Hematoma subcapsular del hígado: morfología y resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico / Hepatic subcapsular hematoma: morphology and results of surgical treatment

RESUMEN: El hematoma subcapsular del hígado (HSH), es una entidad poco frecuente. La mayoría de casos reportados se asocian al embarazo, en el contexto de síndrome de recuento bajo de plaquetas, elevación de enzimas hepáticas, y hemólisis. Otras patologías relacionadas son ruptura de carcinoma hepatocelular, adenoma, hiperplasia nodular focal; y amilosis. El objetivo de este artículo fue reportar morfología y resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico observados en una serie de pacientes con HSH, en términos de morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO). Serie de casos retrospectiva de pacientes con HSH intervenidos de forma consecutiva en Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, entre 2004 y 2019. La variable resultado fue MPO. Otras variables de interés fueron edad, sexo, etiología, diámetro, necesidad de transfusión y tiempo de hospitalización. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Se trató a 7 pacientes (71,4 % mujeres), con una mediana de edad de 46 años. La mediana del diámetro del HSH, tiempo quirúrgico y estancia hospitalaria fueron 11 cm, 105 min y 5 días, respectivamente. No hubo necesidad de reintervenciones. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 31 meses, no se verificó MPO ni mortalidad. El HSH es una condición poco frecuente, y la evidencia disponible escasa. Puede asociarse a condiciones benignas y malignas. Requiere un alto índice de sospecha para un diagnóstico oportuno.Su pronóstico depende de la etiología.

SUMMARY: Subcapsular hematoma of the liver (SHL) is a rare entity. The majority of cases are associated with pregnancy, in the context of low platelet count syndrome, elevated liver enzymes, and hemolysis. Other related pathologies are ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and amyloidosis. The aim of this article was to report morphology and results of the surgical treatment observed in a series of patients with SHL, in terms of postoperative morbidity (POM). Retrospective case series of patients with SHL who were intervened consecutively at Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, between 2004 and 2019. The results variable was MPO. Other variables of interest were age, sex, etiology, diameter, need for transfusion, and length of hospitalization. Descriptive statistics were used; 7 patients (71.4% women) were treated with a median age of 46 years. The median diameter of SHL, surgical time, and hospital stay were 11 months, no POM and mortality were verified. SHL is a rare condition, and the available evidence is scarce. It can be associated with benign and malignant diseases. It requires a high index of suspicion for a timely diagnosis. Its prognosis depends on the etiology.

Rotura hepática en síndrome de HELLP: electrofulguración y uso de malla. Reporte de caso

Hepatic subcapsular hematoma is a rare and lethal complication of HELLP syndrome presenting during pregnancy or the postpartum in women with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia. Maternal and perinatal mortality is high, hence the importance of prevention, early recognition, and timely and multidisciplinary treatment. We present a case of spontaneous rupture of subcapsular hepatic hematoma in which treatment consisted in electrofulguration and placement of hemostatic mesh, and a review of the literature.

El hematoma subcapsular hepático es una complicación rara y letal del síndrome HELLP, que se presenta en gestantes o puérperas con preeclampsia severa o eclampsia. La mortalidad materna y perinatal en estos casos es elevada. De ahí la importancia de su prevención, reconocimiento precoz y tratamiento oportuno y multidisciplinario. Se presenta un caso de rotura espontánea de hematoma subcapsular hepático, en el cual se realizó manejo con electrofulguración asociada a la colocación de malla hemostática. Se realiza revisión bibliográfica.

Hematoma subcapsular hepático y hemofilia neonatal / Hepatic subcapsular hematoma and neonatal hemophilia

INTRODUCCIÓN: el hematoma subcapsular hepático sangrante se presenta cada vez menos en el recién nacido, debido al mejoramiento de la atención prenatal y al seguimiento esmerado del trabajo de parto. La hemofilia es una enfermedad hemorrágica hereditaria ligada al cromosoma X, en la cual se produce una alteración en los genes que codifican para los factores de la coagulación, factor VIII (hemofilia A) o del factor IX (hemofilia B), que trae como consecuencia una proteína alterada cuantitativa, cualitativa o ambas. Se manifiesta raramente en la etapa neonatal, y cuando ocurre, se presenta como formas clínicas graves. El diagnóstico de la hemofilia se realiza por antecedentes familiares y manifestaciones clínicas, confirmándose con la dosificación de factores, situación clave que ofrece una ventana de oportunidad para que el médico de primer nivel de atención establezca un diagnóstico oportuno y eficiente. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: se presenta cuadro clínico y ultrasonográfico, de neonato con 6 días de vida, al que se le consulta por palidez extrema y síndrome peritoneal, con antecedentes familiares de hemofilia sin diagnóstico prenatal. CONCLUSIONES: el diagnóstico precoz del hematoma subcapsular hepático sangrante, como complicación de la hemofilia, permite iniciar tratamiento médico apropiado para las dos entidades, lo cual genera un impacto positivo en la salud del paciente y la familia, y reduce los riesgos de mortalidad.

INTRODUCTION: bleeding hepatic subcapsular hematome is increasingly less frequent in the newborn as a result of better prenatal care and the careful follow-up of the labor. Hemophilia is an X chromosome-linked hereditary hemorrhagic disease in which there are altered gens that code for the coagulation factors, factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B), resulting in a quantitative, a qualitative protein or both. It is rarely seen at the neonatal phase and when it appears, it takes the severe clinical forms. The diagnosis of hemophilia is based on the family history and the clinical manifestations and is confirmed with factor dosing; a key situation that offers the opportunity for the primary level physician to set a timely efficient diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: clinical and ultrasonographic picture of a six days old neonate with signs of extreme pallor and peritoneal syndrome and family history of hemophilia with no prenatal diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: the early diagnosis of the bleeding hepatic subcapsular hematoma, as a complication of hemophilia, allows starting the adequate medical treatment for the two problems, thus generating a positive impact on the patient´s and the family´s health and reducing the mortality risks.

Hematoma hepático subcapsular roto y choque hipovolémico como una complicación inusual tras la realización de colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica: Reporte de un caso / Ruptured hepatic subcapsular hematoma and hypovolemic shock as an unusual complication after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Report of one case

Objetivo: Describir el caso de un hematoma subcapsular hepático roto con desarrollo de choque hipovolémico como una complicación inusual secundaria a la realización de colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica. Sede: Hospital de segundo nivel, Hospital General Xoco. Diseño: Reporte de un caso. Descripción del caso: Mujer de 66 años quien ingresa mediante el Servicio de Urgencias con diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis; decidiendo su manejo con colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, la cual se realiza 24 horas después. En ésta se corrobora la presencia de litos en colédoco, observando la salida de material purulento de la vía biliar; durante el evento, ella presenta desaturación con la necesidad de manejo mecánico de la vía aérea y manejo por terapia intensiva con alteraciones primordialmente ventilatorias; veinticuatro horas después presenta estado de choque de inicio súbito con abdomen agudo, por lo que se decide manejo quirúrgico, en el cual se evidencia hematoma hepático subcapsular roto con 2,000 ml de hemoperitoneo. La paciente presenta complicaciones por estado de hipovolemia, alteraciones ventilatorias, coagulopatía y fondo infeccioso en vía biliar que conllevan al desenlace fatal. Conclusión: El hematoma subcapsular relacionado a la realización de la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica es una entidad infrecuente; éste es el decimocuarto caso reportado y el primero con ruptura.

Objective: To describe a case of ruptured hepatic subcapsular hematoma accompanied by hypovolemic shock as an unusual complication secondary to an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Setting: Second level health care hospital. General Hospital Xoco, Mexico City. Design: Case report. Description of the case: A 66-year old woman, who was admitted through the emergency ward with a diagnosis of choledocholithiasis, and who was subjected to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, performed 24 h after admission, confirming the presence of stones in the choledochus, observing discharge of purulent matter from the biliary tract; during the event, she presented desaturation, needing mechanical handling of the airways and intensive therapy management, with mainly ventilatory alterations. Twenty-four hours afterwards she presented a state of shock of sudden onset together with acute abdomen; surgical management was then decided, evidencing a ruptured hepatic subcapsular hematoma with 2000 ml of hemoperitoneum. Patient presenting complications due to hypovolemic state, ventilatory alterations, infectious focus in the biliary tract that lead to fatal outcome. Conclusion: A subcapsular hematoma related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an infrequent entity; this is the 14th reported case and the first with rupture.

Spontaneous Hepatic Rupture Following an Uncomplicated Pregnancy and Delivery / 한국간담췌외과학회지

Spontaneous rupture of the liver in pregnancy is extremely uncommon. The most of cases have occurred in pregnancy with preeclampsia/eclampsia. We report one case of spontaneous capsular rupture following an uncomplicated pregnancy. A 33 year old woman was admitted at 38 weeks of gestation to the Obstetrics department. On admission her pulse and blood pressure were normal and there was no proteinuria. On the next day, a cesarean section was performed with delivery of a male infant (3.8 kg). but persistent uterine bleeding was developed due to uterine atony. and then subtotal hysterectomy was performed. Postoperatively she was remained unstable requiring further transfusion of blood and fresh frozen plasma. She was reoperated for controling persistent bleeding and evacuation hematoma of previous hysterectomy site. Postoperatively she was stable during 48 hours. However she again became hypotensive and on examination was noted intra-abdominal fresh bleeding. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated a high level of LFT. Contrast enhanced CT revealed subcapsular hematoma rupture and active bleeding of liver. We tried to embolized the terminal hepatic arterial branch for controling the ruptured subcapsular hematoma. and then she was stable but after 5th days, liver necrosis was developed and progressed to abscess. Despite radiologic drainage, necrotic abscess was remained persistently. She was managed with open drainage and debridement of necrotic liver. After 2 weeks, she was discharged without any morbidity.