Metformin Causes Hepato-renal Dysfunctions in Obese Male Rats

Abstract Obesity results in detrimental effects on different body organs. Metformin (Met) has described to decrease the body weight of obese patient and to control the glucose level. This study aimed to evaluate the role of Met treatment for long period on the functionality of liver and kidney organs of obese rats. Forty rats were used in this study and divided into four groups as the following: group 1 (Gp1) was served as a negative control that administered orally with 200 µL of H2O. Gp2 of rats was administered with Met (200 mg/kg) daily for a month. Gp3 was obese rats, and Gp4 was obese rats administered with Met as in Gp2. All rats were sacrificed to analyze hematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes. The results showed that Met decreased the body weight of both naïve and obese rats, however, it caused hepato-renal dysfunctions in obese rats as evidenced by increased the levels of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, and MDA and decrease in the antioxidants biomarkers (SOD, Cat and GSH). Collectively, Met causes liver and kidneys dysfunctions of obese rats and is not recommended to described for obese persons.

Chia seed ( Salvia hispanica L. ) supplementation may contribute to raising the levels of vitamin B12: an option for the vegan diet / Suplementação de semente de chia ( Salvia hispanica L. ) pode contribuir para elevar os níveis de vitamina B12: uma opção para a dieta vegana

ABSTRACT Objective The chia seed, an ancient pseudocereal, is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols, and has been suggested to possess several health benefits. Although it has gained popularity among nutritionists, little is known about the systemic effects of chia and their interactions. Hence, hepatorenal indicators and plasma vitamin concentrations in chia-supplemented aluminum-exposed rats were investigated. Methods Wistar albino rats were either fed on a chia-rich- or standard-diet for 21 days and exposed to aluminum. Liver function tests (Alanine Aminotransferase, Aspartate Aminotransferase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Lactate Dehydrogenase), kidney function tests (Urea Nitrogen, Creatinine), and vitamin B12 and folic acid measurements were performed by using an automated analyzer. Results Aluminum exposure had no influence on renal function, as did chia supplementation. However, liver function was disturbed with the exposure to Aluminum and chia was of no use against it. Surprisingly, it was found that the animals fed on a chia-rich diet displayed higher concentrations of vitamin B12 which was not the case for folic acid. Conclusion It was deduced that a chia-rich diet has no effect on the renal function and is not able to reverse aluminum-induced hepatotoxicity; however, it may be of benefit against vitamin B12 insufficiency and thus, it may offer a novel treatment option which is particularly important in the vegan diet.

RESUMO Objetivo A semente de chia, um antigo pseudocereal, é rica em ácidos graxos ômega-3 e polifenóis e tem sido sugerida como tendo vários benefícios para a saúde. Embora tenha ganhado popularidade entre os nutricionistas, na verdade, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos e interações sistêmicas da chia. Assim, investigamos os indicadores hepatorrenais e as concentrações plasmáticas de vitamina em ratos expostos ao alumínio suplementados com chia. Métodos Ratos albinos Wistar foram alimentados com dieta rica em chia ou padrão por 21 dias e expostos ao alumínio. Testes de função hepática (Alanina Aminotransferase, Aspartato Aminotransferase, Fosfatase Alcalina, Lactato Desidrogenase), testes de função renal (ácido úrico, Creatinina) e medições de vitamina B12 e ácido fólico realizada usando um analisador automático. Resultados A exposição ao alumínio não influenciou a função renal, assim como a suplementação de chia. No entanto, a função hepática foi perturbada com a exposição e a chia foi inútil contra ela. Surpreendentemente, descobrimos que os animais que se alimentavam de uma dieta rica em chia apresentavam concentrações mais elevadas de vitamina B12, o que não era o caso do ácido fólico. Conclusão Deduzimos que a dieta rica em chia não tem efeito sobre a função renal e não é capaz de reverter a hepatotoxicidade induzida pelo alumínio; no entanto, pode ser benéfico contra a insuficiência de vitamina B12 e, portanto, pode oferecer uma nova opção de tratamento que é particularmente importante na dieta vegana.

Incidence Of Silicosis And Silicotuberculosis In Coal And Stone Industry In The State Of Chhattisgarh

Silicosis is an occupational disease reported in silica, stone & mining industry. No proper report on workers in industries using silica in stones and coal has been done from Chhattisgarh till date. Detailed history, lung functions and chest x-ray were done. Diagnosis was made on the basis of radiology & history. Data analysis was done with the help of the statistical package for social sciences software. The Chi-square test was used for determining the relationship between qualitative data and descriptive statistics was used where required. Out of the total 16 reported cases, 13 had respiratory symptoms. Radiological abnormalities were noted in all. Lung functions revealed obstruction in 25%, restriction in 12.5 %, while mixed ventilatory defects in 62.5% subjects. 16 cases of silicosis and silicotuberculosis were reported. They had high respiratory morbidity (81.25%), cough and dyspnea being predominant symptoms. Duration of exposure correlates with radiological findings and increased incidence of silicosis

The possible protective effect of Coriandrum sativum seeds methanolic extract on hepato-renal toxicity induced by sodium arsenite in albino rats.

This work has been carried out in order to investigate the possible ameliorative effect of Coriander seeds methanolic extract (CSE) on sodium arsenite (As) – induced toxicity in albino rats. 2,3 Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) was used as a standerd chelating agent. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks and blood samples were withdrawn 4 and 8 weeks after As and other treatments administrations. As was used to induce hepatotoxicity in rats in a dose equivalent to 100 p.p.m . In-vivo studies using the different biochemical techniques employed in hepato-renal functions as well as liver apoptotic DNA and total RNA alterations proved that As caused a significant increase in parameters concerned to hepato-renal toxicity while treatment of CSE or DMSA caused an ameliorative effect on this toxicity. Administration of CSE and DMSA together along with arsenite proves the synergistic effects of these chelating agents on arsenite toxicity.

Combined Extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Aloe Barbadensis Induce Hepato-renal Dysfunctions and Elevated Hematological Indices in Wister Rats.

The study was conducted to investigate the safety of combined extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum (family: Crassulaceae) and Aloe barbadensis (family: Xanthorrhoeaceae) in rats. Forty rats were randomly selected and divided into four groups. Rats in groups I were administered with placebo as the control animals, while rats in groups II, III and IV were administered with aqueous extracts at 25mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml respectively for 28 days. Five milliliter (5ml) of blood was collected from either the ocular vein or aorta of each animal for evaluation of baseline and post – treatment values of AST, ALP, ALT, BUN, Total protein, and Creatinine, WBC, RBC, Platelet, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Data were expressed as Mean±Standard Error of Mean and analyzed using oneway ANOVA. Difference of means was considered statistically significant at P<0.05. Quantitative phytochemical assay revealed mainly alkaloids, with one gram each of B. pinnatum and A. barbadensis extracts containing 5.3mg and 9.1mg of alkaloids respectively. Administration of the combined extracts elevated the serum levels of Alkaline phosphatase, Aspartate amino transaminase, Total protein, Creatinine and BUN in the entire rats in test groups especially those in group IV (P<0.05). In ALT, there was no significant variation between the baseline and the post-treatment values especially in animals in groups III and IV (P>0.05). Rats in groups II, III and IV exhibited significant increase in values of WBC, RBC, Platelet, MCV and MCH (P<0.05) while MCHC value for rats in group IV showed insignificant differences when compared to the control rats (P>0.05). Administration of the combined extracts may be tolerated at ≤25mg/kg bodyweight, if prolonged administration is avoided.

The Protective Effect of Coriandium sativum Extract on Hepato-renal Toxicity Induced in Irradiated Rats.

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ethanolic extract of coriander leaves as a potent in vivo antioxidant agent in an effort of finding possible sources of antioxidants for future use in food and pharmaceutical formulations. Study Design: Randomized controlled experiment. Place and Duration of Study: Experimental Animal Unit, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Cairo Egypt. Methodology: Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of coriander leaves was estimated by oxidative stress induced by radiation exposure with the dose of 4 Gy, Silymarin was used as a reference antioxidant drug in female albino rat. Results: Results of experiment revealed that radiation exposure caused a significant increase in serum caspase3 (0.870± 0.086), alanine transaminase (ALT) activity (24.43± 5.02) as well as urea (42.53± 6.11) and creatinine (0.865± 0.064) levels with an increase in liver and kidney lipid peroxidation (MDA) (307.0± 29.22 & 285.5± 48.93) respectively, while decrease in serum albumin (3.003± 0.355), protein (8.66± 0.436) as well as glutathione (GSH) contents of liver and kidney tissues (63.24± 12.19 & 17.38± 1.414) were estimated respectively. In addition serum globuline level and albumin /globuline ratio showed no significant changes. On the other hand, the administration of coriander (600 mg/kg bw) and silymarin (70 mg/kg bw) pre-treatment effectively prevented these alterations and maintained the antioxidant status. Conclusion: Data from present results revealed that Coriandum Sativum act as an antioxidant agent due to its free radical scavenging and cytoprotective activity.

Ascitis / Ascites

La ascitis es el acúmulo anormal de líquido en la cavidad abdominal, que en el caso del paciente cirrótico obedece a una conjugación de factores determinantes. Diversas teorías se han elaborado al respecto a lo largo de las décadas anteriores, sin embargo el concepto actual es que el principal mecanismo patofisiológico de formación de ascitis es un estado de vasodilatación periférica permanente en el cirrótico, asociado a una relativa hipoperfusión renal que a su vez determina la activación de una serie de mecanismos retenedores de sodio y agua. Es un fenómeno progresivo cuya historia natural se puede ver como un espectro de enfermedad, teniendo como evento extremo al síndrome hepato-renal, con ascitis refractaria al tratamiento diurético y la mayor frecuencia de colonización bacteriana del líquido ascítico, fenómeno conocido como peritonitis bacteriana espontánea. El siguiente artículo revisa la patofisiología, diagnóstico, complicaciones y aspectos terapéuticos de la ascitis en el paciente cirrótico.

Ascites is the abnormal accumulation of fluid into the peritoneal cavity, which in the cirrhotic patient is due to a number of determinant factors. Many theories have been elaborated in that regard during the previous decades, however the current concept states that the chief pathophysiologic mechamism of ascites formation is a permanent state of peripheral vasodilation in the cirrhotic patient, associated with a relative renal hypoperfusion, which in turn activates a host of sodium and water retaining mechanisms. It is a progressive phenomenon and its natural history can be viewed as a spectrum of disease, having at one end of the spectrum the so called hepatorenal syndrome, with ascites refractory to diuretic treatment and a higher frequency of bacterial colonization of the ascitic fluid, so called spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. This article reviews the pathophysiology, diagnosis, complications and therapeutic aspects of ascites in the cirrhotic patient.