado por sua posição firme e contrária ao uso flexível de placebo. Tanto o Conselho Federal de Medicina quanto o Conselho Nacional de Saúde editaram resoluções que normatizam seu uso no Brasil, de forma a não admiti-lo em caso da existência de um método terapêutico melhor. O presente artigo reforça essa posição e tem por objetivo descrever as diversas aplicações de placebo em pesquisa clínica, bem como trazer à luz a complexa decisão sobre a eticidade de seu uso. Além disso, os autores propõem uma reflexão acerca da utilização de placebo no âmbito da pesquisa, por meio de algoritmos decisórios baseados nas normativas éticas brasileiras...


The use of placebos in clinical research has been a matter of considerable debate in recent years, notably when the World Medical Association published, in 2002, a note of clarification for paragraph 29 of the Helsinki Declaration. Brazil is known for its strong opposition to the flexible use of placebos. Both the Federal Council of Medicine and the National Health Council have published resolutions regulating the use of placebos in Brazil, preventing their use if there is a more effective therapeutic method already in place. The present study reinforces that position and aims to describe the various uses of placebos in clinical research, as well as examining the complex decisions relating to the ethics of their use. Additionally, the authors propose a reflection on the use of placebos through decision-making algorithms based on Brazilian ethical standards...


El uso del placebo en la investigación clínica ha sido un tema de debate en los últimos años, sobre todo después de que la Asociación Médica Mundial publicara, en 2002, una nota aclaratoria del párrafo 29 de la Declaración de Helsinki. Brasil se ha destacado por su firme posición en contra de la utilización flexible del placebo. Tanto el Consejo Federal de Medicina como el Consejo Nacional de Salud editaron resoluciones que regulan el uso del placebo en Brasil, no admitiéndose su uso cuando existe un mejor método terapéutico. El presente artículo refuerza esa posición y tiene como objetivo describir diferentes usos del placebo en la investigación clínica, así como contribuir en la discusión sobre la ética de su uso. Además, los autores proponen una reflexión sobre el uso del placebo en la investigación a través de algoritmos para la toma de decisiones, los cuales se basan en las normativas éticas de Brasil...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Algorithms , Bioethics , Clinical Trials as Topic , Placebos , Decision Support Techniques , Ethics, Research , Helsinki Declaration , Human Rights , Ethicists , Methodology as a Subject
5.
Rev. bras. ginecol. obstet ; 35(11): 477-482, nov. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-697974

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução metodológica e do delineamento estatístico nas publicações da Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (RBGO) a partir da resolução 196/96. MÉTODOS: Uma revisão de 133 artigos publicados nos anos de 1999 (65) e 2009 (68) foi realizada por dois revisores independentes com formação em epidemiologia clínica e metodologia da pesquisa científica. Foram incluídos todos os artigos clínicos originais, séries e relatos de casos, sendo excluídos os editoriais, as cartas ao editor, os artigos de revisão sistemática, os trabalhos experimentais, artigos de opinião, além dos resumos de teses e dissertações. Características relacionadas com a qualidade metodológica dos estudos foram analisadas por artigo, por meio de check-list que avaliou dois critérios: aspectos metodológicos e procedimentos estatísticos. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e o teste do χ2 para comparação entre os anos. RESULTADOS: Observa-se que houve diferença entre os anos de 1999 e 2009 no tocante ao desenho dos estudos e ao delineamento estatístico, demonstrando maior rigor nos respectivos procedimentos com o uso de testes mais robustos, relativamente, entre os anos de 1999 e 2009. CONCLUSÕES: Na RBGO, observou-se evolução metodológica dos artigos publicados entre os anos de 1999 e 2009 e aprofundamento nas análises estatísticas com o uso de testes mais sofisticados, como o uso mais frequente das análises de regressão e da análise multinível, que são técnicas primordiais na produção do conhecimento e planejamento de intervenções em saúde. Isso pode resultar em menos erros de interpretações.


PURPOSE: To evaluate the methodological and statistical design evolution of the publications in the Brazilian Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics (RBGO) from resolution 196/96. METHODS: A review of 133 articles published in 1999 (65) and 2009 (68) was performed by two independent reviewers with training in clinical epidemiology and methodology of scientific research. We included all original clinical articles, case and series reports and excluded editorials, letters to the editor, systematic reviews, experimental studies, opinion articles, besides abstracts of theses and dissertations. Characteristics related to the methodological quality of the studies were analyzed in each article using a checklist that evaluated two criteria: methodological aspects and statistical procedures. We used descriptive statistics and the χ2 test for comparison of the two years. RESULTS: There was a difference between 1999 and 2009 regarding the study and statistical design, with more accuracy in the procedures and the use of more robust tests between 1999 and 2009. CONCLUSIONS: In RBGO, we observed an evolution in the methods of published articles and a more in-depth use of the statistical analyses, with more sophisticated tests such as regression and multilevel analyses, which are essential techniques for the knowledge and planning of health interventions, leading to fewer interpretation errors.


Subject(s)
Biomedical Research , Gynecology , Periodicals as Topic , Publishing , Publishing/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Publishing/standards , Time Factors
6.
Rev. bioét. (Impr.) ; 21(1)jan.-abr. 2013.
Article in English, Portuguese | BDS, LILACS | ID: lil-673973

ABSTRACT

Este artigo apresenta como estudo de caso os aspectos mais controversos de pesquisa conduzida na Guatemala (1946-1948), patrocinada pelo Serviço de Saúde Pública dos Estados Unidos e envolvendo participantes infectados intencionalmente pelo Treponema pallidum. Analisando as alterações de 2008 na Declaração de Helsinque e a ainda pequena adesão a outros instrumentos internacionais, como a Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos, da Unesco, a discussão enfatiza a importância da implantação de diretrizes éticas internacionalmente aceitas para impedir que voluntários humanos sejam envolvidos em pesquisas não éticas. Conclui considerando que é indispensável o envolvimento de cientistas e ativistas para alcançar padrões éticos universalmente aceitos e aplicáveis, visando evitar duplo standard. Além disso, que a participação igualitária em pesquisas e distribuição justa de seus benefícios será importante passo para atingir o acesso universal a cuidados de saúde de qualidade para todos.


This manuscript presents as a case study the most controversial aspects of a research conducted in Guatemala(1946-1948), sponsored by the United States Public Health Service in which participants were intentionallyinfected with Treponema pallidum. The analysis of changes in the 2008 Declaration of Helsinki and the stillinsufficient adherence to UNESCO ́s Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights emphasizes theimportance of applying internationally accepted ethical standards for human volunteers to prevent unethicalresearch. It concludes that the involvement of scientists and activists is crucial to achieve internationally accepted ethical standards to be equally applied throughout the world, avoiding the risks of double standards,and also that egalitarian participation in research and fair distribution of its benefits will be an important steptowards universal access to good quality healthcare for all people.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , HIV , Delivery of Health Care/ethics , Bioethics , Helsinki Declaration , Effectiveness , Equity , Protective Factors , Global Health , Health Services/ethics , Ethics, Research , Human Rights , Guidelines as Topic , Developing Countries , Vaccines
7.
Rev. med. (Säo Paulo) ; 91(3): 178-188, jul.-set. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-748463

ABSTRACT

Em 2000, dada a urgência de adequação à realidade científica vigente, iniciativas de revisão dos aspectos polêmicos da Declaração de Helsinque (DoH) à publicação de sua quinta versão na qual ficou estabelecido que o uso do placebo seria aceito apenas quando nenhum tratamento existisse. A Federal Drug Administration nos E.U.A., todavia, continuou a exigir controle-placebo, adotando o Guia de Boas Práticas Clínicas. Também a Agência ReguladoraEuropeia considerou tal proibição arbitrária e, junto a outras entidades, lançaram-se numa campanha contra a DoH. Em 2002 e 2004, Notas de Clarificação publicadas na DoH provocaram grande comoção mundial, culminando na versão de 2008. Apesarda divergência dentre vários grupos, sobretudo, quanto ao uso do placebo, o texto atual assumiu uma posição neutra, flexibilizando sua aplicação. Todavia, uma vez norma ética, a atual DoH fomentou o reinício das discussões sobre a necessidade de um documento mais ampla e uniformemente aceito. Hoje, esta polêmica ainda continua em alguns países, principalmente no Brasil, onde o Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM) e a Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (CONEP) proíbem o uso de placebo em estudos clínicos em território nacional, quando existir qualquer tratamento disponível. Este fato eliciou grande polêmica entre agências regulatórias e pesquisadores brasileiros. Assim, dado que, desde Nuremberg, a garantia do não enfraquecimento das normas de proteção dos sujeitos de pesquisa recrutados mundo afora é razão primordial de ser da DoH, a reabertura de diálogo em níveis nacional einternacional se faz premente perante a nova revisão comemorativa de seus 50 anos em 2014...


In 2000, given the urgency for the ethical guidelines adequacy to the present scientific standards, revision initiatives of the most controversial aspects of the Declaration of Helsinki (DoH). These efforts culminated with the publication of its fifth version stating that the use of placebo was acceptable when proven treatmentdoes not exist. The US Federal Drug Administration, however, continued demanding the placebo control and adopted the Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. The European regulatory agency also considered such prohibition arbitrary and, amongst other entities,started a campaign against the DoH. In 2002 and 2004, Clarification Notes published on the DoH promoted extensive controversy worldwide, concluded at its version of 2008. Despite the divergence amongst many groups, especially on placebo use, the current text assumed a more neutral positioning, flexibilising its application. Being an ethical norm, the current DoH re-started the discussions about thenecessity of a document of uniform worldwide acceptance. Today, the controversy still remains in a few countries, especially in Brazil, where governmental regulatory agencies – namely the Federal Council of Medicine and the National Commission for Research Ethics – posed a ban on the placebo use in clinical trials nationally,when there is available treatment, corroborating with the ongoingcontroversy amongst regulatory agencies and researchers in Brazil.Therefore, since Nuremberg, given the warranty of not weakening the protection of research subjects recruited throughout the worldconstitutes the DoH most desired aim, dialogue must be resumed both nationally and internationally, considering the upcoming revisionin 2014, at the DoH 50th anniversary...


Subject(s)
Humans , Helsinki Declaration , Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics , Placebos , Societies, Medical/legislation & jurisprudence , Brazil
8.
Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies ; : 10-15, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-632958

ABSTRACT

There are many international guidelines that have been developed to ensure that the conduct of researches by countries, institutions and individuals are ethical. There are, however, unique opportunities as well as challenges in research in the ASEAN region which mandate not only adherence to these guidelines but which necessitate regional as well as individual country efforts to ensure that biomedical researches uphold the dignity, ensure safety and protect the rights of participants. Some of the challenges are: the widespread poverty or uneven distribution of resources in developing countries which cause patients to participate in clinical trials to avail of services that otherwise are inaccessible, lack of a research infrastructure that makes ethics review of protocols inadequate or slow, and lack of post-trial access to medications which have been tested in precisely the populations that need these drugs. The aim of this paper is to review the ethical challenges in health research encountered in Asia and to describe the regional efforts being undertaken to address them.


Subject(s)
Humans , Asia , Developing Countries , Health Occupations , Health Resources , Poverty , Research , Safety , Ethics , Biomedical Research , Ethics, Research
9.
Rev. saúde pública ; 45(1): 166-172, Feb. 2011. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-569472

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Analisar os aspectos éticos dos artigos nacionais sobre leishmaniose visceral humana publicados após a Resolução CNS 196/1996 e analisar a política de periódicos brasileiros sobre ética em pesquisa. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório de natureza bibliográfica e documental. A seleção das publicações sobre pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos foi realizada na base SciELO Brasil a partir de 1996. Foram analisadas lacunas relacionadas às políticas editoriais dos periódicos médicos a partir de informações obtidas da seção "Instruções aos autores" de cada periódico. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que, enquanto no primeiro quadriênio (1997 a 2000) nenhum artigo mencionou o cumprimento dos aspectos éticos, no ano de 2009 do quadriênio (2009 a 2012), 75 por cento cumpriram pelo menos uma das orientações éticas avaliadas. Seis em 11 periódicos indicaram que as informações sobre os aspectos éticos deveriam ser citadas no corpo do artigo. Três periódicos fizeram exigências quanto ao envio de carta ou documento assinado pelo(s) autor(es) informando o cumprimento dos aspectos; dois solicitaram cópia do documento de obtenção do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido; um explicitou a necessidade do envio de cópia da autorização da aprovação pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa; e em quatro periódicos analisados não foi identificada nenhuma exigência sobre aspectos éticos. CONCLUSÕES: Houve melhora em relação à descrição do cumprimento dos aspectos éticos nos artigos. Sugere-se a padronização das orientações éticas relacionadas à pesquisa com seres humanos nos periódicos nacionais. Isso pode estimular o cumprimento dos pressupostos de documentos que regem a experimentação humana.


OBJETIVO: Analizar los aspectos éticos de los artículos nacionales sobre leishmaniasis visceral humana publicados posterior a la Resolución CNS 196/1996 (Brasil) y analizar la política de periódicos brasileños sobre ética en investigación.MÉTODOS: Estudio exploratorio de naturaleza bibliográfica y documental. La selección de las publicaciones sobre investigaciones envolviendo seres humanos fue realizada en la base SciELO Brasil a partir de 1996. Fueron analizadas lagunas relacionadas con las políticas editoriales de los periódicos médicos a partir de informaciones obtenidas de la sección "Instrucciones a los autores" de cada periódico.RESULTADOS: Se observó que mientras en el primer cuatrienio (1997 a 2000) ningún artículo mencionó el cumplimiento de los aspectos éticos, en el año 2009 del cuatrienio (2009 a 2012), 75% cumplieron por lo menos una de las orientaciones éticas evaluadas. Seis en 11 periódicos indicaron que las informaciones sobre los aspectos éticos deberían ser citadas en el cuerpo del artículo. Tres periódicos hicieron exigencias con relación al envío de carta o documento firmado por el(los) autor(es) informando el cumplimiento de los aspectos; dos solicitaron copia del documento de obtención del termo de consentimiento libre e esclarecido; uno dejó explicita la necesidad de envío de copia de la autorización de la aprobación por el comité de ética en pesquisa y en cuatro periódicos analizados no fue identificada ninguna exigencia sobre aspectos éticos.CONCLUSIONES: Hubo mejoría con relación a la descripción del cumplimiento de los aspectos éticos en los artículos. Se sugiere la estandarización de las orientaciones éticas relacionadas con la investigación con seres humanos en los periódicos brasileños. Esto puede estimular el cumplimiento de las suposiciones de documentos que rigen la experimentación humana.


Subject(s)
Bioethics , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Publications , Periodical , Ethics, Research
10.
Journal of the Korean Medical Association ; : 736-738, 2010.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-187894

ABSTRACT

Clinical trials are the flower of clinical research. Recently such clinical trials occur increasingly on a global scale. Korea is also one of the countries newly involved in global clinical trials, with resulting scientific, economic, industrial, and ethical implications. The sweeping and meticulous precautions must be introduced to these global clinical trials promoting patient protection through the public, national and international surveillance. These many guidelines in clinical trials are based on the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association (WMA). Fortunately, we were proud to be able to host the WMA 2008 meeting in Seoul, where the sixth edition of this declaration was announced. Thus, KMA insists that all clinical trials in Korea maintain strict standards and that all our member physicians follow the Declaration of Helsinki and be observers.


Subject(s)
Humans , Flowers , Helsinki Declaration , Internationality , Korea
11.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 26(4): 563-572, oct.-dic. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-564550

ABSTRACT

Se revisan los conceptos que fundamentan los derechos humanos (DDHH), desde la perspectiva del iusnaturalismo. Los DDHH, que emanan del derecho natural, es el conjunto de atributos del hombre que derivan de su naturaleza humana,de su vida, que le permiten razonar, ser digno, autónomo, libre, con salud, tener un lenguaje, expresar manifestaciones artísticas y religiosas, con respeto hacia otras personas y a su persona, dentro de la cultura del grupo al que pertenece.Los DDHH están ligados a la vida, a la atención de salud y, ésta, al acceso de medicamentos, al estar amparado por la Constitución. Los medicamentos deben ser eficaces, inocuos y de calidad, con reposiciones oportunas, y los programas estar a cargo de funcionarios eficientes. Se discute sobre los DDHH y aspectos éticos en varias etapas de la historia.Se explora lo concerniente a los ensayos clínicos para el estudio de medicamentos innovadores, el contenido ético de documentos como la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, el Código de Nuremberg, la Declaración deHelsinki, la opinión de la Confederación Médica Latinoamericana y del Caribe respecto a modificaciones que afectaríanla salud de los probandos. Se hace referencia a los medicamentos esenciales o genéricos e innovadores. Es vista la jurisprudencia y decisiones respecto a patentes de medicamentos en algunos países de la región, las experiencias peruanas en el ámbito educativo y su proyección futura, opiniones de ecónomos y la importancia de los genéricos. Unapolítica de medicamentos, debe cautelar los DDHH respecto a la vida y la salud.


The concepts that are the basis of the human rights (HHRR) are revised from the perspective of the iusnaturalism. HHRR are originated from the natural right, and are the group of attributes of men that are derived from his human nature, his life, that allow him to reason, be worthy, autonomous, free , in good health, have a language, express artistic and religiousmanifestations, showing due respect to other people and himself, inside the culture of the group to which he belongs. HHRR are linked to life, to health assistance , and on turn, to drug access, as it is contemplated in the Constitution. Drugs must be efficacious, safe and of high quality, must be replaced on time and the programs must be driven by efficientmanagers. We discuss about the HHRR and ethical aspects in many stages of history. We explore clinical trials for the study of innovating drugs, the ethical contents of documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Nuremberg Code, the Helsinki Declaration, the opinion of the Medical Confederation of Latin-America and the Caribbean regarding modifications that would affect the health of the study subjects. We refer to essential or generic drugs and novel drugs. We revise the law system and decisions concerning the drug patents in some countries of the region, peruvian experiences in the educational field and their future projections, opinions from economists and the relevance of generic drugs. A drug policy must care for the HHRR regarding life and health.


Subject(s)
Humans , Helsinki Declaration , Human Rights , Clinical Trials as Topic , Drugs, Generic , Ethics
12.
Journal of the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine ; : 134-137, 2009.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-164377

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: There is increasing concern about ethical conduct of human research in the field of medicine. The purpose of this study was to assess the ethical review process by institutional review boards for human research articles published in the journal of Korean Society of Emergency Medicine. METHODS: We reviewed human research papers published in the journal of Korean Society of Emergency Medicine from the 1st edition, 1990 to the 6th edition, 2006. A checklist was used to review the articles. RESULTS: The total number of prospective clinical research paper was 250. Among them, there were 63 papers (25.2%) in which the obtaining of informed consent was described in the article. Only two studies (0.8%) published in the journal were noted to have IRB approval. Invasive techniques were employed in 134 studies (53.6%). Among the 134, only 22 (16.4%) mentioned that informed consent taken was given during the study. Studies which may have involved discrimination totaled 21 (8.4%), and the number of studies that may have violated the patients' right to privacy was 20 (8%). The number of studies that may have a conflict of interest but was not declared was 12 (4.8%). CONCLUSION: There should be greater concern about the ethical conduct of research in studies with human research subjects in the journal of the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bioethics , Checklist , Conflict of Interest , Discrimination, Psychological , Emergencies , Emergency Medicine , Ethical Review , Ethics Committees, Research , Helsinki Declaration , Informed Consent , Patient Rights , Privacy , Research Subjects
13.
Cad. saúde pública ; 23(10): 2396-2402, out. 2007.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-461413

ABSTRACT

Comienza en recientes años un movimiento de revisión que utiliza la retórica y las desarticulaciones semánticas para legitimar prácticas que tradicionalmente se rechazarían como transgresiones éticas. En la ética de investigación se valida el reclutamiento de personas incapaces de ejercer su autonomía y se propone la incorporación de individuos vulnerados en la investigación para satisfacer el bien común. Esta propuesta atenta contra normativas establecidas que prohíben preferir intereses sociales o científicos por encima de los individuales, utilizando arbitrariamente la idea del bien público, puesto que la mayoría de las investigaciones sirven a intereses particulares de orden corporativo. Se debilita las definiciones de coerción y explotación, justificando la inclusión de probandos carentes de competencia mental y legitimando prácticas que en el entendido usual de estos conceptos son francas transgresiones a la ética de investigación con seres humanos. Cada vez más proyectos de investigación son trasladados a Latinoamérica, haciendo necesario que nuestra bioética se mantenga alerta frente a los intentos de debilitar la protección de individuos y comunidades que participan en estudios patrocinados desde instituciones comerciales del Primer Mundo.


In recent years, rhetorical and semantic disjunctions have been used to validate practices traditionally rejected as ethical transgressions. According to such research ethics, subjects unable to exercise their autonomy are freely recruited, and vulnerable individuals are incorporated into research that purportedly serves the common good. The suggestions violate established rules that prohibit placing social or scientific interests above individual needs. The common good is invoked arbitrarily, since most such research serves private corporate interests. The definitions of coercion and exploitation are weakened, thus allowing the inclusion of mentally compromised research subjects and validating practices that have been viewed historically as overt ethical transgressions of research with human beings. An increasing number of research projects are being transferred to Latin America, making it necessary for local bioethics committees to remain alert in the wake of practices that weaken the protection of individuals and communities participating in studies supported by First World commercial interests.


Subject(s)
Humans , Informed Consent/ethics , Disaster Vulnerability , Ethics, Research , Helsinki Declaration , Human Experimentation
14.
Acta bioeth ; 11(2): 183-189, 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-626726

ABSTRACT

Aunque desde hace treinta años se diseñan estrategias internacionales para la protección del sujeto de investigación, la consideración del paciente como parte activa en la empresa farmacéutica es minimizada en la práctica. Una de estas estrategias se encuentra en la Declaración de Helsinki VI, donde el laboratorio se compromete a continuar suministrando posprotocolo el medicamento y/o procedimiento que haya sido benéfico para el paciente participante en el estudio; en la práctica, sin embargo, predomina el incumplimiento de dicho compromiso. La bioética, como disciplina dialógica, trata de acercar a los involucrados buscando lenguajes y puntos comunes para llegar a acuerdos. El presente trabajo expone los argumentos propios de las industrias farmacéuticas, del derecho mercantil y de la ética general.


Although for thirty years researchers involved in biomedical investigation have designed international strategies for the protection of the subject of investigation, the consideration of the patient as an active subject in the pharmaceutical business in practice is minimized. One of these compromises in the patient's protection is contained in the Helsinki VI Declaration, in which the laboratory accepts to continue the supply of the medicament and/or method studied post- protocol, when this has been proved to be a benefit to the participant in the research, in practice, this is not fulfilled. Bioethics, as a pro-dialog discipline, tries to approach the involved sectors looking for languages or common points of view in order to have agreements. That is why I, in the present work, used the pharmaceutical laboratory's own arguments, commercial laws and general ethics.


Embora já fazem 30 anos que se desenharam estratégias internacionais para a proteção do sujeito da pesquisa, a consideração do paciente como parte ativa na empresa farmacêutica é na prática ainda desconsidero. Uma destas estratégias se encontra na Declaração de Helsinque VI, onde o laboratório se compromete a continuar administrando após o encerramento da pesquisa, o medicamento e/ou procedimento que tenha sido benéfico para o paciente participante do estudo. Na prática, ocorre o descumprimento do dito compromisso. A bioética, como disciplina dialógica, trata de abordar todos os elementos envolvidos, buscando linguagem e pontos comuns para chegar a possíveis acordos. O presente trabalho expõe os argumentos próprios das industrias farmacêuticas, o direito mercantil e a ética em geral.


Subject(s)
Biomedical Research/ethics , Drug Industry/ethics , Helsinki Declaration , Patient Rights
15.
Journal of the Korean Medical Association ; : 1058-1064, 2001.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-53130

ABSTRACT

All medical researches concentrate primarily on advances of medical knowledge and strategies for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, since most of the medical researches are being carried out on human subjects, they often pose ethical problems. Clinical investigations from which the human subjects involved may not derive any personal benefits include studies of physiological function in health or disease, investigations of new drugs, and the trial of new procedures. This paper discusses the ethical problems associated with medical researches, especially clinical investigations involving human subjects directly or indirectly. One general principle that has been wildly accepted is that patients or volunteers involved in the clinical investigations should be fully informed about the experiment in which they participate. However, ethical problems in those clinical investigations should be evaluated by the three major biomedical ethical principles, or the principle of autonomy, the principle of beneficence, and the principle of justice. This paper also presents the 'Helsinki Declaration' advocated by the World Medical Association in 1964 and revised thereafter several times as a practical guideline for the ethics of medical research.


Subject(s)
Humans , Beneficence , Diagnosis , Ethics , Helsinki Declaration , Social Justice , Volunteers
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