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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the antipyretic mechanism of Herba Ephedrae (Eph)-Ramulus Cinnamomi (RC) herb pair on yeast-induced pyrexia in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 30 qualified male SD rats were randomly assigned to the normal control (NC) group, the pyrexia model (model) group, the Eph, RC and Eph-RC treatment groups by a random digital table, 6 rats in each group. Each rat received a 20% aqueous suspension of yeast (10 mL/kg) except the NC group. The 3 treatment groups were administered 8.1, 5.4 and 13.5 g/kg Eph, RC and Eph-RC respectively at 5 and 12 h after yeast injection, the NC group and the model groups were administered equal volume of distilled water. Rectal temperatures were measured at 0, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24 and 30 h and urine was collected prior to yeast injection and at 6, 10, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h after yeast injection. Then urine metabolomic profiling by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis and pattern recognition techniques were used to explore the antipyretic effects of Eph-RC. Partial least squares discriminate analysis was used to analyze the metabolomics dataset including classification and regression in metabolomics plot profiling.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the NC group, rectal temperatures were significantly higher in the model group (P<0.01), while 3 treatment groups decreased significantly compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Rectal temperatures of Eph-RC-treated rats started to go down at 6 h, and markedly decreased at 8, 12, 15, 18 and 24 h (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while those of the Eph and RC groups had decreased firstly at 8 h and were markedly lower at 12 h (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Seventeen potential biomarkers related to pyrexia were confirmed and identified, including pyruvic acid, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, phenylacetic acid, hippuric acid, succinic acid, citrate and so on. Eight potential alterations of metabolic pathways including phenylalanine metabolism, citrate cycle, tryptophan metabolism, biosynthesis of valine, leucine and isoleucine, were identified in relation to the antipyretic effects of Eph-RC using MetPA software.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The antipyretic effect of Eph-RC herb pair on yeast-induced pyrexia in rats involved correction of perturbed amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism according to the metabolic pathway analysis with MetPA.</p>
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OBJECTIVE:To establish the quality standard for Xiaoer Zhike oral liquid(XZOL).METHODS:The Herba Ephedrae,Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Radix Glycyrrhizae in XZOL were identified by TLC.The chlorogenic acid in the liquid was determined by HPLC,The mobile phase was methanol-water(10∶90)with a flow rate of1ml/min,the detection wavelength was254nm.RESULTS:The Herba Ephedrae,Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Radix Glycyrrhizae in XZOL could be identified on TLC chromatograms.The linear range of chlorogenic acid was0.2?g～1.2?g(r=0.9996),the average recov?ery was96.67%,RSD was1.04%.CONCLUSION:The method is simple,reliable and accurate.The method can be used for quality control of XZOL.
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To compare the chemical components of supercritical extracts from Herba Ephedrae and honey-prepared Herba Ephedrae. Volatile oils were extracted from Herba Ephedrae and honey-prepared Herba Ephedrae by supercritical CO 2 extraction and then identified by the combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty kinds of components such as diethylsulfate obtained from Herba Ephedrae were not found in honey-prepared Herba Ephedrae and twelve different components such as hydroxymethylfurfural were obtained from honey-prepared Herba Ephedrae. The extraction rate of volatile oils was 2.1% in herba ephedrae and 1.0% in honey-prepared Herba Ephedrae. [ Conclusion]The components of supercritical extractions from Herba Ephedrae differ from those in honey-prepared Herba Ephedrae.
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Objective To compare the quality of prepared slices of Herba Ephedrae from different producing areas and to establish reference quality criterion of Herba Ephedrae.Methods Determined the content of Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine in Herba Ephedra Prepared Herbal by HPLC.According to Chinese Pharmacopeia of 2000-year edition,extract,ash,water,impurity and foreign substance were detected; accelerated stability test was performed according to experience.Results The content of Ephedrine in Herba Ephedra is 0.995 %～1.589 %,honey-fried HerbaEphedra is 0.855 %～1.557 %;the content of Pseudoephedrine in Herba Ephedra is 0.560 %～2.087 %,honey-fried Herba Ephedra is 0.508 %～1.902 %; water-soluble extract was 8.83 %～18.30 %and 14.81%～27.45 %, alcohol-soluble extract was 7.74 %～18.83 %and 14.15 %～27.34 %, the total ash content was 6.49 %～10.29 %and 6.34 %～10.24 %and acid-insoluble ash was 0.19 %～0.42 %and 0.18 %～0.42 %in Herba Ephedrae and honey-prepared Herba Ephedrae respectively.The average water content was 8.10 %(s=0.3961)and 4.02 %(s=0.4674)and average content of impurity and foreign substance was 2.02 %(s=0.1954)and 2.01 %(s=0.2209)in Herba Ephedrae and honey-prepared Herba Ephedrae respectively.Conclusion This research will provide a reference criterion for the quality control of prepared slices of Herba Ephedrae.
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Objective To investigate the effect of different transdermal enhancers on percutaneous absorption of ephedrine in Compound Herba Ephedrae Adhesive Plaster.Methods Using modified Franz diffusion cell,the ephedrine content was determined to investigate the effect of different transdermal enhancers in promoting percutaneous absorption.Results Azone or azone used together with other transderml enhancers had a better effect in promoting percutaneous absorption,indicating that azone was the leading transderml enhancers for ephedrine.The mixed transdermal enhancer of azone and propylene glycol was the most effective combination and the rate constant of percutaneous absorption is 94.280 ?g?cm-2?h-1.Conclusion The mixture of azone and propylene glycol can enthance the percutaneous absorption of ephedrine and can be used as the transdermal enhancers for this compound plaster.
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AIM: To study the transdermal permeability of ephedra extract. METHODS: With Valia Chien diffusion cell to the transdermal experiments are used to observe the effect of different factors on the transdermal permeability. RESULTS: Its transdermal resorption constant increased with the increase of the concentration of ephedrine and ephedra extract. pH value of the diffusioin medium could influence ephedrine permeability. CONCLUSION: The result can offer reference in preparation for Ephera (targeting drug delivery system) (TDS).
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Objective: To establish the quality control method for ephedrine in Herba Ephedrae and its preparation Zhisoulixiao Tablets (Herba Ephedrae, Pericarpium Papaveris, Semen Armeniacae Amrum, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Gypsum Fibrosum, Semen Lepidii, Semen Raphani, etc.) and Zhisoulixiao Capsules. Methods:Ephedrine hydrochloride contents in Herba Ephedrae and its preparation Zhisoulixiao Tablets and Zhisoulixiao Capsules were determined by TLC scanning with a mixture of chloroform ethyl acetate methanol water(13∶40∶22∶10)as a developer and single wavelength reflection sawtooth scanning. Results: The methodological study showed that a good linear correlation in the range from 0.29112?g to 1.4556?g of the ephedrine hydrochloride applied. The average recovery of ephedrine hydrochloride in Herba Ephedrae, Zhisoulixiao Tablets and Zhisoulixiao Capsules was 78.74%( n=5 ),99.46%( n=5) and 99.14%( n=5) ,respectively. Conclusion: The method established is simple,accurate with good reproducible and high precision.The method can be used for the quality control of Herba Ephedrae and its preparation
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Objective: To study the comprehensive utilization of Herba Ephedrae resources during the extraction process of ephedrin, that is the extracting of porphyrin compound.Methods: The process conditions for preparing sodium copper porphyrin were optimized by the two preparation processes and twice orthogonal tests. Results: Herba Ephedrae was powdered, steeped and boiled in alcohol, saponified, then extracted with xylene. The ephedrin was extracted from the upper layer of xylene extraction solution and sodium copper porphyrin was obtained from the lower layer by copper substituton, acidulation and alkalization. Conclusion: The optimum preparation process for producing sodium copper porphrin of Herba Ephedrae which is superior to porphyrin in the stability and colour is ascertained.
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AIM:To study the HPLC fingerprints and to establish a sensitive and specific method for controlling the quality of Herba Ephedrae. METHODS: HPLC method was set up,using CLCphenyl column(5 ?m 4.6 mm?150 mm) with gradient elution,the mobile phase was comprised of acetonitrile and phosphoric acid(0.1%),the UV detection wavelength was at 215 nm,with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. RESULTS: There were 17 common peaks in the fingerprints of Herba Ephedrae based on 10 habitats.Sum of peak areas was larger than 90% total area.The similarity was compared and the HPLC fingerprints was set up. CONCLUSION: The quality of Herba Ephedrae can be controlled effectively by HPLC fingerprints.
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AIM: To develop a new identification of crude drug Herba Ephedrae. METHODS: Using the method of X-ray diffraction fourier fingerprint patterns for the analysis and calculation of 12 habitats of Herba Ephedrae. RESULTS: The standard X-ray diffraction fourier fingerprint pattern of Herba Ephedrae was obtained with 26 peaks. CONCLUSION: The identification and quality control of Herba Ephedrae can be accomplished with X-ray diffraction fourier fingerprint patterns analysis.
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AIM: To establish the quality standard of Rhinitis Compound Spray (Caulis Luffae, Herba Ephedrae, etc. ) . METHODS: TLC was used in qualitative identification of Caulis Luffae and Herba Ephedrae. And TLC-scanning was used for assay of oleanolic acid in the preparation. RESULTS: Caulis Luffae, Herba Ephedrae could be detected by TLC. Oleanolic acid had a good linear relationship within the range of 2.0-10.0 ?g (r= 0.999 8 ). The average recovery was 98.91%, and the RSD was 1.71%. CONCLUSION: The method established is stable and reliable. It can be used for quality control of the preparation.
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AIM: To analyse the variety of the alkaloid and volatile oil from Herba Ephedrae after mix-fring with honey. METHODS: The volatile oil was analysed by GC-MS and the total alkaloids were determined by method of Chp. RESULTS: The volatile oil changed distinctly. The contents of Isolineole、p-Cymene、D-limonene、Evcalyptol、?-Terpinen increased evidently, but the contents of Benzaldehyde、Tetramethylpyrazine、p-Vinylanisole、?-Terpineol、?-Terpineol decreased and the contents of the total alkaloids decrease as well. CONCLUSION: The study provides a new experimental basis for the process theory of Herba Ephedrae.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the antitussive, antiasthmtic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects of Herba Ephedrae cultivated artificially in Gansu province and to compare which with the wild Herba Ephedrae. METHODS: Each pharmacological action index was determined by concentrated ammonia method, windpipe capacity method, pinna swelling method and metabolic cage method. RESULTS: Both of the two kinds of Herba Ephedrae could reduce the cough responses of mice, resist the spasmodic contraction of the tracheal smooth muscles, reduce the swelling of auricle of mice and increase urine volume of rats. CONCLUSIONS: Herba Ephedrae cultivated artificially in Gansu province are equivalent to the wild one in terms of the antitussive, antiasthmtic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects thus it can serve as a substitute for the wild one.